Benzoic Acid Ethyl Ester Research Articles

Variation in the Aroma Composition of Jasmine Tea with Storage Duration.

This study investigated the changes in the aroma of jasmine tea during storage. Solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-GC-MS were combined to detect all volatile compounds. GC-olfactometry (GC-O), odor activity value (OAV), and p-value were employed to analyze and identify the key aroma compounds in six jasmine tea samples stored for different durations. Nine key aroma compounds were discovered, namely (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, methyl anthranilate, methyl salicylate, trans-β-ionone, linalool, geraniol, (Z)-4-heptenal, benzoic acid methyl ester, and benzoic acid ethyl ester. The importance of these compounds was confirmed through the aroma addition experiment. Correlation analysis showed that (Z)-4-heptenal might be the main reason for the increase in the stale aroma of jasmine tea. Through sensory evaluation and specific experimental analysis, it can be concluded that jasmine tea had the best aroma after 3 years of storage, and too long a storage time may cause the overall aroma of the tea to weaken and produce an undesirable odor. The findings can provide a reference for the change in aroma during the storage of jasmine tea and provide the best storage time (3 years) in terms of jasmine tea aroma.

Olive leaf (Olea europaea L. folium) extract influences liver microsomal detoxifying enzymes in rats orally exposed to 2-amino-l-methyI-6-phenyI-imidazo pyridine (PhIP).

Olive tree (Olea europaea, Oleaceae) leaf extract (OLE) exerts many biological activities. One of the most common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that pollute the environment is 2-amino-l-methyI-6-phenyI-imidazo pyridine (PhIP). It is a food-derived carcinogen that is present in fish and meat that has been cooked at high temperatures. Due to the generation of reactive electrophilic species, phase I enzymes have the potential to cause oxidative damage. In order to safely remove these reactive species from the body, phase II detoxification (conjugation) enzymes are necessary. It is not known whether OLE could influence their activities and hence reduce the carcinogenic effects of PhIP. This study evaluated whether OLE could modulate phase I detoxifying enzymes as well as phase II enzymes that metabolize PhIP in rat liver microsomes. Four groups of rats were used: group I: no treatment; group II: OLE (10mg/kg bw orally); group III: PhIP (0.1mg/kg bw orally); and group IV: PhIP followed by OLE. After 4weeks, the activities of phase I enzymes such as CYP1A1 (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase), CYP2E1 (p-nitrophenol hydroxylase), CYP1A2 (methoxyresorufin O-demethylase), UDP-glucuronyl transferase, sulphotransferase, and glutathione-S transferase were evaluated in rat liver microsomes. Analysis of OLE by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed various active ingredients in OLE, including 3,5-Heptadienal (C10H14O), 3,4-dimethoxy benzoic acid (C8H10O3), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy (C8H8O4), 1,3,5-Benzenetriol (C6H6O3), hexadecanoic acid (C16H32O2), and hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (C18H36O2). Our results showed that rats given PhIP were found to have a statistically significant (p < 0.001) reduction in the activities of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP2E1 in comparison with the control group. However, treatment with OLE enhanced their activities but not to a normal level compared with untreated groups. Administration of PhIP decreased the activities of phase II enzymes (glutathione S-transferase, UDP-glucuronyltransferase, or sulphotransferase) (p < 0.01) in comparison with the control group. Histological examination of rat livers was consistent with the biochemical changes. The administration of OLE improved the phase II enzyme activities in animals injected with PhIP. We conclude that OLE influences phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes exposed to PhIP, which may represent a new approach to attenuating carcinogenesis induced by it.

Synthesis and photoinitiation properties of lignin model compounds

Lignin could generate active free radicals under light irradiation and be directly used as photoinitiator (PI). However, the photoinitiation unit is unclear due to its complex molecular structure. Some previous studies indicate that the photoyellowing of lignin is due to the photosensitivity of Cα‑carbonyl β-O-4 unit in its molecular structure. Herein, four lignin model compounds D2, S3, G4 and F4 containing Cα‑carbonyl β-O-4 structure unit were synthesized and characterized. Among them, F4 was obtained by introducing co-initiator 4-(dimethylamino) benzoic acid ethyl ester (EDAB) to the lignin structural unit. The results demonstrated that under 365 nm LED irradiation, the four model compounds all could directly initiate the polymerization of acrylate monomer PEGDA but their photoinitiation efficiency was quite different. F4 exhibited the best photoinitiation performance compared with the other three PIs. As a one-component photoinitiator (PI), the photoinitiation efficiency of F4 was equal to that of a commercial two-component system benzophenone (BP)/EDAB. In addition, when combined with a hydrogen donor triethanolamine (TEOA), the photoinitiation efficiency of the two-component system F4/TEOA was higher than that of BP/TEOA. Furthermore, the photolysis mechanism of F4 was clarified through identifying the generated active species under light irradiation by electron spin resonance and laser flash photolysis.

Development of Novel Pyridine-Thiazole Hybrid Molecules as Potential Anticancer Agents.

Novel pyridine-thiazole hybrid molecules were synthesized and subjected to physico-chemical characterization and screening of their cytotoxic action towards a panel of cell lines derived from different types of tumors (carcinomas of colon, breast, and lung, glioblastoma and leukemia), and normal human keratinocytes, for comparison. High antiproliferative activity of the 3-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-[4-methyl-2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-thiazol-5-yl]-propenone 3 and 4-(2-{1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-[4-methyl-2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-thiazol-5-yl]-3-oxopropylsulfanyl}-acetylamino)-benzoic acid ethyl ester 4 was revealed. The IC50 of the compound 3 in HL-60 cells of the acute human promyelocytic leukemia was 0.57 µM, while in the pseudo-normal human cell lines, the IC50 of this compound was >50 µM, which suggests that the compounds 3 and 4 might be perspective anticancer agents. The detected selectivity of the derivatives 3 and 4 for cancer cell lines inspired us to study the mechanisms of their cytotoxic action. It was shown that preincubation of tumor cells with Fluzaparib (inhibitor of PARP1) reduced the cytotoxic activity of the derivatives 3 and 4 by more than twice. The ability of these compounds to affect DNA nativity and cause changes in nucleus morphology allows for the suggestion that the mechanism of action of the novel pyridine-thiazole derivatives might be related to inducing the genetic instability in tumor cells.

Comparative evaluation of the quality of red globe grape juice fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum

SummaryBasic analysis, electronic senses and HS‐SPME/GC‐MS were used to evaluate the effects of single and mixed cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus‐26 and Lactobacillus plantarum‐56 on the quality of fermented red globe grape (RGG) juice. The results showed that mixed culture fermentation was superior to single strain fermentation in terms of viable bacteria counts, consumption of total sugar (TS), total soluble solids, pH, functionality, and antioxidant properties of RGG juice (RGGJ). Whereas the aroma profiles of developing juices were dominated by abundant esters, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Compared with the single inoculation, co‐inoculation of the two species induced lactic acid fermentations, leading to accumulation of acetic acid, ethyl acetate, and 2‐hexenol significantly. Moreover, higher concentrations of ethyl acetate, benzoic acid ethyl ester, octanoic acid, sorbic acid, 2‐phenylethanol, and 2‐hexenol represented the characteristic flavours of juices. To sum up, these findings suggested that L. acidophilus‐26 and L. plantarum‐56 could be used as fermented strains to ferment and improve the quality of RGGJ.

A Rare Stinkhorn Fungus Itajahya rosea Attract Drosophila by Producing Chemical Attractants

Itajahya rosea was found growing in association with Leucaena leucocephala plants at Savitribai Phule Pune University campus in India. The species identity was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU regions of rDNA, wherein, our fugus was placed along with I. rosea in phylogenetic tree. It represents first record of I. rosea from India. Frequent visitation by Drosophila species on I. rosea fruiting body particularly on gleba was observed. The Drosophila got attracted to the detached gleba under the laboratory conditions and even sometimes, they prefer to sit over the gleba as compare to their food banana. It suggested that I. rosea gleba or pseudostipe produces some compounds for attraction and feeding behavior of Drosophila species. Therefore, we characterized the volatile attractants produced by gleba and pseudostipe of I. rosea by GC-MS analysis. Nineteen compounds were identified from gleba while nine compounds were recovered from the pseudostipe. Out of them, blends of three abundant odor producing volatile compounds were reported namely, Hexadecane, Pentadecane and Nonadecane, which are responsible for attraction of Drosophila toward the gleba. Three fatty acids namely 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), hexadecanoic acid and benzoic acid ethyl ester produced are served as an appetitive signal through olfactory response of Drosophila, so the flies were feed on the gleba. Two pheromones’ compounds, heneicosane and (+)-(5S,9S)-5,9-dimethylpentadecane, were also reported in pseudostipe and gleba, respectively, which play a role in Drosophila for breeding. Our study highlights an intriguing chemical ecology of fungus–Drosophila interaction.

Volatile Organic Compounds from Rice Rhizosphere Bacteria Inhibit Growth of the Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani

Rice sheath blight, a fungal disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani, seriously threatens rice production. Some of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microbes are inhibitory to the growth of the plant pathogen, and hence may have the potential as environmentally friendly antifungal substances. However, information on the inhibitory effect of VOCs released by rice rhizosphere bacteria on R. solani is scarce. In this study, bacteria from the rice rhizosphere capable of inhibiting the growth of R. solani via releasing VOCs were screened using a double Petri dish assay. Headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to identify and quantify the VOCs. The contributions of VOCs to the inhibition of the growth of R. solani were estimated by constructing a random forest model, and were verified using pure compounds. Nine strains (i.e., Pseudomonas sp. No. 3, Enterobacter sp. No. 26, Enterobacter sp. No. 34, Pseudomonas sp. No. 35, Ralstonia sp. No. 50, Bacillus sp. No. 62, Arthrobacter sp. No. 146, Brevibacillus sp. No. 2–18, and Paenisporosarcina sp. No. 2–60) showed various inhibition on R. solani growth via VOCs. The inhibitory effect ranged from 7.84% to 100%, with Ralstonia sp. No. 50 completely inhibiting the growth of R. solani. Five VOCs (i.e., benzoic acid ethyl ester, 3-methyl-butanoic acid, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one) identified by random forest model were confirmed to be toxic to R. solani when applied as a pure chemical compound. In particular, benzoic acid ethyl ester, 3-methyl-butanoic acid, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol were lethal to R. solani. In summary, the rice rhizosphere bacteria (Ralstonia sp. No. 50) and VOCs (benzoic acid ethyl ester, 3-methyl-butanoic acid, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol) showed potential to be used as new resources for biological control of rice sheath blight.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of new hydrazone

Synthesis of new hydrazone derivatives, starting from 2-(3,4-Dichloro-benzoyl)-benzoic acid to 2-(3,4-Dichloro-benzoyl)-benzoic acid ethyl ester than converted into 2-(3,4-Dichloro-benzoyl)-benzoic acid hydrazide with substituted aromatic ketones. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by analytical and spectral analysis of IR, 1H NMR and MASS spectroscopy. The in-vitro antibacterial screening of synthesized compounds was performed against the following standard bacterial strains Escherichia coli (MTCC 1573), and staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1430). Compound 2-(3,4-dichloro-bezoyl)-benzoic acid [1-(4-bromo-phenyle)-ethyledene]-hydrazide (BP-10), gives the highest activity on Escherichia coli (MTCC 1573) and staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1430). The in-vitro anthelmintic activity was evaluated on Adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma). Compound 2-(3,4-dichloro-bezoyl)-benzoic acid (2-oxo-1,2-diphynyl-ethylidene)-hydrazide (BP-7), and 2-(3,4-dichloro-bezoyl)-benzoic acid (2-oxo-1,4-chlorophenyle-ethylidene)-hydrazide (BP-13), gives the highest activity and other is gives the moderate activity against Adult earthworms (Pheretima posthuma).

Design and synthesis of anti-convulsant and anti-bacterial activity of new hydrazone derivatives

Synthesis of new hydrazone derivatives, starting from 2-(3, 4-Dichloro-benzoyl)-benzoic acid to 2-(3, 4-dichloro-benzoyl) - benzoic acid ethyl ester than converted into 2- (3, 4-Dichloro-benzoyl)-benzoic acid hydrazide with a substituted aldehyde. The structure of newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by analytical and spectral analysis IR, 1HNMR and MASS. For docking study, we took structures of ligand compounds (i.e. AK-series Compounds) and target protein structures into ‘pdb’ file format. Three compounds as possible anti-convulsant AK-1, AK-2 &amp;Ak-4 were considered for compounds Ak-1 was not found suitable for anti-convulsant activity; while AK-2 &amp; AK-4 have the capacity to show anti-convulsant activity with lesser affinity than controls. As an overall conclusion, except Ak-1, other compounds can be further used for anti- convulsant activity. Anti-convulsant activities were performed on rats by using maximal Electroshock Seizure test and minimal Neurotoxicity. Compound 2- (3, 4 – Dichloro-benzoyl)-benzoic acid (4- chloro-benzylidene) (AK-2) shows good anti-convulsant activity. The in-vitro antibacterial strains Escherichia coli MTCC 1573), and staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1430), were used. Compound 2-(3, 4-Dichloro-benzoyl)-benzoic acid (2-notro-benzylidene-hydrazide (AK-1) gives the highest activity against Escherichia coli (MTCC 1573) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-1430).

Volatile non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) identified in recycled expanded polystyrene containers and their migration into food simulants

Abstract Recycled materials such as expanded polystyrene (EPS) are increasing in the food market and some hazardous chemicals may exist in recycled PS resins. Therefore, a method of solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry followed by chemometric tools applied to the data obtained allowed the identification of markers for virgin and recycled EPS. The multivariate statistical analysis was developed to characterize the profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in virgin and recycled EPS containers, and identify the potential VOCs markers responsible for EPS containers discrimination. A total of 99 compounds were identified in virgin and recycled EPS containers. Among these, 17 compounds contributing the most to the discrimination, were selected based on their variables importance in the projection (VIP) values, including o-xylene, acetophenone, ethylbenzene, α-ethylstyrene, 2-phenylpropenal, propylbenzene, 2-phenyl-1-propene, undecanal, benzoic acid ethyl ester, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, decanal, benzylcarboxaldehyde, isopropylbenzene, 2,4-diphenyl-1-butene, dodecanal, benzaldehyde and nonanal. To evaluate the health risk of EPS containers, migration tests from EPS containers into two food simulants (10% ethanol, 3% acetic acid) were conducted. It should be highlighted that high amount of styrene was detected. Nevertheless, analysed materials accomplish with current EU Regulation No.10/2011. The proposed method finds the differentiation markers and provides a reliable tool to discriminate virgin and recycled EPS containers, which could be an additional tool for quality control of EPS containers.

GC-MS Study of the Chemical Components of Different Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilgorgans and Agarwood from Different Asian Countries.

As a traditional medicinal herb and valuable natural spice in China, Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg has many significant pharmacological effects. Agarwood is the resinous heartwood acquired from wounded A. sinensis trees, and is widely used in pharmaceuticals owing to its excellent medicinal value. In this study, the chemical composition of volatile components and alcohol extracts from different organs of A. sinensis and agarwoods grown in different regions were investigated using GC-MS. The results showed that Vietnam agarwood had the highest moisture content, which was attributed to the local climate, while the fruit and bark of A. sinensis had higher moisture contents than the other organs. The volatile components of A. sinensis organs included 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl)-octadecane, oleic acid 3-(octadecyloxy) propyl ester, and docosanoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, while the alcohol extracts of A. sinensis organs contained benzoic acid ethyl ester, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, oleic acid, and n-hexadecanoic acid. Furthermore, the main active ingredients in agarwood from different habitats were sesquiterpenoids, aromatic species, and chromone compounds. The role of chromone compound 2-phenylethyl-benzopyran as an elicitor and the mechanism of agarwood formation were also investigated. Antioxidant tests showed that essential oils from agarwood and A. sinensis had antioxidant capacities by comparison with butylated hydroxytoluene and vitamin E. An antibacterial activity test showed that the inhibition effect of the essential oil was better against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria.

PYR-41, A Ubiquitin-Activating Enzyme E1 Inhibitor, Attenuates Lung Injury in Sepsis.

During sepsis, systemic inflammation is observed and is associated with multiple organ failure. Activation of NF-κB is crucial for inducing inflammation, which is controlled by degradation of inhibitor molecules (IκB). The ubiquitination proteasome pathway is responsible for the regulation of protein turnover. In this study, we hypothesized that administration of 4[4-(5-nitro-furan-2-ylmethylene)-3, -dioxo-pyrazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid ethyl ester (PYR-41), an inhibitor of ubiquitination, could reduce inflammation and organ injury in septic mice. PYR-41 prevented the reduction of IκB protein levels and inhibited release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells at 4 h after lipopolysaccharide stimulation dose-dependently. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis. PYR-41 (5 mg/kg) or dimethyl sulfoxide in saline (vehicle) was injected intravenously immediately after CLP. At 20 h after CLP, PYR-41 treatment significantly decreased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, and IL-6) and organ injury markers (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase). PYR-41 significantly improved microscopic structure, and reduced myeloperoxidase activity, number of apoptotic cells and caspase-3 degradation in the lungs of septic mice. The reduced protein levels of IκB in the lungs after CLP were restored by PYR-41 treatment. PYR-41 inhibited the expression of cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), chemokines (keratinocyte-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory protein 2), and inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase) in the lungs of septic mice. Importantly, PYR-41 significantly increased 10-day survival in septic mice from 42% to 83%. Therefore, targeting ubiquitination by PYR-41 to inhibit NF-κB activation may represent a potential strategy of sepsis therapeutics.

Ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 inhibitor PYR-41 retards sperm enlargement after fusion to the egg

The ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is initiated by a single ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (UBE1), is involved in male reproduction via spermatogenesis and function in mammals. Here we explored the influence of UBE1-specific inhibitor, 4[4-(5-nitro-furan-2-ylmethylene)-3,5-dioxo-pyrazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid ethyl ester (pyrazone-41 or PYR-41) in female reproduction. UBE-1 was detected by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry in mouse eggs and was localized mainly under the egg plasma membrane. PYR-41 pretreatment suppresses the development of eggs into two-cell embryos. Specifically, pretreatment retarded sperm enlargement and meiotic chromosomal division after sperm-egg fusion. PYR-41 pretreatment disturbed β-catenin, a well-known target protein for ubiquitination, localization under the egg plasma membrane and on spindle microtubules in wild-type eggs. Otherwise, PYR-41 treatment had no effect on the two-cell development of eggs lacking β-catenin. Our results raise the possibility that inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system suppresses sperm enlargement through impaired β-catenin-mediated mechanism.

Changes in volatiles of palm kernel oil before and after kernel roasting

Palm kernel oil (PKO) is obtained from the seeds of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jackqu). In this study, volatiles and aroma-active compounds of PKO were studied by head-space solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/flame ionisation detector (HS-SPME/GC/MS/FID) and solvent-assisted flavour evaporation -gas chromatography/olfactometry/mass spectrometry (SAFE-GC/O/MS), respectively. An optimised HS-SPME sampling method was obtained for extraction at 60 °C for 40 min. With this method, the volatiles of PKO from palm kernels subjected to different roasting times (up to 30 min) at 180 °C were analysed. Totally 73 volatiles were found, including 19 O-heterocyclic compounds (16 furans and 3 pyrans), 15 N-heterocyclic compounds (10 pyrazines and 5 others), 15 carbonyl compounds (5 aldehydes and 10 ketones), 11 acids, 4 alcohols, 3 esters, 3 sulphur and 3 volatile phenols. With the extension of roasting times, peak areas of O-heterocyclic compounds, N-heterocyclic compounds, aldehydes and cyclic ketones increased significantly whereas those of acids, alcohols and esters generally decreased. Results of GC/O/MS showed that 2-nonanone, octanoic acid and methyl octanoate were the most aroma-active compounds in unroasted PKO, while in roasted PKO, the most active volatiles were ethyl pyrazine, 2-nonanone, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, maltol, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, benzoic acid ethyl ester, octanoic acid, 5-methyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde and isomaltol.

Dissolved lignin components in spent liquor of simple inorganic complex bleaching eucalyptus pulp

Promising results from the catalytic bleaching (Cat-bleaching) of oxygen-delignified hardwood kraft pulp (Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis) with simple inorganic complexes prompted interest in discovering the soluble lignin components. The dissolved substances can be harmful to the environment and some dissolved substances may also have toxic effects on the environment. For these reasons, study of the the composition and structure of dissolved lignin components are of great importance. This investigation is part of a project on Cat-bleaching to obtain more information regarding the lignin components of bleaching effluents. The Cat-treatments of the pulp were performed at bench scale using simple inorganic complexes composed of (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 plus Cu(CH 3 COO) 2 (Cu) or Co(CH 3 COO) 2 (Co). The spent liquors obtained after Cat-bleaching were extracted using chloroform, in portions, and the compounds of interest from both the chloroform extracts were isolated using gravity column chromatography with the aid of the UV technique. The samples were analyzed by spectrometric (FT-IR, HSQC 2D-NMR, GC-MS) methods. The dissolved components extracted from the spent liquors from the Cat-bleaching were confirmed to be structurally similar to lignin. The major constituents extracted by organic solvents were identified as phenols, benzaldehydes, phenylethanones, benzoic acid and benzoic acid ethyl ester, which indicated extensive oxidation reactions on the pulp lignin including C α –C β and alkyl-aryl cleavage in the lignin upon catalytical attack. The 2-methoxy phenol predominated, and its proportion was higher from the Cu-bleaching. But the carbonyl compounds (benzaldehyde + phenylethanone) released from the pulp after Co-bleaching had a higher ratio than those after Cu-bleaching. Identification of these carbonyl compounds from among the dissolved compounds contributed to the relation between lignin oxidation and lignin removal.

The synthesis of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives using 2-(4-R-2-formylphenoxy)-N-(R’-phenyl)acetamides and their anti-inflammatory activity

The research is devoted to the rational design of new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) using the 4-thiazolidinone “core”. A series of 2-(4-R-2-formylphenoxy)-N-(R’-phenyl)acetamides has been synthesized from salicylic aldehydes for structural modifications of basic heterocycles. The aldehydes obtained are active carbonyl agents and suitable “building blocks” for the focused synthesis of biologically active compounds. Ylidene derivatives of 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone and 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)imino-4-thiazolidone have been synthesized in the Knoevenagel reaction conditions. The one-pot reaction between 3(5)-merkapto-1,2,4-triazoles, chloroacetic acid and the salicylic aldehyde derivatives synthesized have been used for the synthesis of 5-ylidene-thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-6-one. Parameters of acute toxicity and the anti-exudative activity (carrageenin paw edema test) have been studied for the ylidene derivatives synthesized. It has been found that all compounds synthesized demonstrate the anti-exudative activity, and some “structure – acute toxicity – anti-exudative activity” relationships have been analyzed. Based on the results of in vivo studies the lead compound – 4-{2-[4-chloro-2-(6-oxothiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole-5-ylidenemethyl)-phenoxy]- acetylamino}-benzoic acid ethyl ester that demonstrates the anti-exudative activity equivalent to the classic NSAID Diclofenac has been identified, it has a low level of toxicity and can be recommended for the profound study.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Cholinesterase Enzymes Inhibitory Activities of New Pyridine Alkaloid Derivative

A new pyridine alkaloid derivative named as 2-(6-benzyl-4-oxo-5-phenyl-1,4-dihydro pyridine-3-yl)-benzoic acid ethylester (3) has been prepared by the reaction of ninhydrin with 1,3-diphenylacetonep-tosylhydrazone and the structure has been established with the help of spectral analysis and X-ray analysis. The title compound demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; IC50 = 4.91 µM) comparable to physostigmine (IC50 = 4.72 x 10-1 µM). However it showed moderate inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE; IC50 = 82.00 µM)). It was BChE selective over AChE, in contrast to physostigmine, which was more AChE selective. Being a potent and selective BChE inhibitor, it may serve as a new class of drug for prevention of the progression of neurodegeneration as well for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer patient.

Synthesis, crystal structure and third-order non-linear optical properties of a two-dimensional coordination network [Cd(AcO)2(L)2(H2O)

A novel two-dimensional (2-D) Cd(II) coordination network [Cd(AcO)2(L)2(H2O)] 1 (AcO=acetate, L=4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) benzoic acid ethyl ester) has been synthesized by low-temperature solid-state reaction and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, IR spectra and UV–visible spectra. The molecules of the complex are interconnected into layers by O–H⋯O and C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds in which participate AcO−, L and H2O ligands. The intermolecular hydrogen-bonds interactions are the most significant factors controlling the novel supramolecular sheet fashion packing of the title compound in the crystal state. The third-order non-linear optical (NLO) properties of the title compound 1 were also investigated and they exhibit the reverse saturable absorption and self-defocusing performance with modulus of the hyperpolarizability (γ) 2.30×10−30esu for 1 in a 2.15×10−4moldm−3 DMF solution.

P.4.f.001 The cumulative effect of childhood trauma on adult mental and physical health: results from the Marine Resiliency Study

In this work, we interestingly happened to observe the adsorption of stainless steel sample loop of HPLC. The adsorptive behaviors of the stainless steel loop toward different kinds of compounds were studied, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), halogeno benzenes, aniline derivatives, benzoic acid derivatives, phenols, benzoic acid ethyl ester, benzaldehyde, 1-phenyl-ethanone and phenethyl alcohol. The adsorptive mechanism was probably related to hydrophobic interaction, electron-rich element–metal interaction and hydrogen bond. Universal adsorption of stainless steels was also testified. Inspired by its strong adsorptive capability, bare stainless steel loop was developed as a modification-free in-tube device for solid-phase microextraction (SPME), which served as both the substrate and sorbent and possessed ultra-high strength and stability. Great extraction efficiency toward PAHs was obtained by stainless steel loop without any modification, with enrichment factors of 651–834. By connecting the stainless steel loop onto a six-port valve, an online SPME–HPLC system was set up and an SPME–HPLC method has been validated for determination of PAHs. The method has exceptionally low limits of detection of 0.2–2 pg/mL, which is significantly lower than that of reported methods with different kinds of sorbents. Wide linear range (0.5–500 and 2–1000 pg/mL), good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9987) and good reproducibility (RSD ≤ 2.9%) were also obtained. The proposed method has been applied to determine PAHs in environmental samples. Good recoveries were obtained, ranging from 88.5% to 93.8%.

Adsorptive behavior and solid-phase microextraction of bare stainless steel sample loop in high performance liquid chromatography

In this work, we interestingly happened to observe the adsorption of stainless steel sample loop of HPLC. The adsorptive behaviors of the stainless steel loop toward different kinds of compounds were studied, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), halogeno benzenes, aniline derivatives, benzoic acid derivatives, phenols, benzoic acid ethyl ester, benzaldehyde, 1-phenyl-ethanone and phenethyl alcohol. The adsorptive mechanism was probably related to hydrophobic interaction, electron-rich element–metal interaction and hydrogen bond. Universal adsorption of stainless steels was also testified. Inspired by its strong adsorptive capability, bare stainless steel loop was developed as a modification-free in-tube device for solid-phase microextraction (SPME), which served as both the substrate and sorbent and possessed ultra-high strength and stability. Great extraction efficiency toward PAHs was obtained by stainless steel loop without any modification, with enrichment factors of 651–834. By connecting the stainless steel loop onto a six-port valve, an online SPME–HPLC system was set up and an SPME–HPLC method has been validated for determination of PAHs. The method has exceptionally low limits of detection of 0.2–2pg/mL, which is significantly lower than that of reported methods with different kinds of sorbents. Wide linear range (0.5–500 and 2–1000pg/mL), good linearity (R2≥0.9987) and good reproducibility (RSD≤2.9%) were also obtained. The proposed method has been applied to determine PAHs in environmental samples. Good recoveries were obtained, ranging from 88.5% to 93.8%.