Benzoguanamine Research Articles

Role of electron transfer between bare electrode and benzoguanamine to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for drugs: Theoretical and electrochemical approach

Herein, a poly(benzoguanamine) (BNZ) modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) was applied for the electroanalysis of paracetamol (PA) in PA tablet and human urine. Theoretical evaluation of the quantum chemical parameters of benzoguanamine (BZ) via density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that it is a reactive monomer with a tendency for back bond formation with the bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of BCPE and BNZ modified CPE (BNZ/CPE) show that the BNZ films were deposited on the bare electrode in layers. Results of the electrochemical characterization of these electrodes in 1 mM K4[Fe(CN)6] revealed that the BNZ/CPE has a higher electrocatalytic activity towards K4[Fe(CN)6] oxidation than BCPE. The limit of detection (LOD) of PA at the BNZ/CPE was estimated as 13.2 nM over a linear dynamic range (LDR) of 0.05–0.45 μM. Also, the proposed sensor offered PA recoveries of 99.2–100.4 % and 98.4–100.8 % in PA tablet solution and human urine sample, respectively. The BNZ/CPE showed remarkable shelf-life by retaining 97.4 % of its initial current response after 21 days of application for PA electroanalysis at 7 days interval. Notably, this study is the first attempt at the application of the BNZ/CPE for PA electroanalysis.

Spectral profiling, structural, molecular docking and ELF elucidation of bioactive molecule Benzoguanamine

• Computational reports disclose the presence of H- bonding. • Binding affinity of BG with anti-canceral proteins upholds that activity. • Drug likeness achieved to endorses new anti-canceral drug activity. Optimized geometry and vibrational wave numbers of the normal modes of Benzoguanamine (BG) have been investigated using Gaussian’09 at B1B95/6–31 G (d) level. Present work elucidates structural and spectral analysis of the title compound. Redistribution of electron density (ED) in various bonding and antibonding orbitals along with E(2) energies have been calculated by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis to give clear evidence of stabilization originating from the hyper conjugation of various intra-molecular interactions. HOMO-LUMO analysis has been performed to analyze charge transfer interactions within the molecule. The chemical implication of the molecule was explained using ELF, LOL with contour maps. Molecular docking was performed with various target proteins inorder to confirm the biological activity of compound and drug likeness influences were designed to realize the biological assets of BG.

Modified melamine-formaldehyde resins improve tensile strength along with antifouling and flame retardancy in impregnation of cellulose paper.

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and benzoguanamine (BG) modified melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resins were used to prepare two high-pressure laminates (HPLs) as well as a pure cellulose paper laminate and core sandwich laminates with the core material of aramid paper (AP) or polypropylene non-woven fabric (PPNF). The tensile strength, flame retardancy and antifouling properties of the modified MF resin laminates were studied and compared with the MF resin laminate. The tensile test results showed that the MF resins modified with BG and PVA improved the tensile strength of the impregnated paper. In comparison with pure kraft cellulose paper laminates, the aramid paper core laminates displayed comparatively higher tensile strength. Antifouling test results indicated that modified MF resin laminates had no obvious change while the MF resin laminate was stained. Thermal stability of the modified resins was investigated by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and the results showed that the char yield of modified MF resin was higher than that of the unmodified MF resin due to the addition of BG. The modified MF resin laminates exhibited better flame retardancy properties through the analysis of limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning and cone calorimetry (CONE) compared to the MF resin laminate. In addition, the flame retardancy of laminates was further enhanced when prepared with core materials of aramid paper. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of residue char after CONE tests showed that the AP-core laminate formed a dense and stable char layer compared with the loose char layer of the PPNF-core laminate. This study shows a new direction to develop sustainable high-performance flame retardant laminates for commercial decoration application.

Preparation, characterization and molecular modeling studies of the beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex with benzoguanamine and its analytical application as chemosensor for the selective sensing of Ce4+

The inclusion complex of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with benzoguanamine (BGA) has been investigated in three states. UV–Visible and fluorescence spectral techniques are used in liquid state. FTIR, NMR and MASS techniques are used in solid state and virtual state studies are done by molecular simulation work. The binding constants for the formation of 1:1 BGA:β-CD inclusion complex is estimated by UV–Visible and fluorescence spectral techniques. The chemosensory ability of BGA:β-CD complex was investigated thoroughly for various metal cations and we found the emission of complex showed a linear increase in the intensity for Ce4+ with the linearity range of 1000 μM–2000 μM. Sensitivity analysis shows good sensing for Ce4+ with the LOD of 671 μM and LOQ of 2034 μM. Our result suggests that the BGA:β-CD inclusion complex would be promising material for developing solid state sensory device for sensing Ce4+.

Target and non-target analysis of migrants from PVC-coated cans using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS: evaluation of long-term migration testing

ABSTRACTA simple, rapid and sensitive method for analyzing multi-target and non-target additives in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) food can coatings using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-orbital ion-trap mass spectrometry was developed. This procedure was used to study the behaviour of a cross-linking agent, benzoguanamine (BGA), two slip agents, oleamide and erucamide, and 18 other commonly used plasticisers including phthalates, adipates, sebacates, acetyl tributyl citrate and epoxidised soybean or linseed oils. This optimised method was used to detect these analytes in food simulants (water and 3% acetic acid) in a long-term migration test of PVC-coated food cans for a period ranging from 1 day to 1.5 years at 40°C. Although very low detection limits (5 ng ml–1) were obtained for the majority of compounds, none of the monitored plasticisers and slip agents was detected in simulants extracted from cans over the period of the test. However, the presence of BGA in both aqueous food simulants was confirmed based on high-resolution mass spectrometry, product ion spectra and analysis of a reference standard. The BGA concentration in both simulants continued to increase with storage time: after 1.5 years storage in aqueous food simulants at 40°C, BGA was detected at concentrations up to 84 µg dm–2. We believe this is the first study describing the long-term migration capacity of BGA from any vinyl coating material intended for use in PVC-coated food cans. Our results may have implications for migration test protocols for food cans that will be stored for extended time periods.

A novel process for preparing anti-dripping polyethylene terephthalate fibers

A novel idea to prepare anti-dripping polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers is presented. The novel process incorporates benzoguanamine (BG) into PET resins with a melt spinning extrusion method, and then forming complex fibers through reactions between the BG and formaldehyde. The reactions to form the fibers and their thermal degradation behavior were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In combination with the elemental contents on the surface of the complex fibers (found by Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS)), we find that the anti-dripping property depends on the formation of a three-dimensional crosslinked polymer. When the content of BG in the sample is 10%, the UL-94 rating is V-0 and no dripping phenomenon is found while performing the UL-94 measurement.

Synthesis of Novel p-π Conjugated Graft Poly(Amic Acid)s and their Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties

A novel p- π conjugate poly(amic acid) (PAA) was synthesized by the polycondensation of benzoguanamine (BGA) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) under microwave irradiation. The PAAs were grafted with toluene isocyanate-aliphatic alcohol derivatives with varying alkyl chain lengths. The solubility of the grafted PAAs improved and the degree of electron delocalization along the polymer chain increased. The third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of these graft polymers in both solution and solid state (i.e. thin films) were measured by the degenerated four wave mixing (DFWM) technique. The effects of alkyl chain length of the graft on the third-order NLO coefficient to polymers backbone were investigated. The extension of the conjugate length and relatively high electron densities of polymer chains contributed significantly to the enhancement of the NLO properties. The third-order NLO coefficient of polymer films was much higher than that in solution.

Synthesis and Optical Properties of a New Series of Side‐Chain Poly(amic acid)s With p‐π Conjugation

AbstractSummary: After the condensation polymerization of benzoguanamine (BGA) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) under microwave irradiation, the resulting p‐π conjugate poly(amic acid) was grafted via the azo coupling reaction. The obtained side‐chain polymers were further grafted with TDI‐aliphatic alcohol derivatives and TDI‐aniline derivatives. The third‐order NLO coefficient and response time of PAA and graft polymers were measured by degenerated four wave mixing (DFWM) technique and their fluorescent properties were also investigated. All of the graft polymers have larger NLO coefficients and film‐formability than PAA. Their fluorescent properties were also changed by the different electronic effect of the side‐chains. The influences of the introduction of side‐chains, the side‐chain length and the electronic effect of the substituting groups on the azobenzol side‐chain to both optical properties of the polymers by varying the conjugation degree were investigated. magnified image

Synthesis and fluorescent properties of PAA-based new side chain polymers

Poly (amic acid) (PAA) was synthesized by the condensation polymerization of benzoguanamine (BGA) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) under microwave irradiation. Then a series of PAA-based new side chain polymers have been synthesized through azo coupling reaction. Azobenzol units are attached to the PAA side chain, and different groups were selectively introduced to the para position of azobenzol units in order to investigate the electronic effects on fluorescent properties of side chain polymers. FT-IR, Fourier transform Raman spectrum (FTRR) and 1H-NMR were performed to characterize the polymers to investigate the graft polymers. UV–Vis and fluorescent spectra of PAA and its graft polymers were investigated. Comparing the side chain polymers containing different para substituting groups with PAA before graft, the relationship between polymer structure and its fluorescent properties had been studied.

Third‐order nonlinear optical properties of polyureas and polyimide synthesized by microwave irradiation

AbstractPolymerization of benzoguanamine (BGA) and 2,4‐tolylenediisocyanate (TDI), BGA–TDI polycondensation polyurea (PU), and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) in solid phase under microwave radiation was studied. In the system of TDI and BGA, the effect of microwave radiation time, the composition and concentration of monomer, the temperature, and the concentration of catalyst on the third‐order optical nonlinearities of polymer were discussed. In the system of PU and PMDA, the effect of imidization degree on third‐order optical nonlinearities was also discussed. The results showed that the prepared polymer had high third‐order nonlinear optical coefficients (PU: χ(3) = 1.174 × 10−13 esu) and fast time responses (24 ps); simultaneously, the third‐order optical nonlinearities of polymer were improved greatly by microwave radiation. The results also showed that third‐order optical nonlinearities were affected not only by the length of the polycondensate chain but also by the molecular structure, which was explained and confirmed by the computation of the AM1 semiempirical method and UV‐visible absorption spectrum. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2611–2617, 2003

Novel synthesis of polyimides of the third‐order optical nonlinearities by microwave assistance

AbstractThe third‐order optical nonlinearities and time responses of three new polymeric materials, which were prepared by polymerization of benzoguanamine (BGA) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), m,m′‐diaminobenzophenone (m,m′‐DABP) and PMDA, BGA, and 2,4‐tolylenediisocyanate (TDI) under microwave radiation, were measured by a picosecond forward three‐dimensional degenerate four‐wave mixing technique. The experimental results showed that nonresonant optical nonlinearity [χ(3)] of the three polymers is larger by microwave than by heating and that third‐order optical nonlinearities were not only affected by the length of polymer chain, but also by the polymer chain structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1739–1747, 2003

Hydrazination of 2, 4-diamino-6-methyl (or phenyl) -s-triazines

Hydrazination of acetoguanamine (AG) and benzoguanamine (BG) with hydrazine was investigated. 2-Amino-4-hydrazino-6-methyl-s-triazine (mp. 295296.5°C) and 2-amino-4-hydrazino-6-phenyl-s-triazine (mp. 179182°C) were prepared by treating AG or BG with 100% hydrazine hydrate, respectively. When AG or BG was allowed to react with anhydrous hydrazine, 2, 4-dihydrazino-6-methyl-s-triazine (mp. 276277°C) and 2, 4-dihydrazino-6-phenyl-s-triazine (mp. 182184°C) were obtained, respectively. But an aqueous solution of hydrazine (8085%) did not react with these compounds.