Benzoate Solution Research Articles

Aqueous solubility enhancement of theobromine using eco-friendly hydrotropic phenomena

Theobromine, a bioactive compound found in cacao beans, is recognized for its pharmacological health benefits, such as improving heart health by lowering blood pressure, enhancing cognitive function, supporting respiratory health, providing antioxidant benefits, reducing inflammation, and promoting dental health. However, its limited solubility in water poses challenges for therapeutic applications, necessitating methods to enhance its solubility. The approach to enhance its bioavailability making it more effective for medicinal use and easier to incorporate into various pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. Hydrotropic solubilization, utilizing the amphiphilic nature of sodium benzoate, is employed to improve the solubility of theobromine. Through systematic investigation of varying concentrations (0–3 mol/L) of sodium benzoate and temperature conditions ranging between 303 and 333 K, this study is aimed to elucidate their effects on the solubility of theobromine. Standardized protocols were utilized to measure the concentration of dissolved theobromine in sodium benzoate solutions, while thermodynamic properties were analyzed to understand the underlying mechanism. The study discovered that the solubility of theobromine was enhanced by sevenfold in the presence of sodium benzoate. Thermodynamic analysis revealed the solubilization process to be entropy-driven. Additionally, contact angle estimations confirmed increased hydrophobicity with higher sodium benzoate concentration, facilitating the solubilization of theobromine in the aqueous phase. Furthermore, FTIR analysis indicates that the solubilization of the bioactive compound occurs exclusively subsequent to traversing the minimum hydrotropic concentration (MHC).

Detection of food additives based on an integrated self-injected metasurface microfluidic sensor

Advanced sensing equipment exhibits high sensitivity and reliability in detecting food additives, enabling the practical assessment of the safety of processed foods. Currently, chemical detection methods are commonly utilized for identifying food additives. However, these approaches tend to be intricate and time-consuming. In this study, we designed and fabricated an integrated terahertz microfluidic sensor, which achieves high sensitivity by incorporating a metasurface within the microfluidic chip. The metasurface comprises metal wires and split-ring resonators, with three optional sensing sites within the frequency domain of 0.1–1.2 THz, thereby enhancing the reliability of the sensor. Additionally, the use of a self-injection micropump improves the stability of the liquid flow rate, preventing experimental errors caused by manual injection. Utilizing this sensor, we conducted concentration sensing experiments on potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate solutions, successfully identifying sugar-containing and sugar-substituted beverages with high sensitivity and rapid sensing speed. The average sensitivity of the sensor is 152.8 GHz·RIU−1. The results of this study provide a feasible method for the development of microfluidic metasurface sensors.

Aerosol fluidized bed coating: Exploring the impact of process conditions on process yield, coating coverage and thickness

Aerosol droplets are used to coat fluidized particles in this work. Coating experiments utilizing aerosol droplets (with a mean diameter of around 1μm) were performed under different process conditions to explore their impact on process yield, as well as on coating coverage. Core materials were glass and porous γ-Al2O3, which had mean diameters of 653μm and 610μm, respectively. Sodium benzoate (NaB) solution and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanosuspension were used as the coating liquid. After sampling, particle pictures were taken by a scanning electron microscope and analyzed using image processing to determine the coating coverage. To simulate the coating process and determine, for each experiment, a factor for preferential deposition on already occupied positions, Monte Carlo simulations were used. Also, some particles were cut in the middle to measure coating layer thickness. Intraparticle coating thickness distribution from Monte Carlo simulations coarsely matches the measured thickness from cut particles. Results show that the process yield, coating coverage, and preference factor are affected by experimental conditions such as expanded bed height, fluidization air temperature, atomizing pressure, the number of aerosol inlets, as well as the surface potential of core particles. This study is first to examine the impact of surface charge of different core materials on droplet deposition. In an experiment with SiO2 nanosuspension, γ-Al2O3 cores could be coated quite uniformly with SiO2 nanoparticles with a layer thickness of ca. 1.1μm. This shows the potential of aerosol droplet deposition as a novel semi-wet method for coating large particles with nanoparticles without using any binders.

How effective is topical miconazole or amorolfine for mild to moderately severe onychomycosis in primary care: the Onycho Trial – a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial

ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of topical miconazole or amorolfine compared to placebo for mild to moderately severe onychomycosis.DesignRandomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, with computer-generated treatment allocation at a 1:1:1 ratio.SettingPrimary care,...

Elucidating the hydrotropism behaviour of aqueous caffeine and sodium benzoate solution through NMR and neutron total scattering analysis

Hydrotropism is a convenient way to increase the solubility of drugs by up to several orders of magnitude, and even though it has been researched for decades with both experimental and simulation methods, its mechanism is still unknown. Here, we use caffeine/sodium benzoate (CAF-SB) as model system to explore the behaviour of caffeine solubility enhancement in water through NMR spectroscopy and neutron total scattering. 1H NMR shows strong interaction between caffeine and sodium benzoate in water. Neutron total scattering combined with empirical potential structure refinement, a systematic method to study the solution structure, reveals π-stacking between caffeine and the benzoate anion as well as Coulombic interactions with the sodium cation. The strongest hydrogen bond interaction in the system is between benzoate and water, which help dissolve CAF-SB complex and increase the solubility of CAF in water. Besides, the stronger interaction between CAF and water and the distortion of water structure are further mechanisms of the CAF solubility enhancement. It is likely that the variety of mechanisms for hydrotropism shown in this system can be found for other hydrotropes, and NMR spectroscopy and neutron total scattering can be used as complementary techniques to generate a holistic picture of hydrotropic solutions.

Urine metabolomics study of intervention of Xihuang Pills in rats with hyperplasia of mammary gland

This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of Xihuang Pills in improving hyperplasia of mammary gland(HMG) in rats based on urine metabolomics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS). The HMG rat model was established by intramuscular injection of estradiol benzoate solution(0.5 mg·kg~(-1), 25 days) followed by progesterone injection(5 mg·kg~(-1), 5 days). UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS technology was used to establish the endogenous small-molecule metabolic profiles in urine samples of rats in the blank group, the HMG model group, and Xihuang Pills group. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed for pattern recognition, t test and variable importance in the projection(VIP) were used to screen potential biomarkers. The significantly changed differential metabolites were identified using the online database Human Metabolome Database(HMDB). Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis was conducted using the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 database. The results showed that 90 differential metabolites with significant changes(P<0.05) were identified between the blank group and the HMG model group using the HMDB. Among them, 48 metabolites significantly reverted(P<0.05) after administration of Xihuang Pills, which may be related to the regulatory effect of Xihuang Pills. Thirteen metabolic pathways significantly associated with HMG were identified when the differential metabolites were imported into the MetaboAnalyst 5.0 database, and Xihuang Pills could modulate seven of these pathways. These metabolic pathways mainly involved histidine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. This study utilized UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and urine metabolomics technology to analyze the mechanism of Xihuang Pills in improving HMG, laying the foundation for further in-depth research.

Physicochemical approaches reveal the impact of electrolytes and hydrotropic salt on micellization and phase separation behavior of polymer polyvinyl alcohol and surfactant mixture

The polymer-surfactant mixture has usages in numerous industries mainly in the production of daily used materials. Herein, the micellization and phase separation nature of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and TX-100 along with a synthetic water-soluble polymer-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have been conducted using conductivity and cloud point (CP) measurement tools. In the case of micellization study of SDS + PVA mixture by conductivity method, the CMC values were obtained to be dependent on the categories and extent of additives as well as temperature variation. Both categories of studies were performed in aq. solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium acetate (NaOAc), and sodium benzoate (NaBenz) media. The CP values of TX 100 + PVA were decreased and enhanced in simple electrolytes and sodium benzoate media respectively. In all cases, the free energy changes of micellization (∆Gm0) and clouding (∆Gc0) were obtained as negative and positive respectively. The enthalpy (∆Hm0) and entropy (∆Sm0) changes for SDS + PVA system micellization was negative and positive respectively in aq. NaCl and NaBenz media, and in aq. NaOAc medium the ∆Hm0 values were found negative while ∆Sm0 were found negative except at the highest studied temperature (323.15 K). The enthalpy-entropy compensation of both processes was also assessed and described clearly.

Characterization of coating shells in a Wurster fluidized bed under different drying conditions and solution viscosities

Particle coating in fluidized beds is a widely used technique, while the particle growth mechanisms are complex. In this study, porous Al2O3 particles are coated with a sodium benzoate solution in a Wurster fluidized bed with different spray rates, fluidizing gas temperatures, and solution viscosities. The shell porosity, particle size, particle surface, and internal morphology of coated particles are characterized. The growth mechanisms of the coating shell including the effects of drying conditions and solution viscosities are summarized. The growth of the coating shell is distinguished into three modes: layer growth, island growth, and irregular growth. At a slow drying condition, the solute precipitates in the form of crystallization, resulting in the island growth. At a fast drying condition, many fine powders and vapor disturbance exist, leading to the irregular growth. Droplets with smaller viscosity are easier to spread and fill the existing pores, which promotes the layer growth.

Experimental characterization of the effect of liquid viscosity on collisions between a multi-component droplet and a heated particle

Understanding droplet-particle collisions is critical for regulating spray coating processes. Existing studies mainly focused on collision between a single component droplet and a particle either at room temperature or considerably higher than the boiling point. In this study, we perform experiments of a droplet impacting a heated particle with its temperature in the range of 35 °C–150 °C, where the droplet is generated from multi-component solutions with its viscosity adjusted by adding Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). The collisions with droplets from 30% sodium benzoate solution show four regimes: deposition, deposition-bubble, breakup-rebound, and rebound. Byincreasingviscosity with adding 1% or 2% HPMC, only two regimes are observed: deposition and deposition-bubble. The variation of film thickness with time can be divided into three phases. The film thickness in phase I and II can be fitted by simple functions. With increasing liquid viscosity, the film thickness in phase III at different temperatures becomes consistent.

Product-Property Guided Scale-Up of a Fluidized Bed Spray Granulation Process Using the CFD-DEM Method

In this work, a method to predict the surface structures of particles produced by fluidized bed spray layering granulation using the CFD-DEM method was developed. A simple state-variable/event tracking approach was implemented to capture indirect quantifiers of the progression of structure-forming microprocesses. The state of the droplet at the time of impact on the particle surface, as well as the time required for drying, is correlated to product properties that quantify surface structure morphology such as roughness. A workflow for scale-up of fluidized bed granulation guided by product-property predictors is presented. The approach was tested on a demonstration case from the literature, where a particle core is coated with sodium benzoate solution. The experiment was scaled-up by a factor of eight to pilot-scale using the developed method. Varying the number of nozzles in use in the pilot-scale granulation affected the particle surface roughness due to the differing drying conditions encountered. On this basis, the ability of the tracked-quantity approach to capture the relationship between product properties and geometric feature or process conditions is demonstrated.

Nitrogen bound to manure fiber is increased by applications of simple phenolic acids

BackgroundPolyphenolic compounds like tannins can increase nitrogen (N) excreted in feces when consumed by ruminants but less often noted is increased N in fecal acid detergent fiber (ADF-N). Some simple phenolics are thought to facilitate binding interactions between nitrogenous compounds and soil. We hypothesized that contact with common phenolic acids, such as found in crops, could increase ADF-N, in excreted manure.MethodsWe performed two separate experiments to test our hypothesis. In the first experiment, we applied three solutions (i.e., 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 M) of sodium benzoate (B0), sodium 4-hydroxybenzoate (B1), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (B2), gallic acid (B3), ammonium benzoate (AB), and ammonium chloride (AC) to dried pulverized manure and measured ADF-N. In the second experiment we modified the methodology, by applying more compounds at a single concentration (0.001 M) and including an added nitrogen (NH4Cl) treatment.ResultsWe found a statistically significant interaction between treatment and concentration in the first experiment (P < 0.0001), but the main effects were inconsistent and there was no significant difference between the treatment means and the control mean (samples treated with water). Conversely, we observed a significant treatment effect in the second experiment (P < 0.0001), but no significant effect of the added N or interaction. Samples treated with water, B0, or B3 were similar and indistinguishable from untreated manure. The treatment with B1, caffeic acid, (CAF), or B2 increased ADF-N from 13.2 to 17.5% while +(−)catechin (CAT), and p-coumaric acid (p-COUM), increased it by 19.7 and 22.2% respectively. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and ferulic acid (FER) increased ADF-N by 32.6 and 34.1%, respectively.ConclusionsThe results support our hypothesis that N in manure can complex with manure ADF following exposure to benzoic acid and especially cinnamic acid derivatives. This resulted in greater amounts of N bound to relatively recalcitrant fibers in excreted manure. Thus, N mineralization may be impacted by increasing or decreasing the amount of N bound to manure fibers or other recalcitrant soil compounds such as lignin, but it is unclear whether such N would be less available to plants, or for volatilization, or leaching.

ULTRAMICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF THYROCYTES STRUCTURE OF RAT’S THYROID GLAND AFTER 60-DAYS SODIUM BENZOATE 162 ADMINISTRATION

Introduction. Sodium benzoate is widely used in both food and pharmaceutical industries. There is evidence of its adverse health effects; However, the effect of sodium benzoate on the ultrastructure of thyroid gland cells is currently not well understood. Materials and methods. The animals were divided into two groups: the group 1 was injected with 1 ml of sodium benzoate solution at a dosage of 1000 mg/kg/body weight intragastrically for 60 days, and the group 2 served as a control. Samples of thyroid gland after tissue processingwere examined under an electron microscope. Results. In the experimental group, it was found that thyrocytes had a cubic, less often flat shape, an expanded rough endoplasmic reticulum with single accumulations in the cavities of fibrous structures, significant lumps of heterochromatin under the nuclear membrane with uneven contours of the latter, an electron-dense mitochondrial matrix. Conclusion. The above changes indicate the effect of sodium benzoate administration both locally (through damage to the DNA of the nucleus and mitochondria) and at the systemic level (through a decrease in leptin levels and, as a consequence, the effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis).

Postharvest treatments of hexanal and sodium benzoate to maintain quality and extend shelf life of winter season guava under low-temperature storage

In the present investigation, comparative efficacy and potential of postharvest treatment of hexanal and sodium benzoate were evaluated for extending shelf life and maintaining edibility of guava cv. Allahabad Safeda. The fruits were subjected to 5 min dip in aqueous solutions of hexanal (0.005%, 0.01% and 0.015% v/v) or sodium benzoate (0.2mM, 0.4mM, 0.6mM) whereas, the control fruits were dipped in water. Corrugated fibreboard (CFB) boxes with paper lining were used for packing the treated fruits and were kept under cold storage conditions (6 - 8°C, 90–95% RH). Assessment of physicochemical and fruit quality parameters was done at 0 days (before treatment) and weekly interval in storage till 35 days. In general, a gradual decline was noted with time in fruit firmness, pectic substances, phenols, acidity and vitamin C content whereas, physiological loss in weight increased in the stored fruits. Hexanal at a dose of 0.01% v/v effectively minimized decay incidence, retained firmness, phenol content and reduced the pectin degradation by suppressing the pectin methylesterase (PME) activity. Similarly, the treated fruits retained higher TSS and TA during the storage as compared to other treatments. Sodium benzoate treatments also maintained the quality attributes better than the untreated fruit. It was concluded that postharvest dip treatment of Hexanal (0.01% v/v; 0.8 mM) extended the storage life of guava cv. Allahabad safeda from 14 to 21 days as compared to control.

Ultraviolet radiation and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) preservatives for inactivation of Aspergillus niger in vitro and corn dough

Corn is the main cereal produced in the world, it is also used for direct human consumption and for the production of various food products; however, it is prone to being contaminated by fungi, especially by mycotoxin producers. Aspergillus spp. is a contaminant fungus related to postharvest of stored grains, especially in corn. This study evaluated the effect of Ultraviolet radiation (UV) and Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) treatments on the inhibition of mycelial growth of A. niger (GIBI_00056) in vitro and in corn (Zea mays L.) dough. For the in vitro study, UV radiation and solutions of citric acid, potassium sorbate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium benzoate, and ascorbic acid were used, which were added to PDA agar in which A. niger was inoculated and evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h. Subsequently, the best treatment was selected and applied in different concentrations in an A. niger inoculated corn dough, thus evaluating the incidence of contamination at 24, 48, and 72 h. The sodium bicarbonate and sodium benzoate solutions had the best effect on the inhibition of A. niger in vitro compared to the control, whereas the other treatments evaluated did not show differences in the mycelial inhibition. In the corn dough inoculated with A. niger, the effect of sodium bicarbonate depended on the concentration used; the lowest incidence of contamination of the microorganism at 72 h was 0% with 1.8 and 2.7% (w/w) of sodium bicarbonate, whereas the highest was for the control with 100% incidence. The potential of sodium bicarbonate to inactivate A. niger growth in vitro and corn dough was observed.

In‐depth investigation of incremental layer build‐up from dried deposited droplets

AbstractThis study presents an approach to closely investigate the process of incremental layer build‐up from convectively dried sessile droplets. In a droplet‐by‐droplet manner, three layers of sodium benzoate solution droplets are consecutively applied on a glass substrate and successively dried in a laboratory‐scale drying chamber. The morphology of the simplified layer structure that incrementally forms from the individual deposits is analyzed via white‐light interferometry, after every addition of a new droplet. Furthermore, complementary X‐ray micro‐tomography measurements of the deposits were carried out to monitor inner structure development. Recurring steps and phenomena throughout the experimental build‐up process were identified and could be characterized through these methods. Moreover, these phenomena could be linked to specific combinations of droplet positioning and drying conditions. Finally, the overall influence of convective drying parameters as well as droplet properties on the layer formation process was investigated with regard to morphology and porosity.

Finding a Preservative for Homemade Local Beverages in Northern Ghana: The Case of Sobolo, Tiger Nuts Drink and Zim Kom

In northern Ghana, the most famous and preferred locally made beverages are tiger nuts drink, sobolo and zimkom. The main problem associated with these products however, is their short shelf-life when they are kept at ordinary air/ room temperatures as a result of activities of microorganisms which actions are facilitated by conducive atmosphere of the region. The conducive atmosphere coupled with the ‘doomsolization’ of Ghana’s economy almost every other year during when such beverages are in high demand, further exacerbates the problem of storage losses vendors endear. This has very serious negative financial drain on profits since any unfinished often go waste. Presently large scale production is not possible and therefore these vendors cannot enjoy the economy of scale. To aggravate matters, most vendors lack refrigerators; and even for those who own refrigerators, erratic electricity supplies during the dry periods of the year, encounter significant losses too. It was against this background that this study sought to identify suitable preservative for these homemade local beverages in northern Ghana so that when such a preservative is used the products can be stored under ambient temperatures for an extended period of time. Specifically, the study sought to assess the effects of sodium benzoate on the three beverages; to determine the extent of shelf life extension of the beverages due to the benzoate; to establish which concentration level of the benzoate is most effective; and to determine whether respondents would notice the benzoate in beverages. The research design employed was quasi-experimental involving the treatment and observation of samples under various handling and/ or storage conditions. Sufficient quantities of each beverage were procured and two varying concentrations of sodium benzoate solutions prepared for use in the experiments. The shelf life observation technique employed was direct where, taste, smell, colour and appearance. Samples without preservatives were set aside as experimental controls. A total of four different experiments were conducted for a period of twenty six (26) days. The major finding was that using sodium benzoate 1.0 g/1000 ml in non-refrigerated tiger nut drink’s shelf-life was five (5) days maximum; sobolo lasted 22 days whilst zimkom, 15 days. Sensory evaluations of the samples using untrained consumer panel revealed 100% consumer acceptability. The study recommends a dissemination seminar or workshop to be organised to train the beverage vendors on adopting the use of the sodium benzoate preservative to reduce spoilage losses.

The bitter tastant denatonium benzoate has no influence on the number of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations in health.

Administration of a bitter compound can alter the intragastric pressure (IGP) after a meal. Additionally, a negative correlation between IGP and the number of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) has been demonstrated. However, the effect of a bitter tastant on the number of TLESRs and subsequent reflux episodes has never been investigated and it is unclear whether bitter food items should be avoided in gastro-esophageal reflux disease. We hypothesize that bitter administration in healthy volunteers (HVs) will lead to an increase in the number of TLESRs. After an overnight fast, 20 female HVs (36years [21-63]) underwent a high-resolution impedance manometry (HRiM) measurement. After placement of the HRiM probe, 0.1ml/kg of a 10mM denatonium benzoate solution (bitter) or an identical volume of water (placebo) was administered directly into the stomach. The number of TLESRs and reflux episodes was quantified 30min before and 2h after consumption of a high caloric meal. There was no significant difference in the number of TLESRs or reflux episodes between the bitter and placebo condition. Additionally, no differences were observed in the nature (gas or liquid) and extent of reflux events. Lower esophageal sphincter pressures dropped significantly in the first postprandial hour to start recovering slowly back to baseline values during the second postprandial hour (p<0.0001), without any difference between both conditions. Administration of the bitter tastant denatonium benzoate has no influence on the number of TLESRs or reflux episodes.

Solubility enhancement of nimodipine using mixed hydrotropic solid dispersion technique

Background and objective: Low aqueous solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients has an effect on both formulation development and bioavailability. Nimodipine is an antihypertensive agent with low oral bioavailability, which might be attributed to the extremely poor water solubility. This study aimed to increase the solubility of nimodipine in water using hydrotropes and solid dispersion technology to increase dissolution rate compared to the marketed drug product. Methods: Solubility of nimodipine was determined separately in sodium acetate, sodium citrate, sodium benzoate, and niacinamide solutions at a concentration of 10, 20, 30, and 40% w/v using distilled water as a solvent. The highest solubility was obtained in 40% sodium benzoate solution. Mixed concentrations of hydrotropic agents were used in ratio 1:3 (niacinamide: sodium benzoate). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to exclude any drug-hydrotropes interaction. The dissolution rate of nimodipine from solid dispersion and physical mixture were studied using USP type II dissolution test apparatus in acetate buffer (pH 4.5) as a dissolution media. Results: Hydrotropic solid dispersion of nimodipine with a blend (30% sodium benzoate and 10% niacinamide) increased the dissolution rate of the drug by 1.5 folds compared to the marketed conventional nimodipine tablet. Fourier-transform infrared analysis did not show any physicochemical interaction between drug and carriers in solid dispersion formulation. Conclusion: The hydrotrop is a novel and safe compound. It is a successful way to enhance the solubility of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. Immediate dissolution of practically insoluble drug nimodipine in dissolution media indicates that it has a great potential to solubilize the drug in biological fluids. Thus, a considerable improvement in bioavailability and onset of action of the drug can be predictable. Adding of a hydrotropic agent with nimodipine in solid dispersion increased the dissolution rate of the drug compared to the marketed conventional nimodipine tablet Keywords: Hydrotropes; Nimodipine; Solubility enhancement; Solid dispersion.

Certification of sodium benzoate solution reference material by HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS and UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry for food and drug analysi

Sodium benzoate is one of the most widely used food perseverates and has to be used in regulated amounts to avoid its harmful health effects. Reviewing the scientific literature for traceability of the analytical measurement results of sodium benzoate in various food and drug applications to the SI units, it has been found that no scientific details of certification of sodium benzoate CRMs used for the calibration of measuring equipment are published. For this reason, the national metrology institute of Saudi Arabia (SASO/NMCC) certifies a sodium benzoate solution reference material. In this work, sodium benzoate was synthesized, purified and a batch solution reference material was prepared as 1014.47 mg/kg then homogenized and bottled. Homogeneity and stability of the candidate RM were assessed and the results obtained showed that the material is sufficiently homogeneous and stable. Characterization of the reference material was carried out by HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS and UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer as three independent methods. The certified value was derived by combining data from the three methods using the weighted mean approach and was found 1016.13 mg/kg. The certified uncertainty was calculated as weighted uncertainty and was found 10.47 mg/kg (1.03%). Sources of this uncertainty were identified from the characterization, uchar, homogeneity, uhom, and long-term stability, ults, as well as the bias allowance, B.

Effect of ethanolic extract from Morus alba L. leaves on the quality and sensory aspects of chilled pork under retail conditions

The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of ethanolic extract from Morus alba L. leaves (MLEE) in preserving chilled pork under retail conditions. The four treatments were 5 mg/mL sodium benzoate solution (SB), 1 mg/mL MLEE solution (high-concentration MLEE; HM), 0.5 mg/mL MLEE solution (low-concentration MLEE; LM), and 0 mg/mL MLEE solution (C). The quality characteristics, pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values, metmyoglobin, total volatile basic nitrogen, and number of microbes of MLEE-treated chilled pork stored at 4 °C for 9 days were consistent with those obtained by the SB treatment and lower than those obtained by the C treatment. Sensory analyses showed that treatment of pork with MLEE did not have a negative impact on its sensory characteristics. MLEE can extend the shelf life of chilled pork from 3 days to 6 days (9 days) in first-class (second-class) fresh meat. Results suggest that MLEE could be a candidate resource in the preservation of chilled pork.