Benzene Solution Research Articles

Block Copolymers of Poly(N-Vinyl Pyrrolidone) and Poly(Vinyl Esters) Bearing n-alkyl Side Groups via Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization: Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Properties.

Amphiphilic block copolymers of N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) and various vinyl esters (VEs), PNVP-b-PVEs, namely vinyl butyrate (VBu), vinyl decanoate (VDc), and vinyl stearate (VSt), were synthesized through RAFT polymerization techniques. The sequential addition of the monomers methodology was employed starting from the polymerization of NVP followed by the polymerization of the Ves' monomer. The polymerization of NVP was conducted at 60 °C in benzene solution using AIBN as the initiator and O-ethyl S-(phthalimidylmethyl) xanthate as the CTA. The resulting PNVP macro-CTA was further applied for the polymerization of the vinyl ester in dioxane solution at 80 °C using, again, AIBN as the initiator. The block copolymers were characterized through size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal behavior of the copolymers was studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), whereas their thermal stability via Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermogravimetry (DTG).

BTEX adsorption from aqueous solutions using activated carbon from Melaleuca cajuputi leaves

This study put forward Melaleuca cajuputi leaves to prepare activated carbon using H3PO4 as an activating agent and examined the aqueous solution of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX). The surface functional group, surface morphology, and surface area were identified by employing Fourier transform infrared spectra, field emission scanning microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller to characterize the properties of the produced activated carbon; others include pH, moisture content, and yield percentage. The activated carbon's performance was assessed using batch adsorption experiment. 50 mg/L of BTEX disintegrates in purified water to form the standard solution and is stored at 4 °C. The study examined the effects of time spent in contact, dosage of the adsorbent and initial concentration. The results show that Melaleuca cajuputi activated carbon (MCAC2) has the optimum surface area 128 m2/g and performs very effectively as a BTEX adsorbent. According to the BTEX adsorption data, MCAC2 has 94% elimination effectiveness at 50 mg/L after 30 min of contact. To further adapt the experimental information for BTEX adsorption onto the MCAC2, Freundlich, Langmuir, and pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were used. The findings fitted pseudo-second-order with optimal values of R2 = 0.979, and the isotherm model adsorption fitted Langmuir model with values of R2 = 0.992 The finding reveals that Melaleuca cajuputi leaves are useful material for producing adsorbents, and successful testing outcomes demonstrate that M. cajuputi leaves products serves as a vital organic absorbent in the decomposition of BTEX.

Radiolytic degradation of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) in some organic solvents by gamma rays: The kinetic properties of complete dechlorination of TCB and its pathway

This study investigates the degradation of TCB in methanol, ethanol, hexane, and benzene solutions using gamma radiolysis. Kinetic properties of TCB dechlorination and its pathway are examined, with TCB selected as a representative chlorinated organic compound. Chromatograms of irradiated samples and mass spectra of liquid-phase products are presented. The change in concentration of TCB, dichlorobenzenes (DCB), chlorobenzene (MCB), and benzene with absorbed doses are observed. The radiation-chemical yield (G values) of TCB in the solvents are calculated as 1.83, 2.56, 1.93, and 1.84 100eV−1 in methanol, ethanol, hexane, and benzene solutions, respectively. 100 % degradation of TCB by gamma irradiation is found to be efficient in polar solvents but leads to a wide variety of byproducts in low polar solvents, particularly the formation of polychlorinated biphenyls in TCB + benzene solutions, making benzene an incompatible medium. The main dechlorination pathway of TCB involves the formation of 1,4-DCB, MCB, and benzene.Environmental Implication.The gamma irradiation of chlorinated organic compounds, focusing on TCB as a model compound, was investigated due to its status as a hazardous material for the environment and living organisms. TCB is a byproduct of the dechlorination of certain chlorinated pesticides listed under the Stockholm Convention's Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) list, which prohibits their production and use. Gamma irradiation was found to be an effective method for the degradation of chlorinated compounds, achieving 100 % degradation during irradiation. The study underscores the potential of gamma irradiation as a viable approach for the treatment of chlorinated compounds, particularly in addressing environmental and health concerns associated with TCB and related compounds.

Synthesis and Photochemistry of Tris(trimethoxysilyl)acyl-silanes and 1,4-Tetrakis(silyl)-1,4-bisacylsilanes.

In this contribution, we present the synthesis of two groups of novel acylsilanes 1-6. Compounds 1 and 2 represent tris(trimethoxysilyl)acylsilanes, and compounds 3-6 are 1,4-tetrakis(silyl)-1,4-bisacylsilanes. All isolated compounds were characterized by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Additionally, these compounds were further analyzed by ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) spectroscopy and their longest wavelength absorption bands were assigned by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. On the basis of the well-known Brook rearrangement of acylsilanes, we irradiated 1-6 in benzene solutions at 405 nm (λ) for several hours. Photolysis of compounds 1 and 2 afforded the same silene rearrangement products as found in previous investigations of structurally related acylsilanes. In addition, trapping experiments with MeOH further support our proposed mechanism for silene formation. The photolysis of tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)bisacylsilane 3 gave rise to the formation of a monosilene intermediate 10; upon prolonged irradiation, the subsequently formed bissilene undergoes a fast dimerization to bicyclic product 11. Interestingly, unlike the expected head-to-head dimerization of Brook-type silenes, this bissilene undergoes a selective head-to-tail dimerization. In contrast, tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)bisacylsilane 4 undergoes a selective and completely stereoselective double CH activation to air stable bicyclic system 12. The mechanism of this rearrangement is fully described by DTF calculations. Unfortunately, tetrakis(trimethoxysilyl)bisacylsilanes 5 and 6 underwent unselective photochemical rearrangements.

Синтез и сополимеризация бензамидметакрилата со стиролом

It has been synthesized a new monomer — benzamide methacrylate and its free radical copolymerization with styrene in mass and solution in benzene in the presence of diazoisobutyric acid AIBN) has been carried out and investigated. The ratio of comonomers was changed in the range of 90:10 – 10:90 mol. %. The total concentration of comonomers is 1.7 mol/l at temperature 70 °C. The composition of the synthesized copolymers was determined by the method of elemental analysis on nitrogen content. The monomer and copolymer have been characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR and NMR). The relative activity constant values of the monomer have been determined and Q – e parameters according to Alfrey – Price have been calculated. For estimation of the nature of the links distribution in the macromolecular chain, the microstructure parameters have been calculated. It has been revealed that in all cases r1 > r2, therefore the copolymer is enriched with benzamide methacrylate links. It has been found that the composition of the formed copolymers depends on the composition of the initial monomer mixture. It has been established that the obtained copolymer has a sufficiently high medical-biological activity, which opens up the possibility of using it as bactericides and fungicides. It has been shown that the copolymers obtained on the basis of benzamide methacrylate are non-toxic and can be used as bactericidal preparations. It has been revealed that the biocidal effect has been primarily connected with the availability of benzamide fragment links in the macro-chain.

Способы синтеза соединений фосфора R4PX, где Х  электроотрицательная группа

Based on the analysis of literature sources from the beginning of the 21st century to the present, various methods for obtaining phosphorus compounds of the general formula R4PX (X is an electronegative group) have been systematized and described. The present study is a continuation of classical research in the field of chemistry of organic phosphorus compounds in the Laboratory of Chemistry of Organoelement Compounds of South Ural State University. The prin-cipal attention is paid to synthesis methods for tetraorganylphosphonium derivatives based on radical redistribution reactions and substitution reactions, which are used to synthesize tetra-phenylphosphorus bromide and a series of alkyltriphenylphosphonium arenesulfonates, respec-tively. It has been shown that the single product of the interaction of triphenylphosphorus dibro-mide with pentaphenylphosphorus in a benzene solution (1 hour, 25 °C) is tetraphenylphosphoni-um bromide, isolated from the reaction mixture, yielding 92%. Tetraphenylphosphonium benzene-sulfonate has been obtained, yielding 90%, by a substitution reaction from tetraphenylphosphoni-um bromide and benzenesulfonic acid in water. Using a similar scheme, a series of alkyltri-phenylphosphonium arenesulfonates have been obtained with yields up to 92 %: [Ph3PC3H5-cyclo][OSO2Naft-1] (2), [Ph3PCH2СN][OSO2Mez)] (3), [Ph3PCH2СN][OSO2C6H3Сl2-2,5] ∙ ½MeOH (4), [Ph3PCH2OH][OSO2C6H3Сl2-2,5] ∙ H2O (5), [Ph3PEt][OSO2C6H3(NO2)2-2,4] (6), [Ph3P(СH2)2OH] [OSO2C6H3(NO2)2-2,4] (7), [Ph3P(С6H11-cyclo)] [OSO2C6H3(NO2)2-2,4] (8). The complex structures have been proved by IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). According to the XRD data, crystals of complexes 2–5 have ionic structure; they consist of tetraorganylphosphonium and arenesulfonate anions.

A carbene-stabilized diphosphorus: a triple-bonded diphosphorus (P[triple bond, length as m-dash]P) and a bis(phosphinidene) (P-P) transfer agent.

The reaction of the N,N-diisopropyl bromoiminium salt with excess sodium phosphaethynolate (NaPCO) affords a diphospha-urea 2. Under blue light irradiation (450 nm), carbon monoxide is liberated affording the bis(carbene)P2 adduct 3. Photolysis of a benzene solution of 3 at 365 nm gives rise to the carbene dimer, namely the 1,2-bis(diisopropylamino)ethylene as a cis/trans mixture, along with white and red phosphorus. Under the same experimental conditions, but in the presence of excess 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, the classical double Diels-Alder adduct of the triple-bonded diphosphorus P[triple bond, length as m-dash]P was obtained along with the bis(phospholene) formally resulting from a double [4 + 1] reaction of the diene with the bis(phosphinidene) form of P2. A stepwise carbene-carbene exchange reaction also occurs between the monosubstituted aminocarbene of 3 and a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene, possibly involving the transient formation of a diphosphorus analogue of a diazo compound.

Dielectric relaxation in solutions chlorobenzene–benzene and chlorobenzene–hexane

This paper presents the results of a study of the dielectric constant of solutions of a polar liquid in a nonpolar solvent: chlorobenzene–benzene, chlorobenzene–hexane. The measurements were carried out at a wavelength [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm in the temperature range from [Formula: see text]C to [Formula: see text]C. The studies were carried out using the dielectric spectroscopy method. This method allows a more detailed study of the dielectric properties of the objects of study due to the large equilibrium (“static”) dielectric constant of the object. The temperature dependence of the dielectric relaxation time of molecules in the liquid and solid states of the studied solutions is determined. It has been established that with increasing concentration (0.300, 0.562, 0.794, 1.000 for a chlorobenzene–hexane solution and 0.179, 0.368, 0.567, 0.778, 1.000 for a chlorobenzene–benzene solution) of the halogen substituent, the relaxation time increases. The measurement results of dielectric constant [Formula: see text] and absorption coefficient [Formula: see text] obtained for concentrated solutions chlorobenzene–benzene, chlorobenzene–n–hexane at wavelengths [Formula: see text], 80 and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm at temperature [Formula: see text]C are given in the paper. The static dielectric constant is obtained at a frequency of 1[Formula: see text]MHz. The obtained experimental values [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of investigated systems in ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) plane locate on the semi-circle the center of which is on [Formula: see text] axis. In this case, the high-frequency limit value of [Formula: see text] dielectric coefficient exceeds the corresponding n2 refraction index square. The macroscopic and molecular relaxation times are calculated on the base of experimental data. The thermodynamic quantities characterizing the process of dielectric relaxation are calculated for solutions of chlorobenzene–benzene, chlorobenzene–hexane. It has been determined that the height of the potential barrier separating the two equilibrium positions of a polar molecule is greatest in the state of a pure polar liquid and decreases with dilution in a nonpolar solvent.

Bis‐Silyl‐triazenide ligands in alkaline‐earth metal chemistry

AbstractMonoanionic N,N‐chelating triazenide ligands, [R‐NNN‐R]−, are compared to formamidinate or β‐diketiminate ligands considerably less electron‐donating and therefore potentially suitable for stabilizing electron rich metals in low oxidations states. A feature reported for silyl‐substituted triazenide ligands, is their ability to eliminate N2 resulting in (R3Si)2N− anions. Here we describe a series of group 1 and 2 metal complexes with the very bulky bis‐silyl‐triazenide ligand [tBu3Si‐NNN‐SitBu3]−. Heteroleptic complexes could be isolated for Mg: {[(tBu3Si)2N3]MgnBu}2 or {[(tBu3Si)2N3]MgI}2, including its ether adducts. Despite bulky silyl substituents, the ligand did not stabilize heteroleptic [(tBu3Si)2N3]AeN(SiMe3)2 complexes for Ca, Sr and Ba and only homoleptic Ae[(tBu3Si)2N3]2 complexes were isolated. Thermal decomposition of these complexes did result in N2 elimination and formation of the expected amide complexes. Reduction of [(tBu3Si)2N3]MgI ⋅ (Et2O) with KC8 in Et2O led to the formation of a MgI complex with a Mg−Mg bond length of 2.902(1) Å. As only one of the Mg centres shows coordination with a Et2O ligand, this is a rare example of an asymmetric Mg−Mg bond. This MgI complex is rather unstable in benzene solution, likely due to reduction of the ligand system. Triazenide ligands are therefore not suitable for stabilization of group 2 metals in low oxidation states.

Uranium versus Thorium: A Case Study on a Base-Free Terminal Uranium Imido Metallocene.

The structure of and bonding in two base-free terminal actinide imido metallocenes, [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2An═N(p-tolyl) (An = U (1), Th (1')) are compared and connected to their individual reactivity. While structurally rather similar, the U(IV) derivative 1 is slightly more sterically crowded. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) studies imply that the 5f orbital contribution to the bonding within the individual actinide imido An═N(p-tolyl) moieties is significantly larger for 1 than for 1', which makes the bonds between the [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2U2+ and [(p-tolyl)N]2- fragments more covalent. Therefore, steric and electronic factors impact the reactivity of these imido complexes. For example, complex 1 is inert toward internal alkynes, but it readily forms Lewis base adducts [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2U═N(p-tolyl)(L) (L = OPMe3 (6), dmap (9), PhCN (14), and 2,6-Me2PhNC (17)) with Me3PO, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (dmap), nitrile, PhCN, or isonitrile 2,6-Me2PhNC. It may also react as a nucleophile or undergo a [2 + 2] cycloaddition with CS2, isothiocyanates, thio-ketones, ketones, lactides, and acyl nitriles, forming the four- or five-membered metallaheteroacycles, terminal sulfido, or oxido complexes, and cyanide amidate complexes, respectively. In contrast, after the addition of aldehyde p-tolylCHO, the tetranuclear complex [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]4[OCH(p-tolyl)CH(p-tolyl)O]2U4O4 (10) is isolated. However, while 1 is unreactive toward dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), an equilibrium exists in benzene solution between N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC), 1, and the four-membered metallaheterocycle [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2U[N(p-tolyl)C(═NiPr)N(iPr)] (12). Furthermore, 1 may also engage in single- and two-electron transfer processes. It is singly oxidized by Ph3CN3, CuI, Ph2S2, and Ph2Se2, yielding the uranium(V) imido complexes [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2U═N(p-tolyl)(X) (X = N3 (20), I (22), PhS (23), and PhSe (24)), or is doubly oxidized by organic azides (RN3) and 9-diazofluorene, forming the uranium(VI) bis-imido metallocenes [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2U═N(p-tolyl)(=NR) (R = p-tolyl (18), mesityl (19)) and [η5-1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2U=N(p-tolyl)[=NN=(9-C13H8)] (21), respectively.

Synthesis, homopolymerization and properties of p-aminopyridine methacrylate

For the first time, p-aminopyridine methacrylate was synthesized by a reaction between p-aminopyridine and methacryloyl chloride. IR and NMR spectroscopy сonfirmed the obtained compound structure. Radical homopolymerization of synthesized p-aminopyridine methacrylate was carried out either in bulk or in benzene solution (initiator – AIBN). The study of radical polymerization regularities of p-aminopyridine methacrylate discovered no side reactions and induction period of the reported process under the created conditions with a maximum yield of 92%. It was found that p-aminopyridine methacrylate is a more reactive monomer in radical polymerization as compared to methyl methacrylate. The structure of the obtained monomer and polymer was investigated by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Based on these data, the polymerization proceeds by a double bond, with substituents in the side macro chain remaining unreacted. The study of the synthesized monomer polymerization in the bulk indicated the presence of the gel effect. The autoacceleration begins at ~25% monomer conversion during the polymerization process, which agrees with the literature data. It was discovered that the polymerization of p-aminopyridine methacrylate proceeds at a rate higher than that of methyl methacrylate. This observation is likely to be connected with the substituent contribution to the electronic state of the entire monomer molecule. Hence, the electron density of the vinyl group changes and the growing radical becomes stabilized with the substituent –M-effect. The polymer synthesized possesses high antimicrobial properties.

Cationic complex-enhanced C-H stimulated Raman scattering in naphthalene-benzene solution.

Ring skeleton vibrations of aromatic series are dominant in Raman spectroscopy compared with the C-H stretching vibrations. When a laser-induced plasma (LIP) was generated in a mixed solution of naphthalene and benzene, an anomalous enhancement was observed in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of aromatic C-H stretching vibrations of naphthalene (3055 cm-1). However, SRS of C-H stretching vibrations of benzene at 3060 cm-1 disappeared. The LIP produced electrons and cations, and the transient production of ionized material contributed to the enhancement of SRS of C-H vibrations of naphthalene. Density functional theory calculations showed that the C-H Raman activity of the naphthalene molecules in (naphthalene-benzene)+ heterodimer was significantly enhanced compared with neutral naphthalene. In addition, SRS pulse durations were better compressed in pure benzene and naphthalene due to the self-focusing effect.

Evaluation of carbon black produced with hydrogen by the liquid phase plasma method as a conductive material for the anode of a supercapacitor

Carbon black is produced with H2 gas from a benzene solution using the liquid-phase precipitation (LPP) mathod. Subsequently, the carbon black is heat-treated and applied as a conductive material for a supercapacitor to evaluate its performance. Carbon black produced as primary particles by the LPP reaction aggregates and grows into a secondary structure, and then crystallizes through heat treatment to form multi-polygonal nanoshells. The electrical conductivity of carbon black increased by heat treatment, but when the temperature exceeded 1500 °C, the electrical conductivity rather decreased. Following heat treatment at 1500 °C, the electrode used as the conductive material exhibits the largest specific capacitance value and the smallest IR drop. As the carbon black produced via the LPP method exhibits better conductive properties than those of Super-P, the potential to use the present method as a new hydrogen production method is confirmed.

Compensatory method for the synthesis of chelating polymeric ligands based on styrene and 5-methyl-5-hexene-2,4-dione as a way to increase the efficiency of macroinitiators of the b-diketonate type

Polymeric chelating ligands based on styrene and unsaturated -diketone 5-methyl-5-hexene-2,4-dione (MHD) were prepared by radical copolymerization initiated by benzoyl peroxide in benzene solution at the volume ratios of monomers styrene:MHD=1:30 and 1:10. In this case, -diketone was added to the system by conventional (simultaneous) and compensatory (equal portions at conversions of 0, 5, and 10%) methods. The resulting products were studied by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies. It has been shown that macrochelates obtained on the basis of such ligands differ in their structure and as a consequence in their macroinitiating ability in the grafting of vinyl monomers. Polymeric ligands synthesized at the ratio of 1:10, regardless of the preparation method, form mixed-ligand complexes in the subsequent complexation reaction with cobalt(II) acetate, which exhibit weak activity in styrene grafting and are not effective in the case of methyl methacrylate. The use of a small amount of MHD (1:30) in combination with the compensatory synthesis method leads to the predominant formation of intramolecular complexes of the -diketonate type, which are more active macroinitiators in the graft polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate than those obtained by the traditional simultaneous method of adding MHD.

Tuning of Cu–Al Interactions in Complexes Derived from Tris(pyridonyl-6-methyl)aluminum Metalloligands

A series of bioinspired polar atrane Cu-Al complexes were studied with a combined experimental and computational approach to assess the range and nature of Cu-Al interactions in these novel species. The aluminum metalloligand [Na{Me2Al(OPy-6-Me)2}] (2) was furnished in excellent yield (92%) from the nucleophilic attack of Na(OPy-6-Me) to AlMe3 and the subsequent alkane elimination reaction with 6-methyl-2-hydroxypyridine. At the same time, the metalloligand [Al(OPy-6-Me)3] (3) was isolated in an also excellent yield (95%) via alkane elimination of AlMe3 with 6-methyl-2-hydroxypyridine. The zwitterionic Cu-Al atranes [Cu{MeAl(OPy-6-Me)3}] (5Me) and [Cu{MesAl(OPy-6-Me)3}] (5Mes) were isolated (73 and 97% yields) from metalloligands 2 and 3, respectively. [(Cu{Al(OPy-6-Me)4})2(μ-Cu)]+ ([6+][B(ArCF3)4]) was isolated via a reaction that involves alkane elimination and redistribution reacting from 5Me with [H(OEt2)2][B(ArCF3)4] in benzene solution. Alkane elimination in benzene of either 5Me or 5Mes with [HNEt3][B(ArCF3)4] renders [Cu{(Et3N)Al(OPy-6-Me)3}]+ (Et3N-5+). The Lewis base-free cationic complex [Cu{Al(OPy-6-Me)3}]+ (5+) was isolated in 68% yield upon reacting 3 with [Cu(COD)2][B(ArCF3)4] in benzene. Metalloligands and complexes were fully characterized with an array of spectroscopic and analytical techniques that include multinuclear NMR, ATR-IR, ESI-spectrometry, combustion microanalysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and, whenever feasible, SCXRD. X-ray and DFT parameters indicate that the strength of the Cu→Al transannular interaction follows the trend 5+ > Et3N-5+ > [6+][B(ArCF3)4], 5Me, and 5Mes in a smooth transition from zwitterionic species where the Cu-Al interaction is nonexistent to moderate Cu-Al Z-type interactions. CV, in conjunction with DFT calculations of Et3N-5+ and 5+, hint at the generation in the electrochemical cell of the radical species 5rad at -1.82 V and the anionic complex 5- at -2.32 V vs Fc/Fc+, respectively. The proposed species 5rad exhibits 2-center/1-electron (2c/1e) σ bonding whereas 5- a 2-center/2-electron (2c/2e) bond.

Carbon black produced by plasma in benzene solution applied as the conductive agent in lithium secondary batteries

When producing hydrogen and carbon black from hydrocarbons using plasma, the economic feasibility must be ensured. In this study, the produced carbon black was heat-treated at various temperatures and applied as a conductive agent in lithium secondary batteries to evaluate its potential. When plasma was discharged into the benzene solution, carbon black particles (primary particles, 20–50 nm) were generated along with hydrogen gas, and were aggregated to grow secondary particles 400–500 nm in size. When carbon black was heat-treated, the crystallinity increased as the heat-treatment temperature increased, and multiple nanoshells in the form of pentagons or hexagons were formed by continuous long multi-graphene. Carbon black produced by heat treatment at 1500 °C showed the highest capacity and excellent charge/discharge characteristics, which was attributed to its high electrical conductivity and specific surface area. The carbon black prepared in this study could be a good candidate to replace commercialised Super-P in the future.

SYNTHESIS AND RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF BENZAMIDMETACRYLATE

The data on the synthesis of the new monomer benzamidmetacrylate are presented in the article. Its composition and structure were established by physical and chemical methods of research. The regularities of radical homopolymerization reactions in mass and in benzene solution were studied with the aim of creating a new biocidal polymeric material for medical preparations. It is shown that polymerization under these conditions proceeds through the vinyl bond, without an induction period, at a constant initial rate without the formation of by-products, a monotonic increase in conversion up to 92% with the formation of a soluble polymer is observed. The composition and structure of the obtained polymer were established by elemental and spectral analyses. It showed that the polymer was characterized by a low toxicity at a significant biocidal activity towards E.coli and St.Aureus and that this polymer can be used in various fields, in particular as a biocidal preparation, a carrier of dosage forms in medicine. In addition, this polymer also exhibites optical translucency and can be used in optics.

The influence of solvents on the appearance of the absorption bands of the polystyrene films deposited from solutions on metal mirrors

Infrared reflection-absorption spectra (IRRAS) at the near-normal incidence of polystyrene films from benzene, toluene, and chloroform solutions were analyzed in this paper. The appearance of the spectrum can be affected so that false conclusions can be drawn about the positions and the shape of the absorption bands. The knowledge of these influences of residual solvents in the polymer film is important for the correct interpretation of the reflection-absorption spectra. Unlike other approaches, a single reflection at a 20° incidence angle was used. A new drop-carting technique was used for the deposition of polymer film solutions on metal mirrors. Reflection-absorption spectra at a near-normal incidence angle were obtained using a dispersive infrared spectrometer.

Parameters of spontaneous and benzene-induced cell death of spermatozoa under in vitro conditions in male employees of an oil production enterprise with impaired fertility

Introduction. Every year there is a steady increase in the frequency of male infertility both in Russia and in other countries of the world with the concomitant low efficiency of recognizing the causes of its idiopathic forms. The explanation for the increase in infertility are: harmful production factors, including chemical ones, progressive deterioration of the quality of the urban environment, which has a significant impact on the reproductive health of the urbanized population, recurring economic crises that negatively affect the human psyche, mass consumption of substandard products and medicines. These factors, primarily chemical production, negatively affect the reproductive system, including the differentiation of male germ cells, as a cause of fertility disorders. The aim of the study to consider in vitro spontaneous and benzene-induced features of sperm apoptosis in male oil industry workers with impaired fertility. Materials and methods. We have conducted an experimental study of biological material (ejaculate) in 50 men with reproductive disorders (26-49 years old), employees of an oil production enterprise. To conduct the experiment in vitro, the researchers used seminal fluid samples. A benzene solution at a concentration of 0.001 micrograms/ml was used as an in vitro induction factor (selected experimentally). We divided the analyzed samples into 2 equal parts to study the spontaneous and benzene-induced expression of apoptosis markers (CD25+, CD95+, bax, p53, Annexin V-FITC and Propidium Iodide, Caspasa-3), which the researchers determined by flow cytometry. Results. There were no significant deviations of intracellular markers of sperm apoptosis (bax, p53, Annexin V-FITC+7AAD+, Annexin V-FITC+7AAD-, Caspasa-3), however, experts observed differences in the expression of CD95+ and CD25+ membrane proteins by 20% and 10% compared to the spontaneous level, which is associated with the acceleration of the events of programmed sperm death (p<0.05). Conclusion. The results obtained in an in vitro experiment on modeling the apoptosis program by induction with hapten (benzene) showed that violations of sperm cell death are associated with overexpression of the key receptor for triggering apoptosis CD95, as well as a marker of early activation of CD25 cells, which reflects benzene modification of the cell death scenario along the path of its excessive stimulation.

Franck‐Condon factors within damped displacement harmonic oscillators: Solvent‐enhanced absorption and fluorescence spectra

AbstractDamped harmonic oscillators that take into account local‐mode nuclear vibrations interacting with solvent molecules are developed into Franck‐Condon factors within displaced harmonic oscillator approximation. This is practically done by scaling an unperturbed Hessian matrix that represents local modes of force constants for molecules in a gaseous phase, and then by diagonalizing the perturbed Hessian matrix it results in direct modification of Huang–Rhys factors which represent normal modes of solute molecule perturbed by solvent environment. For highly symmetric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules in which hydrogen atom vibrations in a solution can be scaled equally, one‐set scaling parameters constructed into damped Franck‐Condon factors can reproduce solvent‐enhanced absorption and fluorescence spectra in solution. However, for low symmetry molecules with atoms other than hydrogen and carbon atoms, multi‐set scaling parameters constructed into damped Franck‐Condon factors can also reproduce solvent‐enhanced absorption and fluorescence spectra in solution. Examples for high symmetry perylene in benzene solution with one‐set scaling parameters and for low symmetry carbazole in n‐hexane solution with multi‐set scaling parameters are given, in both cases, the present damped Franck‐Condon simulation can reproduce solvent‐enhanced absorption and fluorescence spectra in solution.