Benzene Dichloride Research Articles

Two metal-carboxylate-azide coordination networks derived from 1,4-bis(3-carboxylatopyridinium-1-methylene)benzene: Synthesis, structure and properties

Betaine-type ligands are an attractive class of zwitterionic molecule, which have attracted considerable interest because they may not only keep the versatile coordination modes of carboxylate groups but also provide a new way to adjust the charge distribution of coordination polymers by cationic pyridinium groups. In this article, two coordination polymers composed of betaine-type ligand and azide anions, {[Co2(L)(N3)4]n·2H2O}n (1), [Zn(L)(N3)2]n (2) (H2L·2Cl = 1,4-bis(3-carboxylatopyridinium-1-methylene)benzene dichloride), have been synthesized. These compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray diffraction crystal structure analysis reveals that the complex 1 is a twofold interpenetrating three-dimensional framework. The magnetic measure shows that complex 1 exhibits a ferromagnetic behavior at low temperature. Complex 2 displays a one-dimensional chain, which is further extended into a 3D framework through hydrogen bond and van der Waals interactions. The luminescence data of complex 2 shows the emission of a yellow luminescence. Remarkably, complexes 1 and 2 both exhibit a good photocatalytic activity for degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under the simulated sunlight irradiation.

Multi-site phase transfer catalyzed radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in mixed aqueous\u2013organic medium: a kinetic study

This work establishes the kinetics of radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in an aqueous–organic two-phase system using 1,4-bis (triethylmethylammonium) benzene dichloride (TEMABDC) as multi-site phase transfer catalyst and potassium peroxydisulphate (K2S2O8) as water-soluble initiator at 60 ± 1 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The role of concentrations of monomer, initiator, catalyst, acid and ionic strength, temperature and volume fraction of aqueous phase on the rate of polymerization (Rp) was investigated. The rate of polymerization (Rp); Rp α [MMA]0.64, [TEMABDC]1.24 and [K2S2O8]1.50. The rate of polymerization increases with an increase in the concentration of monomer, initiator, catalyst and temperature. A generalized reaction model was developed to explain the phase transfer catalyzed polymerization reaction. Based on the kinetic results, radical mechanism has been derived. The activation energy and other thermodynamic parameters were calculated. The FT-IR spectroscopy validates a band of 1732 cm−1 of ester group of the obtained polymer. The viscosity average molecular weight of the PMMA was found 1.6955 × 104 g/mol.

Syntheses and Crystal Structure of Three Novel Supramolecular Halides/Pseudohalides {(DMB)[Cu2(SCN)4]}n,{(DMB)[Cu(SCN)4]}, and {(DMB)[Ag2(SCN)4]}n Directed by Dicationic Template Possessing C2-Symmetry

Three novel hybrid complexes, namely{(DMB)[Cu2(SCN)4]}n (1), {(DMB)[Cu(SCN)4]} (2), and {(DMB)[Ag2(SCN)4]}n (3), have been synthesized via the self-assembly in DMF–methanol system based on multidentate ligand DMB, {DMB = α, α′- di(3-methylimidozole-1-yl)benzene dichloride}. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows 1 and 3 are 1D supramolecules, whereas 2 is mononuclear. Electrostatic interactions between the organic counteranions and inorganic moieties are present and do the contribution to the crystal packing. These compounds have been further characterized by IR spectroscopy and thermostability properties.

The genetic effect of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on callus induced from mature embryos of beans Phaseolus vulgaris

This research was conducted to study the effect of the chemical mutagen N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG)on the chromosomes of callus induced from mature bean embryos, Harvester cultivar. Seeds were treated with 0.2 or o.4 mM of the mutagen that mixed with different percentages of ethanol for 24 hrs. Calli were induced on MS medium in the presence of 0.5 mg/L of Benzyl adenine (BA), 1 mg/L Indole acetic acid (IAA) and 100 mg/L from each of Casein hydrolysate, Glycine, Asparagine, Tyrosine, and Myo-Inositol. Samples were pretreated with 1, 2- benzene dichloride, Para –dichlorobenzene, or Colchicine. Two different staining methods were used to stain the chromosomes from root tips and calli.The results showed that Para –dichlorobenzene is the best pretreatment for both root tips and callicells. However, the stain acetoorcein was the best for the root tips while Feulgen stain was the best for calli cells. Chromosome count showed that there were 22 chromosomes in all the cells of bean root tips (control). While a wide range of chromosome numbers were obtained from calli cells with or without mutagen treatment. Ninety six percent of the non treatedcalli gave the normal number of chromosomes while only 60% of calli treated with (0.4 mM+4% ethanol) gave the normal number of chromosomes. Calli cells from all the treatments showed chromosome multiplication except in the presence of ethanol.

Bis(imidazole) Cation Templates and Subtle Effect: Syntheses and Characterization of Three New Pb(II) Halide Supramolecular Polymers

Three novel cation-templated complexes, {(dmb)[Pb2Cl2I4]}n (1), {(ddb)[Pb2I6]}n (2), {(dmh)[Pb2I6]}n (3) (dmb = α,α-di(3-methylimidozole-1-yl)benzene dichloride, ddb = α,α-di(2,3-dimethylimidozole-1-yl)benzene dichloride, dmh = 1,6-di(3-methylimidozole) hexane have been synthesized via the self-assembly reaction in solution. The X-ray crystallography shows these compounds were all composed of imidazole organic dications and halocluster anions. It is the H-bonds and electrostatic interactions between the organic counteractions and inorganic moieties that do the contribution to the crystal packing. These compounds have been further characterized by IR spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectra and thermostability properties.

Metal and halogen dependence of the rate effect in hydroamination/cyclization of unactivated aminoalkenes: Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic rates of CCC-NHC hafnium and zirconium pincer complexes

1,3-Bis(3′-butylimidazol-1′-yl)benzene dibromide (2b) or 1,3-bis(3′-butylimidazol-1′-yl)benzene dichloride (2c) was reacted with a stoichiometric amount of Zr(NMe2)4 or Hf(NMe2)4 yielding four new early transition metal CCC-N-heterocylic carbene (CCC-NHC) pincer complexes. Two of the CCC-NHC pincer complexes were synthesized via a new methodology, which allowed for a room temperature reaction, shorter reaction times, and slightly less Zr(NMe2)4 or Hf(NMe2)4. The molecular structure of 2-(1,3-bis-3′-butylimidazol-1′-yl-2′-ylidene)phenylene)(dimethylamido)(dibromo)zirconium(IV) (3b) was determined by X-ray crystallography. The complexes were evaluated for hydroamination/cyclization of unactivated aminoalkenes yielding pyrrolidines or piperidines. The hydroamination/cyclization rates were dependent upon the halogen or the metal in the complex. The complexes with iodide ligands gave the fastest hydroamination/cyclization rates (I > Br > Cl). The Zr complexes provided faster hydroamination/cyclization rates than the Hf analogs. Use of CCC-NHC ZrI3 complex 5 enhanced the rate of reaction.

The subtle effect of methyl substituent in C2-symmetric template on the formation of halocluster hybrids

Six novel haloclusters, namely {[dmb]2[Cu4I8]}·2DMF (1), {[ddb][Cu4I6]}n (2), {[dmb][Ag2I4]}n (3), {[ddb][Ag4I6]}n (4), {[dmb]2[Ag2Br6]} (5) and {[ddb][Ag4Br6]}n (6), were encountered in our investigation of the subtle template effect of methyl substituent on the formation of hybrids. The dications we chosen as C2-symmetric template is α,α′-di(3-methylimidozole-1-yl)benzene dichloride (abbreviated into dmb) or α,α′-di(2,3-dimethylimidozole-1-yl)benzene dichloride (abbreviated into ddb). The X-ray crystallography shows the more methyl substituents that exist in template, the more inorganic/organic interactions form in the hybrid net oriented by ddb. It is the H-bonds and electrostatic interactions between the organic counteractions and inorganic moieties that do the contribution to the crystal packing. These compounds have been further characterized by IR spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectra and thermostability properties.

Synthesis of Titanium CCC-NHC Pincer Complexes and Catalytic Hydroamination of Unactivated Alkenes

The previously reported amine elimination methodology using group 4 tetrakis(dimethylamido) starting materials for the synthesis of CCC-NHC pincer Zr and Hf complexes has been extended to include Ti. Use of excess Ti(NMe2)4 with 1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl)benzene diiodide (1) yielded (1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl-2-idene)-2-phenylene)bis(dimethylamido)iodotitanium(IV) (2), which subsequently reacted with CH2Cl2 to afford (1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl-2-idene)-2-phenylene)trichlorotitanium(IV) (3). Combining complex 2 with TMSCl yielded complex 3 along with the geometric isomers of (1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl-2-idene)-2-phenylene)dichloroiodotitanium(IV) (4a,e). The salt, 1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl)benzene dichloride (5), was reacted with Ti(NMe2)4 in a stoichiometric amount to yield (1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl-2-idene)-2-phenylene)dichloro(dimethylamido)titanium(IV) (6), while use of excess Ti(NMe2)4 yielded (1,3-bis(3-butylimidazol-1-yl-2-idene)-2-phenylene)chlorobis(dimethylamido)titanium(IV) (7...

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LYOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINE AROMATIC COPOLYAMIDES CONTAINING PHTHALAZINONE MOIETIES

A series of aromatic copolyamides were prepared from(1,2-dihydro-2-(4-aminophenyl)-4-[4-(4-)(aminophenoxyl)phenyl)]phthalazin-1-one(DHPZ-DA),p-phenylenediamine(PPD),1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy) benzene(BAPOB) and terephthaloyl dichloride by low temperature solution polycondensation.The polymers had relatively high inherent viscosities ranging from 1.74 dL/g to 4.31 dL/g.The polymers exhibit improved solubility in polar aprotic solvents with or without the addition of LiCl because of the introduction of twisted non-coplanar phthalazinone moieties and flexible ether linkages.The polymers had high thermal stability.Their glass transition temperature(T_g) values were in the range of 291～351℃,and the 5% and 10% weight loss temperatures in nitrogen were in the range of 486～504℃ and 509～528℃,respectively.WAXD measurements indicated that these copolyamides were amorphous.Most of the polymers exhibited lyotropic liquid crystalline characteristics in conc.H_2SO_4,NMP/(10 g/L LiCl) and DMAc/(10 g/L LiCl) solutions.The polyamides with excellent properties made it possible for the different processing and applications such as dry-wet spinning of fibers or the preparation of films,membranes and coatings.

MULTI-SITE PHASE TRANSFER CATALYZED RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF n-BUTYL METHACRYLATE: A KINETIC STUDY

The kinetics and mechanism of radical polymerization of n-butyl methacrylate (n-BMA) using potassium peroxydisulfate (PDS) as a water-soluble initiator in the presence of 1,4-bis(tributyl methyl ammonium) benzene dichloride (TBMABDC) as a multi-site phase transfer catalyst (MPTC) were studied. The polymerization reactions were carried out under oxygen-free, unstirred conditions at a constant temperature of 60° ± 1°C in cyclohexane-water two-phase systems. The dependence of rate of polymerization (Rp) on concentrations of monomer, initiator, and catalyst, volume fraction of aqueous phase, solvent polarity, and temperature was determined. The reaction order with respect to monomer, initiator, and multi-site phase transfer catalyst was found to be 0.50, 1.0, and 0.52 respectively. Based on the experimental results, an appropriate reaction mechanism has been proposed and its significance discussed. The prepared polymer was characterized with spectral analysis.

Kinetics and Mechanism of Multi-site Phase Transfer Catalyzed Radical Polymerization of Ethyl Methacrylate

The application of multi-site phase transfer catalyst (denoted herein as QX2) with water-soluble initiator for the radical polymerization of ethyl methacrylate (EMA) was explored. The radical polymerization of water-insoluble vinyl monomer (EMA), with water – soluble initiator (potassium peroxydisulphate PDS) and a multi-site phase transfer catalyst (1,4-bis tributyl methyl ammonium) benzene dichloride TBMABDC) were carried out in a water/cyclohexane two-phase system at constant temperature 60±1°C under nitrogen circumstances. The rate of polymerization (Rp) was determined as a function of various reaction parameters such as the concentration of monomer, initiator, catalyst and variation of the aqueous phase and organic solvents and temperature. Based on the experimental results, a suitable kinetic scheme and mechanism has been proposed for the polymerization reaction.

From Mono‐Triazolium Salt to Bis‐Triazolium Salt: Improvement of the Asymmetric Intermolecular Benzoin Condensation

AbstractA solution to the long‐standing challenge of developing a highly effective method for the enantioselective intermolecular benzoin condensation of aromatic aldehydes is described. The chiral bis‐bicyclic triazolium salt – 1,3‐bis{(S)‐5‐benzyl‐6,8‐dihydro‐5H‐[1,4]oxazino[2,1‐c][1,2,4]triazol‐2‐ium‐2‐yl}benzene dichloride [(S)‐5a‐1] is currently the most efficient precatalyst for the asymmetric variant of the benzoin condensation.

Free radical polymerisation of methyl methacrylate initiated by multi-site phase transfer catalyst—a kinetic study

The kinetics of multi-site phase transfer catalysed (MPTC) radical polymerisation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using potassium peroxydisulphate (PDS) and synthesised 1, 4-Bis (tributyl methyl ammonium) benzene dichloride (TBMABDC) as multi-site phase transfer catalyst was investigated in cyclohexane–water two-phase system at constant temperature 60 ± 1 °C under nitrogen circumstances. The role of concentrations of monomer, initiator, catalyst and volume fraction of aqueous phase, solvent polarity and temperature on the rate of polymerisation (Rp) was ascertained. The order with respect to monomer, initiator and phase transfer catalyst were found to be 0.80, 1.0 and 0.5, respectively. A suitable kinetic scheme has been proposed to account for the experimental observations and its significance is discussed. The prepared polymer was characterised by spectral analysis.

Multi-site phase transfer catalyst assisted radical polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate using potassium peroxydisulphate as initiator – a kinetic study

In this work, the kinetics and mechanism of free-radical polymerisation of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) using potassium peroxydisulphate (PDS) as water soluble initiator in the presence of synthesized 1, 4-Bis (tributyl methyl ammonium) benzene dichloride (TBMABDC) as multi-site phase transfer catalyst (MPTC) was studied. The polymerisation reactions were carried out under inert and unstirred conditions at constant temperature of 60 ± 1°C in cyclohexane/water biphase media. The role of concentrations of monomer, initiator, catalyst and volume fraction of aqueous phase, solvent polarity and temperature on the rate of polymerisation (Rp) was ascertained. The order with respect to monomer and initiator was found to be unity. The order with respect to catalyst was found to be 0.51. The rate of polymerisation is independent of ionic strength and pH of the medium. However, an increase in the polarity of solvent has slightly increased the Rp value. Based on the results obtained, a suitable kinetic scheme has been proposed to account for the experimental observations and its significance discussed.

Synthesis and characterization of multi-site phase transfer catalyst: application in radical polymerisation of acrylonitrile – a kinetic study

The multi-sited phase transfer radical polymerisation of acrylonitrile (AN) with newly synthesized and characterized 1, 4-Bis (tributyl methyl ammonium) benzene dichloride (MPTC) was investigated in K2S2O8 aqueous-organic two phase system at 60 ± 1 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The role of concentrations of monomer, initiator, catalyst, temperature, acid and ionic strength on the rate of polymerisation (Rp) was ascertained. The order with respect to monomer, initiator and multi-site phase transfer catalyst were found to be 0.5, 1.0 and 0.5, respectively. A suitable kinetic scheme has been proposed to account for experimental observations and its significance. The prepared polymer was characterized by FT-IR and XRD analysis.

Study of the Behavior of p‐Bis{3‐[N,N‐dialkyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybut‐2‐ynyl)ammonio] prop‐2‐ynyl}‐benzene Dichlorides in Relation to Aqueous Alkali. Double Intramolecular Recyclization of Benzo[5,6;5′,6′‐a,c]di(2,2‐dialkyl‐4‐hydroxymethyl)isoindolinium Dichlorides.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Unsolvated ruthenium(II) benzene dichloride: a structural comparison with the chloroform solvate

The crystal structure of the unsolvated ruthenium(II) benzene dichloride, [RuCl2(η 6-C6H6)]2, has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The title complex shows features unique among the series of [RuCl2(η 6-arene)]2 compounds, such as non-parallel alignment of the benzene rings and non-planarity of the central tetranuclear core comprised of two ruthenium atoms and two bridging chlorides. A detailed structural comparison with the previously reported solvated analogue revealed a similarity in the bonding distances but differences in bonding angles and packing arrangements.

Polymerization of acrylonitrile using potassium peroxydisulfate as an initiator in the presence of a multisite phase-transfer catalyst: A kinetic study

In this article, the kinetics and mechanism of the free-radical polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) using potassium peroxydisulfate (PDS) as a water-soluble initiator in the presence of synthesized 1,4-bis(triethyl methyl ammonium) benzene dichloride (DC-X) as a phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) were studied. The polymerization reactions were carried out under inert and unstirred conditions at a constant temperature of 60 ± 1°C in cyclohexane/water biphasic media. The rate of polymerization (Rp) increased with an increase in the concentrations of AN, PTC, and PDS. The order with respect to the monomer, initiator, and PTC was found to be 1.0, 0.5, and 0.5, respectively. Rp was independent of the ionic strength and pH of the medium. However, an increase in the polarity of the solvent slightly increased the Rp value. On the basis of the obtained results, a mechanism is proposed for the polymerization reaction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007

Study of the behavior of p-bis{3-[N,N-dialkyl-N-(4-hydroxybut-2-ynyl)ammonio]prop-2-ynyl}-benzene dichlorides in relation to aqueous alkali. Double intramolecular recyclization of benzo[5,6;5′,6′-a,c]di(2,2-dialkyl-4-hydroxymethyl)isoindolinium dichlorides

p-Bis{3-[N,N-dialkyl-N-(4-hydroxybut-2-ynyl)ammonio]prop-2-ynyl}benzene dichloride in the presence of catalytic amounts of aqueous alkali is subject to a double intramolecular cyclization forming benzo[5,6;5′,6′-a,c]di(2,2-dialkyl-4-hydroxymethyl)isoindolinium dichloride in 40–42% yield. Simultaneously an intramolecular recyclization takes place with the formation of dialkyl(6-dialkylaminomethyl-7,9,10,12-tetrahydro-8,11-dioxadicyclopenta[c,g]phenanthren-1-ylmethyl)amines in 7–9% yield. The same compounds are obtained in 70–72% yield by the recyclization of benzo[5,6;5′,6′-a,c]di(2,2-dialkyl-4-hydroxymethyl)isoindolinium dichlorides under conditions of aqueous alkaline degradation.

A Convenient Approach to 2‐Arylindenes via Suzuki Coupling Reaction of 2‐Indenylboronate with Aryl Bromides.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.