Bentonite Fillers Research Articles

Nacre-Mimetic Structure Multifunctional Ion-Conductive Hydrogel Strain Sensors with Ultrastretchability, High Sensitivity, and Excellent Adhesive Properties.

Recently, conductive hydrogels have emerged as promising materials for smart, wearable devices. However, limited mechanical properties and low sensitivity greatly restrict their lifespan. Based on the design of biomimetic-layered structure, the conductive hydrogels with nacre-mimetic structure were prepared by using layered acrylic bentonite (AABT) and phytic acid (PA) as multifunctional "brick" and "mortar" units. Among them, the unique rigid cyclic multihydroxyl structure of the "organic mortar" PA preserves both ultrastretchability (4050.02%) and high stress (563.20 kPa) of the hydrogel, which far exceeds most of the reported articles. Because of the synergistic effect of AABT and PA, the hydrogel exhibits an excellent adhesive strength (87.74 kPa). The role of AABT in the adhesive properties of hydrogels is proposed for the first time, and a general strategy for improving the adhesive properties of hydrogels by using AABT is demonstrated. Furthermore, AABT provides ion channels and PA ionizes abundant H+, conferring a high gauge factor (GF = 14.95) and excellent antimicrobial properties to the hydrogel. Also, inspired by fruit batteries, simple self-powered flexible sensors were developed. Consequently, this study provides knowledge for functional bentonite filler modified hydrogel, and the prepared multifunctional ionic conductive hydrogel shows great application potential in the field of intelligent wearable devices.

Investigation of Polyurethane Primer Coating Paint Based on Local Palm Oil with Antimicrobial and Anticorrotion Agent Formula Bentonite-Chitosan

Paint is a product that is really needed to coat iron or steel materials such as industrial pipes, medical equipment, and so on. The sample formulation used was the addition of chitosan bentonite filler 2, 4, 6, 8% w/w. In TGA testing, the sample underwent single decomposition and showed the best results in the Polyurethane/Bentonite/Chitosan 8:8% w/w sample where the sample began to degrade at a temperature of 416.85 (℃). The bacterial test results showed the best results in the Polyurethane/Bentonite/Chitosan 8:8% w/w sample which had the widest inhibition zone with a value of 6.9 mm for E.Coli bacteria. The sample with the composition Polyurethane/Bentonite/Chitosan 8:8% w/w was the best sample where the sample experienced the smallest corrosion rate, namely 5.08 mpy. The application of this paint is to strengthen the durability of the building so that corrosion does not occur in the Hagu Barat Laut of Lhokseumawe because it is close to sea waters which have air levels that are quite susceptible to corrosion.

The Influence of Nano Bentonite Filler Material and Cyclic Natural Rubber Grafted Oleic Acid as a Compatibilizer on the Blend of Cyclic Natural Rubber/Polyamide

Cyclic natural rubber (CNR) and polyamide (PA) cannot blend homogeneously due to their differing polarities. CNR is nonpolar with low surface tension, while PA is polar with high surface tension. To achieve a homogeneous and compatible CNR/PA blend, a CNR-g-OA compatibilizer is required. This study aims to investigate the influence of CNR-g-OA and nano bentonite on the physical and chemical properties of the PA/CNR mixture. The research findings indicate successful grafting of OA onto CNR, resulting in CNR-g-OA formation. Based on electron microscope structural analysis, the CNR/PA mixture yields a homogeneous and compatible blend. In conclusion, CNR-g-OA and nano bentonite can enhance the quality of the PA/CNR blend by producing a homogeneous and compatible mixture

OXIDE-REDUCED MECHANISM OF Fe(ІІІ) OXIDE REMOVAL FROM MONTMORILLONITE

The article proposes a redox mechanism for the bleaching of bentonite lump red clay and produces fillers for white paints and varnishes. Nanostructures of different types have been studied: intercalation compounds, delaminated nanocomposites, and mixed-type nanocomposites. Using the methods of IR spectroscopy, XRF analysis, laser diffraction, and DTA analysis, samples of synthesized organomodified bentonite were studied and the fact of intercalation of alkylbenzyldiethylamonium chloride molecules into the interlayer galleries of the crystalline inorganic matrix was established. A basic technological scheme for the production of bentonite fillers and organobentonite is presented. Nanocomposite hybrid paints and varnishes with the participation of new fillers and organobentonite have been obtained, and the physical and mechanical properties of new materials and coatings have been established.

Addition of aceh bentonite in an effort to improve the heat resistance properties of polyurethane-based paint coatings

Polyurethane is a polymer compound whose main chain constituent is urethane group (-NHCOO-). Polyurethanes can be mixed with other polymers or other fillers in an effort to enhance and improve the properties of the single polymer. Metal coating materials are needed for metal materials that have properties resistant to heat thermal condition and corrosion that can damage the structure,. The priority and novelty of this research is to utilize the natural bentonite which is very potential in the local area to fill polyurethane-based coating paint in order to improve its properties. This research looked at the effect of mixing Polyurethane with Bentonite filler obtained from Nisam, North Aceh which has been modified with CTAB and AgNO3 surfactants. The sample formulation used is polyurethane and polyurethane with North Aceh Bentonite variations of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5%. Characterization with the addition of Bentonite produces polymers that have good thermal stability capabilities. The addition of Bentonite filler into polyurethane polymer can affect the mechanical properties of the material. The Polyurethane/Bentonite composite sample has better thermal resistance, where in pure Polyurethane, the initial weight reduction of the pure Polyurethane sample is 50-150 ℃, the decomposition of pure Polyurethane is at 385 ℃. For Polyurethane/Bentonite 98.5:1.5% w/w nanocomposite, the initial weight reduction is 150-300 ℃, decomposition at 416 ℃. For Polyurethane/Bentonite 97.5:2.5 w/w, the initial weight reduction is 150-250 ℃ and decomposition at 430 ℃. Polyurethane/Bentonite 96.5:3.5 w/w initial weight reduction is also at 200-300 ℃ and decomposition at 458 ℃.

Синтез, структура и особенности формирования бифазных гибридных композиций на основе бентонита

The synthesis, structure and features of the formation of biphasic hybrid polymer compositions based on natural ionite (bentonite – BT), its intercalated complex (ICC) with a solid solution of copper ferrocyanide K4-хCux[Fe(CN)6] and a synthetic rare cross-linked acrylamide-acrylic acid copolymer were studied. The mechanism of formation of biphasic intercalated and percolated structures was analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence analysis, IR-Fourier spectroscopy and stress-strain curves. It is shown that the impregnation of the mineral bentonite filler into the polymer matrix, including its intercalated complex {BT:K4-xCux[Fe(CN)6]} is accompanied by an increase of non-uniformity of the structure of the hybrid composite material. It has been established that the main factor characterizing the deformation stability of the composite is the adhesive strength at the interface between the mineral filler and the polymer matrix. Under uniaxial tension of the P[AA-AA]{BT} composition and the percolated complex P[AA-AA]{BT:K4-xCux[Fe(CN)6]} their internal structure is rearranged resulting in stretching of agglomerates of solid fillers along polymer chains, which is determined by the adhesion force between polymer chains and mineral particles at the phase boundary. It is proposed to consider such biphasic hybrid composite materials as a promising class of interpenetrating networks with valuable applied properties.

Optimal design of fresh sand fog seal mortar using response surface methodology (RSM): Towards to its workability and rheological properties

As a popular preventive maintenance material, sand fog seal (SFS) could fill the micro-cracks and improve the skid-resistance and wear-resistance of road surface, but little research has been conducted to explain how the components of fresh SFS mortar affect its workability and rheological behavior. In this paper, an improved workability evaluation system is established for fresh SFS mortar based on self-developed devices, including the basic indexes such as dynamic uniformity DUt,s, slump flow X, and seepage velocity Vs. There is a negative correlation between the fluidity index (slump flow and seepage velocity) and the uniformity index (dynamic uniformity), and both of them are important bases for the performance balance design of fresh SFS mortar. Then, the effects of water, filler and sand on the workability are evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM) with I-optimal design method. The results show that water mainly regulates the consistency of the SFS mortar, which in turn affects its flowability. The sodium bentonite filler could alter the suspension capacity of the fog seal paste and determine the state of dispersion of sand in the paste. Besides, the addition of sand plays a negative role in the fluidity of fresh SFS mortar. Meanwhile, three design intervals for fresh SFS mortar are proposed based on its workability, ① Easy-to-separate interval: DUt,s < 0.8; ② Hard-to-flow interval: X ≤ 54.9 mm and Vs = 0. ③ Recommended interval: DUt,s > 0.8, Vs > 0, and X > 54.9 mm, where the fresh SFS mortar can balance stability and fluidity well. Hence, to maximize the balance between uniformity and fluidity of fresh SFS mortar, a formulation design optimization guideline is proposed based on desirability optimization methodology (DOM). The formulation has the widest distribution of high desirability when the sand content is 25%. Finally, the results of rheological test show that fresh SFS mortar is a typical shear-thinning pseudoplastic fluid, which can fit the “Herschel-Bulkley” model well. Yield stress and plastic viscosity can be used as the important rheological indexes to predict the workability of fresh SFS mortar. In general, based on the approach proposed herein, an optimized fresh SFS mortar with both good uniformity and fluidity could be produced.

THERMAL BEHAVIOR IMPROVEMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE FIBER POLYMER COMPOSITES POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA)/COIR USING ACEH’S BENTONITE

Research has been conducted on the manufacture of PLA Coir Bentonite composites. This study aims to examine the effect of PLA on mechanical strength with the addition of coir and bentonite fillers from North Aceh and Central Aceh. The sample formulations used were single polymer PLA/Coir and PLA/Coir with variations of filler Bentonite Aceh Utara and Aceh Tengah with 2, 4, 6 and 8% respectively. The combination of PCa samples showed the highest bacterial colony growth rate, which was more than 100 colonies/gram during the 1 week testing period. In the PBATd filler mixture sample, the maximum bacterial test value was 65 colonies/gram and the minimum value contained in the PBAUa sample was 105 colonies/gram. The best tensile strength was obtained in the PBATc sample, namely 65 MPa. PBATd samples began to degrade at 370.15oC compared to PCa samples degraded at 280.21oC. While the PBAUa sample began to degrade at a temperature of 282.11oC. The surface structure of the PCa sample is more homogeneous because there is no bentonite filler mixture, but it is brittle and crumbles easily. For the PBATd sample, the surface structure is smoother and more homogeneous compared to the PBAUa sample.

Potensi Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Padat Minyak Kelapa dengan Pengisi Bentonit sebagai Media Pembersih Najis Mughallazah

Najis mughallazah is excrement which comes from pigs which earthen soap can use to purify it. Method to purify unclean that is necessary to use water seven times and the addition of bentonite to soap is expected to be able to remove unclean Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) that is located on the surface of human skin. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the amount of bentonite filler and the reaction temperature on the quality of soap, knowing whether the soap formula meets the SNI quality requirements and knowing whether the soap formula can remove Pig DNA residues using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analytical method. In this study, the operation conditions were designed at the reaction temperature (50 oC, 60 oC, 70 oC and 80 oC), bentonite consistency (10%, 12.5%, 15%, 17.5% and 20%), 35% NaOH concentration, reaction time 10 minutes and stirring speed 250 rpm. The analyzes carried out in this study include analysis of water content, free alkaline content, free fatty acid content and PCR method. The best results were obtained for 15% (70 °C) soap that had soap hardness characteristics close to conventional soap and 17.5% (50 °C) soap with the characteristics of soap that could remove najis mughallazah. The resulting solid bentonite soap formula meets the SNI 3523: 2016 standard and can eliminate mughallazah unclean.

Processing and characterization of natural Bentonite from Aceh, Indonesia as filler of Poly-Caprolactone/Poly-Lactic Acid/Chitosan, (PCL/PLA/Chitosan) nanocomposites

The formation of composite from polymer mixture PCL / PLA / Chitosan bentonite was carried out through the melt intercalation method using an extruder at 180 °C with a holding time of 20 minutes. Bentonite is obtained from Kab. North Aceh which has been modified with CTAB surfactant. The sample formulations used were single PCL and PCL polymers each given 3, 5 and 8 % chitosan fillers. A mixture of PCL / PLA (50: 50) was given 3, 5 and 8 % chitosan / bentonite fillers. The sample is a white plastic rod (bone) material which is tested for its nature through several types of characterization. Modified bentonite and chitosan have an effect on increasing the mechanical and thermal properties of PCL, PLA and mixture polymers both based on the results of tensile test, TGA test (thermal) and bacterial test. PCL / PLA 50:50 with the addition of 8 % bentonite-chitosan filler is the most perfect composition which provides the best test value.

Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-bentonite modified polyurethane with biomedical potential

Research on the manufacture of polyurethane with chitosan and bentonite fillers modified with CTAB into montmorillonite (MMT) which will be applied to medical devices. The raw polyurethane from castor oil and diisocyanate is in the form of Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI). The addition of chitosan to castor oil polyurethane functions as an anti-bacterial agent. Pure polyurethane still has a deficiency of high temperatures and therefore added MMT which functions as a heat-retaining agent. The bacteria used are E. coli bacteria and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria. The results showed a polyurethane that can withstand high temperatures is PU-MMT-CS 6%. The best anti-bacterial properties were obtained in polyurethane containing chitosan with higher concentrations (PU-MMT-CS 6%)

Mechanical Properties of Ternary-Filled Natural Rubber Composites

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of each ternary filler component: carbon black (CB), modified bentonite (M-BNT), and raw bentonite (BNT), and their interactions, on the mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) composites, using a third degree-simplex lattice mixture design of experiment. The efficiency of the two-step organic modification to produce M-BNT was confirmed by the results of Fourier transform infrared with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Synergistic effect between CB and M-BNT on the mechanical properties of NR composites with ternary filler composition 10/5/0 was observed. Reinforcement of NR matrix using this ternary filler enhanced its tensile properties: strength (69.43%), modulus (47.01%), stress at 100% strain (34.67%), stress at 200% strain (41.88%), and stress at 300% strain (50.82%), as well as its compressive properties: strength (40.89%), modulus (40.05%), stress at 20% strain (41.10%), stress at 40% strain (37.57%), and stress at 60% strain (40.79%). Significant improvement in the mechanical properties was also attributed to the surface modification of M-BNT resulting to better dispersion to NR matrix. The addition of pure BNT filler resulted to lowest tensile and compressive performance due to high clay loading and incompatibility with NR matrix. Trends of the generated contour plots based on reduced hierarchical models demonstrated synergy between CB and M-BNT as well as deterioration of mechanical properties upon addition of pure BNT filler 0/0/15.

Moisture Diffusion in Silica/Clay/Natural Rubber Hybrid Composites

This study investigated moisture diffusion in natural rubber (NR) hybrid composites filled with silica and bentonite clay. Natural bentonite (BNT) was treated with tetradecyldimethylammonium chloride and coco diethanolamide to produce modified bentonite (M-BNT). Varied proportions of silica, M-BNT, and BNT fillers were added to raw NR according to a third-degree simplex lattice mixture design of experiment. The addition of fillers affects the vulcanization characteristics, mechanical properties, and hardness of NR hybrid composites. Moisture diffusion behavior was studied by monitoring the water uptake of NR composites during immersion in deionized water at 80°C. Data from sorption experiments were fitted on the classical Fickian and Langmuir-type diffusion models. The Fickian model overestimates and underestimates the water uptake of NR composites in the early and later stages of moisture diffusion, respectively. On the other hand, the Langmuir-type model adequately captures the anomalous diffusion behavior of moisture in NR composites. Parameters of the Langmuir model (equilibrium water uptake and diffusion coefficient) vary with the composition of hybrid fillers. Optimum proportions of silica, M-BNT, and BNT in rubber composites were obtained by considering the effect of fillers on mechanical properties and moisture diffusion characteristics of NR.

Bentonite filler effect on structure and properties of polystyrene-based composites

The current research focuses on the preparation and characterization of polystyrene/bentonite composite materials with improved physicochemical properties and biological activity. Bentonite particles were immobilized into the polystyrene matrix by mechanical dispersion, and composite films were obtained. New data on the structure and properties of polystyrene/bentonite composites were discovered using SEM, optical microscopy, XRD, IR and UV spectrometry, tensile and microbiological testing. The effect of the filling agent on morphology and crystal structure composites was revealed. Insertion of bentonite into polystyrene resulted in an increase in interplanar layer distance in clay. It was found that the adsorption kinetics of methylene blue by pure polymer and the polystyrene/bentonite composite films was controlled by the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. Isotherms were in good agreement with Langmuir model. For a composite with 5 wt% filler content, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was ten times greater than in the unmodified polymer. It was concluded that the modification of polystyrene with bentonite resulted in development of new adsorption-active centers. The strengthening testing results showed that insertion of bentonite (5 wt%) into the polystyrene matrix resulted in improved tensile strength. In addition, the polystyrene/bentonite composite films showed an antifungal effect against Candida albicans.

Dielectric Properties of Composites with Bentonite Fillers

The paper describes the results of a study of composites with bentonite fillers and their dielectric properties as a function of the percentage of the dispersant and the alternating electric field frequency. It has been found that the pronounced dispersion of the dielectric parameters of the composites is caused by charge migration and localization at intrinsic point defects and at the interfaces with the sublattice of the dispersant.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN BENTONIT TERMODIFIKASI SEBAGAI PENGISI TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK DAN PENYERAPAN AIR KOMPOSIT EPOKSI

&#x0D; Research about the application of modified bentonite as filler in epoxy has been done for the purpose of getting the best composition of modified bentonite as filler at epoxy composite to obtain the best mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and the water absorption. In this research, epoxy resin mixed with bentonite which have been modified using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant with various concentrations of 0,05M, 0,1M, and 0,15M. Modified bentonite filler and TiO2 then mixed with epoxy resin with various concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of filler from the total mass of the composite and then the composite was produced with hand lay-up method. The result of FTIR characterization showed that the bond between matrix and the filler produced was only interfacial bonding. The result of the mechanical properties test indicated that 5% of filler composition with 0,1M of surfactant concentration obtained the maximum value of tensile strength and mechanical strength respectively 33,667 MPa and 12564,9 J/m2. The result of mechanical properties test was supported by analysis of Scaning Electron Microscopy (SEM). On the test of water absorption, the water absorption capacity increased along with the increased of filler composition.&#x0D;

Influence of the Organophilisation Process on Properties of the Bentonite Filler and Mechanical Properties of the Clay/Epoxy Nanocomposites

Abstract In this comparative study, the influence of the organophilisation process on the properties of resulting organobentonite fillers and their capability to improve the mechanical properties of clay/polymer nanocomposites were investigated. The organobentonites were obtained by activation with the use of two organic quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) with alkyl chains of significantly different lengths. The organophilisation resulted in an increase in the interlayer space of clays, which was confirmed by XRD analysis. The obtained organofillers were used to produce nanoclay/epoxy resin composites and the effects of alkyl chain length on the resulting properties of composites were compared based on the examination of mechanical behaviour and morphology, and a composite filled with the non organophilised bentonite was used as a reference material. It was demonstrated that the organophilisation process using distearyldimethyl ammonium chloride salt with a longer alkyl chain (C18-C20) created a more superior conditions for the compatibility of nanofiller with a polymer matrix, resulting in a 25 % increase in the bending strength of the epoxy composite material filled with 3 %wt of the organophilised bentonite, comparing to neat epoxy.

Clay/Polyaniline Hybrid through Diazonium Chemistry: Conductive Nanofiller with Unusual Effects on Interfacial Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites.

The concept of conductive network structure in thermoset matrix without sacrificing the inherent mechanical properties of thermoset polymer (e.g., epoxy) is investigated here using "hairy" bentonite fillers. The latter were prepared through the in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of 4-diphenylamine diazonium (DPA)-modified bentonite (B-DPA) resulting in a highly exfoliated bentonite-DPA/polyaniline (B-DPA/PANI). The nanocomposite filler was mixed with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), and the curing agent (4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone) (DDS) at high temperature in order to obtain nanocomposites through the conventional melt mixing technique. The role of B-DPA in the modification of the interface between epoxy and B-DPA/polyaniline (B-DPA/PANI) is investigated and compared with the filler B/PANI prepared without any diazonium modification of the bentonite. Synergistic improvement in dielectric properties and mechanical properties points to the fact that the DPA aryl groups from the diazonium precursor significantly modify the interface by acting as an efficient stress transfer medium. In DPA-containing nanocomposites, unique fibril formation was observed on the fracture surface. Moreover, dramatic improvement (210-220%) in fracture toughness of epoxy composite was obtained with B-DPA/PANI filler as compared to the weak improvement of 20-30% noted in the case of the B/PANI filler. This work shows that the DPA diazonium salt has an important effect on the improvement of the interfacial properties and adhesion of DGEBA and clay/PANI nanofillers.

Synthesis of polyurethane/clay nanocomposites based palm oil polyol coating

In this study, we investigated the Polyurethane paint based on palm oil with the addition of nanoparticles montmorillonite as a heat-resistant. The composites with 1 wt%, 3 wt% and 5 wt% of bentonite filler content obtained by synthesizing in situ were investigated and compared to the neat polyurethane matrix material. The processing of bentonite for montmorillonite was done through several stages including: sedimentation, ultrasonication, dried, sieved with a 200 mesh sieve, then characterized. Untreated MMT were isolated and modified with CTAB. The addition of MMT into polyurethane, as much as 5% wt, can increase the heat as evidenced by the TGA test. The TGA results indicated an enhanced thermal stability, as compared to the neat polyurethane. The onset degradation of neat polyurethane and weight reduction began at a temperature of 50150°C and completely decomposed at the temperatures of 380°C and for PU MKS-MMT reduction, the initial weight started at a temperature of 150-200°C in 5 %wt and decomposed in the end at a temperature of 490°C. In this research, we also tested the gloss adhesive polyurethane with the addition of MMT; the result stated that the addition of 5%wt MMT can improve the adhesion of polyurethane. The addition of MMT in polyurethane can also enhance the gloss polyurethane compared with polyurethane coated without the addition of MMT.

Effect of the bentonite filler on structure and properties of composites based on hydroxyethyl cellulose

Granulometric test and morphological analysis of the bentonite particles were performed using laser diffraction and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption–desorption techniques. Bentonite particles were immobilized into the hydroxyethyl cellulose matrix by mechanical dispersion, and composite films were obtained. The effect of concentration of the filling agent on structure and tensile properties of composites was revealed. Data on the nature of interaction between hydroxyethyl cellulose and bentonite after the modification of polymer were obtained by IR spectroscopy. It was found that the hydroxyethyl cellulose/bentonite composite films showed an antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, as well against fungi association.