Benevolent Attitudes Research Articles

The Place of Animals in Wollstonecraft's Early Educational Writings

Abstract Thomas Taylor's parody of Mary Wollstonecraft's support for rights of women and humans raises a question: does his satire unwittingly propose a defence of animal rights found in Wollstonecraft's arguments? While Wollstonecraft's later works do not mention animal rights, her early educational writings offer arguments on animal ethics. These works explore the value of animals from moral, theological, and consequentialist perspectives, emphasizing both their instrumental and inherent value. This article argues that Wollstonecraft's moral psychology and theology highlight a benevolent attitude towards animals, underscoring their value beyond their utility.

The Role of Public Authorities in the Agro-Tourism Sector

Abstract In the countries of the European Union, agritourism is not a new phenomenon. Over time, for most EU countries: time meaning several decades, tourist accommodation has been practiced in a more or less spontaneous or organized manner. The new in this field is manifested by the expansion of the tourist phenomenon in the rural area. This expansion is explained, on the one hand, by relaunching the development of rural regions and, on the other hand, by diversifying the forms of mass tourism practice. The activity has proven to be profitable, especially as a result of changes in the preferences and habits of tourists towards individual tourism, to the detriment of mass tourism. On the other hand, the migration to the city, the modernization of work in the agricultural sector, the changes caused by the increase in competition in the rural world through the expansion of the free community market, have a counterweight in agritourism. Activities in the sphere of tourism can economically revive the villages, if the benevolent attitude of their inhabitants, to receive and accept in their midst wasteful and demanding guests, is favorably received. The objective of this article is to interconnect the concept of agritourism analyzed at the European level with the main strategies and stability policies of public authorities in the large-scale development of this type of non-invasive tourism

Group imagery imagery rescripting via telehealth decreases dysfunctional personality beliefs and the meta-emotional problem but does not increase positive self-compassion

Imagery rescripting (ImR) has shown to reduce negative belief about the self, negative emotions and emotional dysregulation. However, the mechanisms through which this improvement in emotion regulation takes place is currently the object of investigation. An untested hypothesis is that ImR reduces the negative emotional response to primary emotions (i.e. the Meta-emotional problem) associated to difficulties in emotional regulation. In this study, the researchers aimed to investigate the impact of group ImR delivered via telehealth on dysfunctional personality beliefs, the Meta-emotional problem, difficulties in emotional regulation, and self-compassion in a non-clinical sample of participants. A total of 45 community sample participants received three sessions of group ImR delivered via telehealth. Personality dysfunctional beliefs, meta-emotions, self-compassion and emotional dysregulation were measured before ImR and in three follow-up sessions. Dysfunctional personality beliefs, specifically those associated with the dependent, obsessive–compulsive, antisocial, and histrionic personality disorders, were significantly reduced after the ImR intervention. Additionally, the Meta-emotional problem and difficulties in emotional regulation were also reduced. Moreover, negative self-compassion showed a significant decrease after ImR, but positive self-compassion remained unchanged. These findings suggest that group ImR delivered via telehealth can effectively reduce negative beliefs about oneself, negative emotions, and emotional dysregulation. However, it seems that this intervention does not increase a more benevolent attitude towards oneself, possibly due to the less direct intervention of the therapist in the group telehealth setting. The researchers discuss the implications of these findings for clinical practice in a group telehealth context.

Edward Corsi's La Settimana: Italianità as a guiding principle of progress in a new land

This article explores how the Italian American bilingual weekly La Settimana, which ran from December 1935 to November 1937, represented an excellent platform not only to promote the extraordinary achievements of Italians in America, but also to educate its wide readership about the need to be more united, more focused in their aims, and more respectful and understanding of the values of culture. This article examines the weekly in light of the belief advocated by its founder, Edward Corsi, that the Italian American communities needed a much higher quality of journalism that reflected and followed the progress of the Italians in America, particularly those of the second and third generations, and to stimulate their interest in American life and its institutions, while stressing the importance of their Italian heritage and language. The essay also addresses La Settimana's benevolent attitude toward Mussolini and his leadership within the context of the weekly's promotion of italianità.

Moderation in early eighteenth-century English Dissent: Philip Doddridge and his academy curriculum

ABSTRACT ‘Moderation’ in late seventeenth-century Britain indicated, at least in religious circles, an attitude of benevolence and restraint towards those who differed on questions not essential to the Christian faith. During the early part of the following century, the term was extended to cover essentials of the faith. In that context, Philip Doddridge designed the curriculum of his Dissenting academy, operative in Northampton from 1730 to 1751, to eschew the use of creeds and confessions of faith, as tending to bigotry, and to pursue moderation in the teaching of philosophy, ethics and theology through the use of an extensive and eclectic range of sources of differing, and often mutually conflicting, views, with the aim of promoting in his students an epistemic humility leading to greater charity and unity among Christians and the use of reason subject only to the authority of Scripture. The article explores the sources that Doddridge used in some of the principal topics addressed in his lectures in order to demonstrate his method and its implementation, thereby illustrating his pursuit of moderation in English Dissent in the first half of the eighteenth century.

Ambivalent Sexism Explored: A Theoretical Examination of Gender Roles in The Silent Patient by Alex Michaelides

This article explores the portrayal of sexism in Michaelides's novel, The Silent Patient, using a gendered approach and drawing on Glick and Fiske's ambivalent sexism theory. This research aims to analyze the frequency and types of sexist depictions in the novel, particularly focusing on Hostile and Benevolent sexist attitudes. The analysis delves into the underlying dichotomy between Hostile and Benevolent attitudes towards the female characters, Alicia and Kathy. It also explores the contrasting representations of weakness and dependence associated with Alicia and Kathy, juxtaposed with the strength, resilience, and agency embodied by characters like Theo, Gabrielle, and the doctors at the Groove. Additionally, the prevalence of paternalism, gender differentiation, and heterosexuality as components of Hostile and Benevolent sexism is investigated to identify the dominant characteristic. By emphasizing the depiction of Hostile and Benevolent sexist attitudes, this research contributes to the ongoing efforts to challenge and dismantle gender stereotypes.

Re-Building of Sexual Intimacy in the Spouse of a Man Who has Become Motor Disabled

Changes in sexuality and sexual intimacy in the couple of a man who has become motorically disabled can present a major challenge for his able-bodied partner, who does not remain passive in the face of her man’s motor and sexual difficulties. This study analyzes the sexual experience of a woman whose partner became paraplegic following a road accident. Using the single-case method, the study attempts to understand how this spouse subjectively and objectively works to reconstruct the couple’s sexual intimacy after such an event. Semi-directive interviews, structured around the life story, were conducted with this single participant. Transcribed and then analyzed using thematic data analysis, they show that the couple’s sexual intimacy was gradually rebuilt around two main drivers: coitus made possible by a gradually manifested virility, and a benevolent attitude on the part of the partner with sentimental and erotic overtones of complicity, kindness, flirtation, seduction, and respect for the now disabled partner, but imagined as strong, robust, and able-bodied. Attitudes that are an integral part of human relationships, but which tend to disappear when trauma strikes. So much so that his work takes up all the psychic space. This highlights the need to set up support programs for the spouses of disabled people.

Technologies and Principles of Students’ Worldview Formation on the Example of Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation

The article discusses the principles of the students’ worldview system formation, which is conducted by the Financial University as the basis of its educational environment. These principles include building a constructive dialogue concerning the topics of the current agenda; understanding the importance of cultural and spiritual values, professional ethics; orientation to traditions, emphasis on innovation; a versatile view of the challenges which society is facing; the importance of respect for the state and society; benevolent attitude of the student, teachers and staff of the university. Within the framework of the values system formation, technologies are analyzed, as the authors believe that they provide for the harmonious development of a student’s personality during the studying process: the educational process and the process of extracurricular work, work with student associations, social support measures and online communication channels.

Service Agent Driven Co-Created Caring in Chat-Based Customer Service Encounters

This study explores the elements of caring and its relationship with customer-value co-creation in the context of chat-based service encounters. For this purpose, 123 chat conversations from the Visit Helsinki chat platform were analyzed using deductive content analysis. The findings reveal that customers played an active role in the value co-creation process. The elements of caring play an important role in customer-value co-creation and produce affective and emotional benefits, including cognitive, integrative and recognition benefits for the customer. A benevolent attitude, commitment and consideration, which includes creating situations wherein the customer-service agent and the customer solve problems together, strengthen and enable value co-creation. Language and customer-service expressions also enhance customer-value co-creation, while different statements of being present and interested in the customer create positive emotions and an atmosphere of caring. This demonstrates that caring about the customer could be the key to value co-creation. Further, this study discusses theoretical and managerial implications and recommendations for future research.

Awareness and attitude about mental illness in the rural population of India: A mixed method study.

Recent systematic review and meta-analysis of public attitudes have shown that despite improvements in mental health literacy, public attitudes and desire for social distance with mental illnesses have remained stable over time. To assess the awareness and attitude of the rural community towards mental disorders using the CAMI scale. This mixed method study was conducted under the ICMR-STS grant scheme after IEC approval. It included administration of a pre-tested questionnaire adapted from CAMI scale on 196 adults aged 18-60 years from an adopted village in the field practice area of medical college along with 8 in-depth interviews of key people in the same community. Thematic analysis was done for the qualitative part whereas for the quantitative part, Pearson's correlation coefficient, independent t-test, ANOVA and Kruskall-wallis test were used. Age was positively correlated with the attitude of authoritarianism, social restrictiveness, CMHI and showed a negative correlation with attitude of benevolence. Females showed higher scores for authoritarianism and social restrictiveness. There was a statistically significant difference between APL and BPL groups for authoritarianism attitude towards the mentally ill (P value = 0.02) and CMHI (P value = 0.033). It was observed that with increase in the education levels there was a rise in the mean score of the values for the attitude of benevolence but the difference wasn't statistically significant (P > 0.05). Thematic analysis of the key informant interviews suggested various perceptions of the community regarding mental illness, available options for management, current practices of the community and what can be done further to improve facilities for mental health. People in the community have a varied perspective to mental illnesses which has changed for the better over time but community still approaches quacks first which warrants the need for more awareness. For this, feasibility and effectiveness of increasing involvement of females from the community in health-related decisions can be explored further. We recommend further awareness generation in the younger generation with community-based research on perceptions of the community about mental health. This will provide more practical and feasible solutions to complement the national mental health program.

Perception de différentes dimensions de la psychiatrie par les agents de police : étude sur 191 policiers parisiens

IntroductionPsychiatric pathologies are widespread in the general population and rank third among the most frequent pathologies in the world, according to the World Health Organization, affecting nearly one in four people over their lifetime. Police officers in France are often required to intervene with people suffering from psychiatric disorders when they are involved in disturbances to public order. However, despite the frequency of these interventions in France, only a few specific training courses in psychiatry are made available to police officers. There has not been any research conducted in France on this subject. The objective of our study was to explore the perception of different dimensions of psychiatry (symptoms, treatments, prevalence, and dangerousness) by the Parisian police through an exploratory study. MethodA self-administered questionnaire was sent to Parisian police officers through an internal mailing list. The questionnaire was comprised of 25 questions divided into five sub-sections. The first section of the questionnaire concerned the demographic and professional characteristics of the participants (age, gender, rank, and years of experience). The second section explored the exposure (personal and professional) of police officers to psychiatry. The third and fourth sections were devoted to questions about training in psychiatry and their perception of the different dimensions of psychiatry. The last section of the questionnaire was dedicated to any comments regarding the questionnaire. ResultsOne hundred and ninety-one Parisian police officers – 106 men (56%) and 83 women (43%) – responded to the questionnaire and many of them reported frequent exposure to psychiatry (two-thirds say they are involved at least once a month with patients suffering from psychiatric disorders). The most frequently encountered problems were delusional ideas, agitation, suicide attempts or suicides, behavioral problems related to substance abuse, and hallucinations. We generally found benevolent attitudes on the part of the police. The police officers questioned evoked: mistrust (94.7%), empathy (46.8%), fear (37.4%), incomprehension (32.9%), and a negative judgment (8.4%), and 84% of the police officers reported an increased risk of using force during interventions involving people with psychiatric disorders. These results can be partly explained by the impairment of discernment found in people with decompensated psychiatric disorders, communication difficulties between police and patients, and the lack of training in the management or recognition of such symptoms. In addition, the majority of the participants reported feeling insufficiently trained in psychiatry and were in favor of the implementation of specific training courses either during their studies or as an element in their professional career: three-quarters of the police officers questioned never had any training in psychiatry during their studies or since taking up their post, and 80% of the police officers said they were inadequately trained to evaluate and deal with situations involving psychiatric disorders. The police officers largely favored specific training: 82.7% of them would like to be more trained in psychiatry during their studies or on the job, thus underlining a desire to be better prepared for these interventions. ConclusionThis study is, to our knowledge, the first of its kind in France on this subject. Several results are consistent with those of international scientific literature and highlight the frequent exposure of Parisian police officers to people with psychiatric disorders and the officers’ mostly benevolent, understanding, and non-stigmatizing attitudes. Nevertheless, police officers remain insufficiently trained in psychiatry, and this lack of training can be the source of communication difficulties, mistrust, or fear and thus increase the risk of the use of force. The majority of the study participants favor implementing these training courses, particularly with respect to the management of agitation and behavioral disorders, which are the symptoms most frequently encountered during these interventions. This study remains exploratory but could inform future work, mainly in implementing and evaluating specific psychiatric training for police officers.

Миссионерская деятельность Русской Православной Церкви: контент-анализ СМИ Бурятии

The Russian Orthodox Church goes its own way to strengthen faith, tradition and other socio-spiritual areas that has always been the activity of missionary work. The church and the media in print media perform their functions of communication with society, reflecting their actions and influence on society from both sides. At the same time, the church is developing cooperation with all types of media and media structures of other faiths. The church has a benevolent attitude towards the media and the Internet, and believers perceive the Internet and the media as a broadcaster of spiritual meetings in virtual-real life.

Dépasser le modèle du musée irénique. L’étude du processus de cocréation d’un dispositif de médiation numérique pour les salles des arts du Tout-Monde au Musée des beaux-arts de Montréal

Examining participatory practises and inclusion projects requires reflecting on the museum as a political space and questioning the power relationships it nourishes. A review of the literature on the idea of the sense of belonging in a wide variety of disciplinary fields led to an awareness of the different dimensions of that feeling and its integration in the political discourse. More specifically, in terms of this article, the feeling of belonging is problematic in the context of art museums, where the concept is often translated to the institution’s benevolent attitude towards racialized groups that have historically been discriminated against and are not in the habit of visiting museums. When these people are invited to collaborate with the museal institution, the co-creation process generally proceeds according to codes established by the institution. This tendency to adopt a charitable position towards the Other, avoiding any sort of tension, is what we call “a irenic museum” (from the Greek εἰρήνη [eirnê] meaning “peace”). By focusing on what unifies rather than on what divides, the irenical approach avoids conflict in order to foster coexistence with one another. By analyzing the process of co-creating a digital mediation system for the Arts of One World galleries at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (MMFA), we suggest a critical look at the design thinking approach centred on the human at PRISM, the museum’s Digital Mediation Innovation Lab. Can we move beyond the limits of the peace museum by promoting equal interaction between those involved?

Counter-Orientalism in Ella Maillart’s The Cruel Way

: Travel writing becomes an object of scholarly scrutiny thanks to Edward Said’s Orientalism in which he contends that travel narratives are not the objective portraits of Oriental peoples and loci, but the narratives that collude with Orientalism to justify and foster Western Empires. Nonetheless, scholars such as Behdad and Blanton disagree with Said’s view, asserting that travel writers can transcend the rigid norms of Orientalism. Thus, by employing Behdad’s and Blanton’s views as its theoretical approach, this article will read Ella Maillart’s The Cruel Way to highlight its counter-orientalism: the moments in which the travel writer challenges the inherited orientalist viewpoints. Accordingly, the article argues that Maillart exhibits her counter-orientalism in three ways: firstly, through fruitful engagement with Afghan food culture, secondly via celebrating the henna bearing testimony to her Islamophilic stance, and finally by interrogating the geography of violence. In doing so, she offers an unstereotypical picture of Afghanistan. To accentuate Maillart’s counter-orientalist stance, the present article will juxtapose her benevolent attitude with the orientalist outlook of male travel writers with respect to food, henna, and violence. It concludes that Maillart’s counter-orientalist perspective originates from her neutral nationality and gender.

Language adaptation of ethnic Russians in the Western Ukrainian area

The article characterizes the language adaptation of ethnic Russians in the Western Ukrainian area on the example of language biographies of three ethnic Russians living in the same village in the Lviv Region. Changes in language and national identity, lan­guage behavior and the language itself of the informants under the influence of a long stay in the Ukrainian-speaking environment are outlined. The attitude of the informants towards the Ukrainian and Russian languages and the state language policy has been clarified. Their vision of the future language situation in Ukraine is characterized. External and internal factors that influenced the language adaptation of the informants have been identified, among which the language environment and political beliefs of the interviewees become the most important. Language adaptation of each of the interviewees takes place differently, although they live in a Ukrainian-speaking environment for approximately the same period. Du­ring adaptation, respondents did not face discrimination based on language or nationality. All interviewees emphasized the benevolent attitude of the locals towards them and did not witness language conflicts during their stay in the Ukrainian-speaking environment. Language adaptation of the informants takes place simultaneously with their socio­cultural adaptation. All interviewees have adopted local customs and traditions. Some speakers even have changed their political beliefs. Under the influence of the dominant Ukrainian language in this environment, significant changes have been in the language life of only those informants who wanted it themselves. The results of the informant’s language adaptation have influenced the future language and national identification of their children and grandchildren. Keywords: language biography, language adaptation, language behavior, language identity, language environment.

«ВОГНЕМ І МЕЧЕМ» ГЕНРИКА СЕНКЕВИЧА В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ КРИТИЦІ К. ХІХ – ПОЧ. ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ

The article analyzes the reception of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel “With Fire and Sword” in Ukrainian scientific and literary-critical publications end XIX – beg. XX century, as well as in the responses to these publications by Ukrainian, Polish and Russian researchers, publicists and journalists, who determined for more than a century the attitude of Ukrainians to the Polish writer and his work. The leading role in shaping the all-Ukrainian perception of the work was played by Volodymyr Antonovych’s article in “Kiyevskaya starina” (1886), which stated that “With Fire and Sword” is a novel negatively prejudiced against Ukrainians and this negation is due to historical, ethnographic, toponymic, etc. inaccuracies. Most Ukrainian reviewers of Antonovych’s article (unknown author in “Dilo”, I. Novytskyi in “Slovo”, unknown author in “Bukovyna”) and well-known Russian scholar A. Pypin supported the main provisions of the article by the Ukrainian historian. On the basis of these publications, a tradition was established to evaluate the novel “With Fire and Sword” through the prism of history, a “true”/“false” reproduction of the events of the past and, as a result, to avoid the novel by silence through the negative portrayal of Ukrainians, Cossacks and its leaders attributed to H. Sienkiewicz. He tried to find a compromise between the Polish chauvinistic-xenophobic interpretation of the novel “With Fire and Sword” and its Ukrainian interpretation in the spirit of V. Antonovych Olgerd Górka (1934), relying on “reliable” historical sources and his equally benevolent attitude towards Poles and Ukrainians, which he attributed to the Polish writer. Kharkiv professor Lev Shepelevych (1904) tried to be neutral in defining the achievements and shortcomings of H. Sienkiewicz’s novel in an article about the writer for the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. The collection on the life and work of the Polish novelist (1904), initiated by the well-known Odessa lawyer, literary critic and collector Alexander Femelidi, in which the author was not mentioned and which combined the repetition of the main provisions of the works of V. Antonovych, A. Pypin and, especially, L. Shepelevich, was initiated compilative. Instead, extremely negative were the assessments of the novel “With Fire and Sword” and Sienkiewicz’s work in the article by the Moskvophile Lev Burenin (“Galichanin”, 1904), who chose the devastating criticism of universally recognized authoritative writers as a way of self-affirmation in science and journalism. Most researchers noted the anti-Ukrainian ideological bias of the novel “With Fire and Sword”, which was compensated by the emotionality, plot intrigue of the work and high artistic skill of the author.

MÜNDLICHE ERZÄHLUNGEN DER OSTARBEITER: PLOTSCHAFFENDE ELEMENTE UND SEMANTISCHE STRUKTUR

The article analyzes the oral narratives of ostarbeiters about labor slavery in Germany during the Second World War. The folklore of this thematic group is an integral part of the huge array of Ukrainian folk literature, generated as a result of repressions of the fighters for freedom and state independence of Ukraine under the military occupation of the 20th century aimed at subjugating its people and subjecting them to the will of their enslavers.
 It is noted that in the territory captured by the Nazi invaders, the involvement of the able-bodied population in various jobs locally and abroad was carried out by means of recruitment, special mobilization and other actions of forcible capture of people. This became a moral and physical test for the population of Ukraine at that time, which was also widely reflected in its art constituent , in particular, in folklore.
 Our research has shown that a detailed description of everyday life can be traced in the oral narratives of ostarbeiters, For Ukrainians who got a job at industrial enterprises, the main conflict of the narrative story was the problem of finding the means of survival. That is why one of the most common motives in a number of episodes is the motive of starvation and searching for food. It is emphasized that an important place in the narratives studied by us is occupied by the description of living conditions, details of everyday life, the working day schedule, and the specifics of work. The image of a German is vividly expressed, and through sympathetic, sometimes benevolent attitude and support it is constructed into the image of a "stranger" as a "different their person ". It has been observed that in the collected narratives the Germans appear not only as evil-doers (enemies), but also in some cases as benefactors and helpers who helped in one way or another in a difficult situation. A special place in such stories is occupied by the figure of a helper, who acts as one of the mandatory structural units in the system of story characters.

Running addiction.

Running is a common physical activity of an aerobic nature that is carried out mostly outdoors and presents a healthy lifestyle. However, the positive effect of running often masks the downsides of potential addiction that can compromise an individual's physical, mental, and social functioning. Most often there is a thin and unclear line separating passionate athletes and running addicts. Thus, it is necessary to educate the running community to raise awareness of the negative effects of over-training, prevent complications and injuries and to seek the necessary help. The study sample consisted of runners from the Croatian population of both genders, aged 18 to 75, who have been running for more than a year. The respondents were divided into groups according to the favorite length of the racing race. Groups were compared in terms of nutritional supplements usage, running-related injuries, as well as the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on their running volume. Difference between groups in Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) questionnaire outcome scores was also accessed. The statistical analysis included the answers of 644 people of both genders, among which 309 (48%) men and 335 (52%) women. The average age of the respondents was 42 years (18-75), and the average age of running was 5 years (1-42). Only among the respondents who started running most recently (1 to 10 years), and those who run the longest races (longer than 100 km) were found to use nutritional supplements significantly more (71.43%, P<0.001) and sustained injuries associated with running more than rest of the groups (100%, P=0.013). Due to the pandemic, only respondents who have been running for the longest time (31-42 years) and prefer to run races from 21 to 42 km significantly reduced the amount of training (75%, P=0.037). The risk for addiction was significantly positively associated with the use of dietary supplements, the favorite length of the race and the frequency of injuries, while there was no association with the length of running. Running is a high-risk sport for addiction development. All the benevolent attitudes and positive effects of running often mask the downsides of addiction that can compromise an individual and his or her physical, mental, and social functioning. Due to the high percentage of addiction risk of 25%, it is necessary to educate the racing community to raise awareness of the negative effects of overtraining, prevent complications and seek the necessary help.

Impact of Paternal Leadership on Employee Retention during COVID-19: Financial Crunch or Financial Gain

The leadership style that is most appropriate for the given circumstance will determine whether or not a leader is successful. It means what great leaders should do while working with a diverse workforce. They should be emotionally intelligent in order to understand their team members and modify their leadership style in order to achieve the best out of them. Employee engagement in the workplace is crucial for firms, but different factors can keep employees motivated. Work engagement activities, particularly those supported by the human resource department, have typically been observed as the primary factors that motivate employees. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a number of adjustments. The primary goal of this study is to examine how virtual human resource practices and paternal leadership affected employee retention in COVID-19, with the function of work engagement activities as a mediator. The data were gathered from 250 Portuguese Professors who were instructing undergraduate students using a survey instrument. Smart-PLS partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the study’s hypotheses. It has been discovered that paternalistic leadership, also known as a resource provider with a benevolent attitude, has a direct impact on job performance and employee intention to leave the job, but during a pandemic, where the role of the government in supporting their nationals was not as significant in Portugal as it could be, people also faced their leaders of organizations as opportunists. Not all, but most paternal organizations took financial decisions to safeguard their business and were not people-oriented. Now the dignity of the paternal leader on the canvas of leadership is fading. This neo-normal approach will contribute to the literature on paternal leadership.

The role of sexual orientation and the perceived threat posed by men in the acceptance of sexism

We aimed at examining the differences between straight (N = 583) and gay (N = 112) people in terms of the acceptance of ambivalent sexist attitudes not only toward women (ASI) but also toward men (AMI) and how the level of perceived threat posed by men (Realistic Threat Scale) influences these attitudes' acceptance. The study results showed that gay men endorsed hostile sexism at the same level as straight men, while lesbian women were more hostile toward men than straight women. In this study, gay people manifested significantly lower levels of benevolent (sexist) attitudes toward both genders than straight people. While a positive relationship was identified between the perceived threat posed by men and hostility toward men, there was a reciprocal correlation in the case of hostile sexism. Men who recognized the threat men can pose to women were less accepting of hostile sexism and more accepting of hostile attitudes toward their own gender group. Moreover, straight men who recognized this threat endorsed less benevolent attitudes toward their own gender group than those who failed to admit it. Our results showed that heterosexual interdependence and recognizing the threat posed by men highly influence the extent to which hostile and benevolent (sexist) attitudes toward women and men are accepted or rejected. The implications and practical relevance of our study are also discussed.