Benefits Of Green Infrastructure Research Articles

Urban Planning with Rational Green Infrastructure Placement Using a Critical Area Detection Method

In an era of intense urban development and climate extremes, green infrastructure (GI) has become crucial for creating sustainable, livable, and resilient cities. However, the efficacy of GI is frequently undermined by haphazard implementation and resource misallocation that disregards appropriate spatial scales. This study develops a geographic information system (GIS)-based critical area detection model (CADM) to identify priority areas for the strategic placement of GI, incorporating four main indices—spatial form, green cover, gray cover, and land use change—and utilizing the digital elevation model (DEM), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), urban density index (UDI), and up-to-date land use data. By employing the developed method, the study successfully locates priority zones for GI implementation in Saitama City, Japan, effectively pinpointing areas that require immediate attention. This approach not only guarantees efficient resource allocation and maximizes the multifunctional benefits of GI but also highlights the importance of a flexible, all-encompassing GI network to address urbanization and environmental challenges. The findings offer policymakers a powerful tool with which to optimize GI placement, enhancing urban resilience and supporting sustainable development.

Evaluation of Green Infrastructure Benefits in Urban Areas in Paris

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the evaluation of green infrastructure benefits in urban areas in Paris. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: An evaluation of green infrastructure benefits in urban Paris found that parks and street trees effectively mitigate urban heat island effects and improve air quality by reducing pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter. Recommendations emphasize integrating green infrastructure into urban planning to sustain these benefits and promote environmental resilience, highlighting its critical role in enhancing urban livability and sustainability in Paris. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Ecosystem services framework, social-ecological Systems (SES) theory & urban political ecology (UPE may be used to anchor future studies on the evaluation of green infrastructure benefits in urban areas in Paris. Foster interdisciplinary collaboration between urban planners, landscape architects, environmental scientists, and social researchers to enhance the design, implementation, and management of green infrastructure projects. Advocate for policy frameworks that integrate green infrastructure into urban planning and development strategies at local, regional, and national levels. This includes incentivizing green infrastructure adoption through financial incentives, tax breaks, and regulatory support.

Understanding and Assessing Climate Change Risk to Green Infrastructure: Experiences from Greater Manchester (UK)

The existing body of research into the environmental and socio-economic benefits of green infrastructure supports the case for it to be positioned as a form of critical infrastructure, particularly in urban settings. It is broadly recognized that extreme weather and climate change pose significant risks to critical infrastructure systems linked to the provision of services, including electricity, water, communications, and transport, and consequently risk assessments and associated adaptation strategies are common practice. However, although green infrastructure is also at risk from extreme weather and climate change, threatening the realization of benefits that it can deliver in urban settings, associated risks to green infrastructure are not widely understood or assessed in practice. This paper discusses the status of existing research on this topic and uses this as a foundation for a Greater Manchester (UK) case study that assesses the risk of low water availability to grassed areas, which represent a key element of the city-region’s green infrastructure. In doing so, the paper demonstrates how risks linked to extreme weather and climate change can be assessed spatially to inform green infrastructure planning. In summary, this paper aims to raise awareness of extreme weather and climate change risk to urban green infrastructure, present an empirical case study and associated methodological approach on this topic, and ultimately support efforts to enhance the resilience of urban green infrastructure to extreme weather and climate change.

Setting up a CFD model to evaluate the impact of green infrastructures on local air quality

AbstractGreen infrastructures have been pointed out as innovative solutions to deal with current and future challenges related to air pollution and climate change. Although the potential of green infrastructures, such as green walls and green roofs, to mitigate air pollution has been documented, evidence at a local scale is still limited. This work aims to increase knowledge about the potentialities of green infrastructures in improving local air quality, focusing on particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone pollutants, and by using a local-scale computational fluid dynamics model. The ENVI-met model was applied to a particular hour of a summer day over a built-up environment centred on a main avenue in the city of Lisbon (Portugal). The dimensions of the computational domain are 618 m × 594 m × 143 m, and it contains 184 buildings, with the tallest building being 56 m. In addition to the baseline simulation, modelling was also done considering the application of green walls and green roofs to specific buildings located near the main avenue, together with a green corridor. The overall results show no disturbances exerted by green walls on the turbulent flow dynamics and on the air quality levels when compared to the baseline scenario (without green walls). The integrated scenario, which includes green walls, green roofs and a green corridor, will lead to potential local benefits of green infrastructures on O3 concentrations, followed by variable impacts on NO2 and particulate matter concentrations.

Tipologi Aplikasi Infrastruktur Hijau Skala Komunitas pada Kampung Kota di Indonesia

This paper addresses one of the knowledge gaps that exists in green infrastructure (GI) discourses, that is the lack of understanding on the application of GI at community scale. GI was first introduced as an alternative to address problems caused by rapid urbanisation. Recently, GI has become a crucial part of strategies to achieve sustainable development and therefore has been widely advocated for its environmental, social, and economic benefits. Although the concepts and benefits of green infrastructure have been widely discussed and recognized in the literature, much of the discussions on GI tend to revolve around its applications at the city and regional scales, while the application of small scale GI at the community level has not been much explored, despite the importance of multiscale principle in the application of GI. To address that issue, this study focuses on the application of small-scale GI at the community level. It employed a systematic review to analyse publications, including articles published in scientific journals and news on reliable mass media on the internet, regarding the application of small-scale GI in 23 Indonesian urban kampung. The study shows that in dense settlements like urban kampung, community scale GI emerges as an alternative solution to the lack of space for GI development. From the 23 cases analysed, GI is mostly intended to function as a mean for environmental conservation and to promote food security.

A bottom-up perspective on green infrastructure in informal settlements: Understanding nature's benefits through lived experiences

Twenty per cent of the world's urban population lives in inadequate housing, including informal settlements (IS). This population often experience a low quality of life and faces multiple environmental challenges heightened by climate change, such as air pollution, flooding, and drought. While there is extensive academic literature substantiating the potential of enhancing green infrastructure (GI) as an effective approach to manage environmental risks, it is often overlooked as an academic focus in the analysis of development issues in informal settlements. Similarly, GI is neglected as an effective environmental approach and planning response in this context often due to a lack of clear understanding of its benefits. This perspective leads to considering GI as a luxury rather than essential in IS. To address this gap in the literature and by considering the socio-cultural importance of green infrastructure, this paper attempts to provide a bottom-up perspective on GI and the ecosystem services (ESS) it supplies for the residents of IS. To do so, two IS in Tehran metropolitan area, Iran, have been studied. Through semi-structured interviews, residents’ conceptions of ESS provided by GI were explored to identify the in/significance of GI in their daily life. The results show that residents' lived experiences provided them with a profound understanding of the benefits of nature and GI. Through analysing residents’ experiences, this research describes the socio-cultural bonds, environmental benefits, and economic reliance between residents and their surrounding environment. This paper demonstrates that the GI provides valuable and yet substantially different ESS for residents of IS compared to how the concept is conventionally conceived in the global North. The paper argues for necessity of GI in IS as it provides environmental comfort, hazards mitigation, and economic support while having cultural values. Therefore, understanding their lifestyle, relationship with surrounding nature and sociocultural considerations is both effective and necessary in discussing GI in informal settlements.

Impacts of urban landscape pattern changes on land surface temperature in Southeast Brazil

Urban sprawl is a global concern, considering the current climate change scenario. The conversion of natural habitats or other land uses to urban areas increases the Land Surface Temperature (LST), impacting people mainly in tropical regions, such as Brazil, where the temperature is aggravated by high air humidity. In this context, we assessed the seasonal variation of LST in response to the land-use/land-cover (LULC) changes over a large city in southwest Brazil during the last 36 years (1985–2020). We used Mapbiomas LULC data and LST retrieved from the Landsat series with the Google Earth Engine platform. The methodology involved the change detection analysis from 1985 to 2020 for all LULC types, a non-parametric Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner test to estimate the LST spatio-temporal variability over different LULC types, and a non-parametric Sperman's rho test and scatter plots to relate LST changes to the LULC patterns. The results presented areas exchanging under an intense urbanization process, wherein nearly 13% of the transitions were from agricultural to urban areas. These transitions occurred jointly with an increase in temperature for all LULC types. Forest formation registered the lowest LST and a moderate to strong negative correlation with LST in both seasons. On the other hand, urban areas showed the highest temperatures and a moderate to strong positive correlation with LST in summer. From 1985 to 2020, the mean temperature in urban (built-up) areas during the summer increased by 7 °C. In 2020, the mean temperature in urban areas was 32.5 °C and 27.8 °C in forested areas during the summer. The main contribution of this study is to provide evidence-based support for establishing LULC governance at the city scale. It offers essential scientific information about the detrimental impact of urban sprawl against the climate benefits of green infrastructure on the city scale, even in tropical regions with high forest fragmentation, temperatures, and long periods with high air humidity.

Environmental Inequalities in Ecosystem Services Benefits of Green Infrastructure: A Case Study from China

Rapid urbanization is widespread globally, particularly impacting developing countries. In the face of climate challenges and shrinking public spaces resulting from urbanization, the significance of green infrastructure (GI) for human well-being and sustainability has increasingly taken center stage. This study employs an array of social-environmental benefits to evaluate GI’s contributions to human well-being, including mitigation of the urban heat island (UHI) effect, recreational functions, enhanced landscape connectivity, and efficient stormwater management. By mapping GI’s advantages, we scrutinized tradeoffs and ‘hot spots’ linked to these benefits within a metropolitan region. Moreover, we correlated GI’s advantages with the well-being of different socio-economic status (SES) groups by global and local regression. The study reveals environmental inequality, with higher SES areas—such as affluent and well-educated neighborhoods—providing superior and multifaceted GI benefits. The income coefficient is significantly positively correlated with the recreation function at the 1% significance level, while the coefficient for education is significant at the 10% level. Moreover, the income coefficient (0.349) surpasses the education coefficient (0.012). Our research also highlights that accessibility to GI’s recreational services may be an essential and overlooked indicator of environmental justice, especially for communities with a high proportion of elderly and low-income individuals.

A transdisciplinary multiscaled approach to engage with green infrastructure planning, restoration and use in sub-Saharan Africa

The systematic integration of green infrastructure (GI) concepts in urban planning shows promise to reduce environmental hazards; while creating sociocultural benefits. However, cities in sub-Saharan Africa face rapid urbanisation and are challenged by the degradation of existing GI, increasing their vulnerability to climatic risks. This paper presents the findings of a transdisciplinary research project that investigated GI planning in the City of Tshwane, South Africa, over two years. The researchers conducted a community survey, an on-the-ground rapid assessment of multifunctional benefit provisions, first-hand observations of local stormwater systems, reviewed policy documents and conducted semi-structured interviews with metro officials. To integrate the above findings, four design studios and eight co-creation workshops were held that explored GI spatial planning in the city. The researchers examined the uptake of GI planning principles, and the challenges, opportunities and local proposals for GI applications, and here synthesised some main conclusions. Despite many well-known challenges, GI opportunities include creating socioeconomic incentives for stronger human-nature relations, providing for multifunctional benefits and anchoring GI in local communities. Interactive research can facilitate increased local awareness and engagement, but access to GI benefits is physically constrained and socially determined by knowledge, networks and safety factors. Based on the above findings, the researchers propose locally adapted planning strategies to enhance GI: creating opportunities for GI access and co-ownership, encouraging multifunctional, safe and flexible GI, supporting multiscale GI integration, and strengthening collaborative governance. A joint GI vision can reinforce city ownership along with flexible and creative design alternatives that are rooted in local communities.

Green Infrastructure and Urban Vacancies: Land Cover and Natural Environment as Predictors of Vacant Land in Austin, Texas

Urban vacancies have been a concern for neighborhood distress and economic decline and have gained more recent attention as potential green infrastructure is known to benefit communities in diverse ways. To investigate this, this study looked into the relationship between land cover, natural environment, and urban vacancies in Austin, Texas. Additionally, we investigated the spatial patterns of green infrastructure and urban vacancies by different income groups to see if low income communities would potentially lack the benefits of green infrastructure. To measure green infrastructure, we used different land covers such as forests and shrublands, as well as natural environments such as tree canopies and vegetation richness, using remote sensing data. Urban vacancy information was retrieved from the USPS vacant addresses and parcel land uses. Through a series of multivariate analyses examining green infrastructure variables one by one, the study results indicate that green infrastructure interacts with residential and business vacancies differently. Additionally, low-income communities lack green infrastructure compared with the rest of the city and are exposed to more urban vacancies in their neighborhoods. Further study is required to understand the dynamics of vacancies in underserved communities and examine how existing vacant land can benefit the communities as ecological resources.

Catchment-scale life cycle impacts of green infrastructures and sensitivity to runoff coefficient with stormwater modelling

Urban green infrastructure (GI) has been widely used in sponge city construction to manage hydrological processes. While studies on environmental benefits of GI from the perspective of whole life cycle assessment (LCA) have been reported in recent years, few have explored and compared the environmental performance of different GIs within a single catchment, which is directly linked to catchment-scale hydrological control. This study focuses on a Sponge City pilot project in Shenzhen, China, including three typical types of GI: permeable pavement, green roof, and sunken green space. By collecting hydrological data, land use, and life cycle inventory of GI and employing SWMM (Storm Water Management Model)-based stormwater modelling, we have revealed the environmental impacts at different stages of the life cycle of the GI scenario and three GIs through comparative and sensitivity analyses. Notably, we have disclosed, for the first time, the effect of the runoff coefficient in LCA. Our findings indicate that over the 30-year life cycle, the total environmental impact of the GI scenario is 24 % smaller than that of the hypothetical grey scenario. Permeable pavement exhibits the largest environmental impact per unit area, being 1.8 times and 7.6 times greater than that of the green roof and sunken green space, respectively. The operation stage of the three GIs significantly mitigates eutrophication and climate change. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis demonstrates that an increase in surface runoff undermines the environmental benefits of GIs. These results highlight the importance of embedding stormwater modelling into LCA, enabling catchment-scale integrated evaluation and equivalent assessment of different GIs within a single catchment whereby the influence of external factors such as climate change can be described, which aids in understanding the dynamic environmental performance of GIs. The proposed research framework and results are anticipated to provide valuable guidance for future GI construction and carbon-neutral policies.

Exploring Public Preference and Willingness to Pay for the Ecosystem Benefits of Urban Green Infrastructure: Evidence from a Discrete Choice Experiment of Pilot Sponge Cities in China

Global extreme weather events such as rainstorms, floods and droughts have become increasingly frequent, posing significant threats to human beings worldwide. Green infrastructure has been implemented for decades to mitigate these issues. However, its widespread adoption in cities is still limited. A lack of sustainable funds was viewed as a great challenge for its widespread implementation. Many developed countries have practiced public participation and stormwater fee systems to mitigate these challenges. To assess the value that citizens place on the ecosystem benefits provided by urban green infrastructure is of great importance for increasing public participation and their willingness to pay. Thus, this paper aims to explore public preferences and their willingness to pay for the benefits of green infrastructure to support the construction and maintenance costs. A discrete choice experiment method was employed and five attributes were selected: reduction in run-off pollutant, degrees of ponding, plant type, planting aesthetics and the amount of payment. The Ngene1.2 software was used to generate a questionnaire, and data collected from the case cities, Xianyang and Xi’xian New Area, China, were analyzed using the mixed logit model. The results revealed that in Xianyang, the willingness to pay was not significantly associated with cognition, while in Xi’xian New Area, willingness to pay was positively related to cognition. Respondents exhibited a significant willingness to pay for green infrastructure to achieve reduced degrees of ponding in both cities, as well as improving planting aesthetics in Xi’xian New Area. Based on these findings, we conclude that government decision-makers should prioritize disseminating knowledge about green infrastructure to residents before implementing such projects in communities. The findings provide valuable insights into the potential economic value of urban green infrastructure and can guide policymakers and urban planners in making decisions regarding the design, implementation, and management of green infrastructure. This study contributes to the understanding of citizen perspectives and the economic evaluation of ecosystem services provided by urban green infrastructure.

Identifying the optimization potential for urban GI by linking supply and demand of ecosystem services under multi-scenarios : a case study of Tianjin, China

Quantitative research on the supply and demand of urban green infrastructure (GI) ecosystem services (ES) can play a crucial role in supporting ecological governance, which is vital for enhancing the health and well-being of residents and promoting sustainable development. However, current supply and demand studies often fail to consider the complexity and diversity of local climates and economic status, leading to suboptimal outcomes in urban greening programs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to incorporate the diversity and variability of demand for ES in decision-making processes for urban GI planning. To address this issue, this study proposes a multi-development scenario-based supply and demand modelling framework that measures the supply and demand of ES. By using the central city of Tianjin, China, as a case study, the resulting GI construction potential zoning and optimization strategies are determined to achieve the multiple environmental-social-economic benefits of GI. The results show that the supply and demand levels of GI in the study area are significantly spatially heterogeneous, with the demand levels of GI varying considerably under different development scenarios. Furthermore, the demand for GI is highest under the ecological priority scenario. Based on the relationship between the supply and demand of ES, the study area is classified into four zones, including a GI supply deficit zone, a supply surplus zone, a low-level balance zone, and a high-level balance zone. The area of each zone decreases in turn, indicating that the study area as a whole is in a state of mismatch between the supply and demand of ES. Finally, the study area is divided into seven GI construction potential zones based on the degree of scarcity and development orientation. The proposed planning scheme helps to achieve dynamic matching goals of ES supply and demand and provides valuable insights for policymakers to coordinate urban resources and promote sustainable development.

Why go green? Comparing rationales and planning criteria for green infrastructure in U.S. city plans

Green infrastructure is an increasingly popular urban sustainability strategy, widely promoted for its ability to provide multiple benefits. We examined 120 planning documents from 19 U.S. cities to identify if and how the stated benefits that cities use within their rationales for green infrastructure programs (rationale statements) align with the criteria used to site green infrastructure at the neighborhood scale (siting statements). Our findings suggest that many of the desired benefits stated in the rationales for green infrastructure lack corresponding and specific siting criteria. This was particularly evident for rationale statements concerning social and cultural ecosystem services, seemingly because certain benefits, especially those related to stormwater management, are prioritized over other green infrastructure services. While multiple benefits remain a dominant rationale for green infrastructure in the cities analyzed, including stormwater management, social cohesion, and biodiversity benefits, siting criteria were dominated by stormwater management, available locations, and other logistical considerations. These findings indicate a large-scale misalignment between the multifunctional ideal of urban green infrastructure and the procedures used to implement green infrastructure programs. We conclude with a discussion of how siting criteria and processes can be elaborated to deliver the desired benefits of green infrastructure.

The significance and benefits of green infrastructures using I-Tree canopy software with a sustainable approach

The significance and benefits of green infrastructures using I-Tree canopy software with a sustainable approach

Users’ Perceptions of the Contribution of a University Green Roof to Sustainable Development

Universities are well placed to adopt and use the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on their campuses to educate and showcase how the SDGs can be delivered in the built environment. Green infrastructure, such as green roofs, green walls, or green parks, are highly visual implementations with environmental and social benefits that contribute to several SDGs, such as 3 (good health and wellbeing), 10 (reduced inequalities), 11 (sustainable cities and communities), 13 (climate action) and 15 (life on land). These features may be referenced in sustainability teaching and learning, which may raise and heighten awareness of the social, economic, and environmental benefits of green infrastructure. In this study, we explored users’ perceptions of the extent to which a university campus green roof contributes to the SDGs and whether users focussed more on its social or environmental benefits. Statistical analyses, namely independent samples t-tests and analysis of variance, were conducted to determine what influenced users’ perceptions of the green roof. The analyses revealed that users’ perceptions did not differ largely by sociodemographic characteristics, though students perceived the social benefits as greater than university staff. Those with greater knowledge of green roofs perceived its environmental benefits as greater, but not the social benefits. The findings demonstrate the importance of green infrastructure on university campuses for encouraging engagement with the SDGs, whilst indicating that knowledge of such infrastructure increases appreciation of their environmental credentials.

Planning for green infrastructure based on integration of multi-driving factors: A case study in pilot site of sponge city

The implementation of green infrastructure (GI) is crucial for improving the resilience of cities to the challenges of urbanization and climate change. However, the practicality of GI retrofitting is often neglected in traditional GI planning, which tends to focus mainly on the benefits of GI. In this study, we spatially quantify regional states from six aspects, including stormwater management, air quality, access to green space, urban heat island effect, habitat quality and development level on 1km2 grids. While the first five indicators represent the benefits of GI, the last indicator represents the opportunity cost for GI retrofitting. These regional states are treated as driving factors to sway overall GI planning and are further integrated for synergy and trade-off analysis, priority ranking and grids clustering. The results reveal significant spatial unevenness of regional states, which indicates the necessity for targeted GI planning. The spatial pattern of synergy and priority ranking suggests that the city center in the eastern bank of the river should be prioritized for GI intervention. Adaptive GI strategies are proposed based on the results of grids clustering. The developed approach could be conducive for decision makers in implementing targeted GI planning for responding to spatial unevenness.

Contributions of Green Infrastructure-Oriented Planning and Designing in Residential Gardens to the City’s Ecosystem: Case of Trabzon City, Turkey

The ratio of green areas belonging to residential areas and their location in the city is too important to ignore. However, when we look at urban planning, it is seen that green areas belonging to common public areas are generally evaluated within the scope of ecosystem services, while residential gardens that are within the scope of private property are ignored. In this context, the main purpose of the study is to examine the contribution of the residential gardens, in which the landscape value is kept to the forefront, to the ecosystem services. Within the scope of this main purpose, this study analyzes how the green areas of the residential gardens in Trabzon can be designed through a focus on green infrastructure (GI) within the axis of landscape value and how these designs will serve the ecosystem services in this perspective. Following the study, it has been determined that both spatial needs and ecosystem benefits can be met with the same GI elements, while, on the other hand, it has been conferred that the landscape value, as a significant factor in the design of residential gardens, is supported by several GI elements of an edible garden, pollinator garden, rain garden, biological pond, and green roof. It has been determined that GI elements, where vegetation and water landscape elements are used together, have a higher potential for ecosystem services. In addition, it has been concluded that the green areas of the residential gardens should not be planned and designed solely within their own areas. Based on these analyses, it has been determined that the benefits are considerably increased when the green areas of the residential gardens are planned and designed through a holistic GI-oriented design approach based on the total building parcel. Thus, it is very important to consider GI systems with a holistic approach in residential gardens throughout the city. This holistic approach will allow the benefits of GI to be spread throughout the city and will ensure that the benefits are homogenized within the city.

A Decision Support Tool for Green Infrastructure Planning in the Face of Rapid Urbanization

Multifunctional green infrastructure, a key component of compact sustainable cities, is challenged by the pressures associated with rapid urbanization. In this paper, we present a method that uses remote sensing, GIS modeling and stakeholder engagement to produce a decision support tool that communicates the availability and need for green infrastructure benefits. The case study presented is the City of Tshwane, South Africa, a Global South city facing rapid urbanization. We found that this method of mapping green infrastructure benefits can provide simultaneous oversight on multiple objectives for green infrastructure, including climate change adaptation, biodiversity, and equitable distribution of urban green space. We found that low-scoring benefit areas occur in dense urban areas where small-scale nature-based solutions or rehabilitation activities are required. Moderate benefit scores occurred in parts of the city that are vulnerable to urban expansion and densification activities, warranting the careful planning of green infrastructure provision, and that moderate-to-high-scoring areas can be protected as conservation areas. The results are discussed in terms of the role of decision support tools for urban planning practice. Composite indexes can provide important guidance to decision-makers involved in spatial planning and urban upgrading and expansion activities.

An investigation of past and present stormwater management practices within the City of Johannesburg

The City of Johannesburg (CoJ) has implemented a new stormwater design manual which aims at treating stormwater as a resource and to render urban spaces usable for urban environment through design networks that convey stormwater safely to the environment. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), SWATCup, and Rational Method, were used to investigate and assess the past (1886 to 1900) and present (1990 to 2016) stormwater management practices within the City of Johannesburg. The current stormwater management infrastructures were investigated as green and grey, with a focus on the benefits of green infrastructure. The study showed a lower simulated quantity of runoff in the pre-development era and higher simulated quantity of runoff in the post-development era, with varying land use land cover percentages. The post-development time shows that 35% of land use land cover is used for settlements and 65% is for open fields and other uses. However, in the pre-development time, only 10% of this land was used for urban settlement while 90% was dedicated to farmland. Pre-development condition also showed an annual precipitation of 757 mm of which 28% ended up as surface runoff while 45% was lost due to evaporation and transpiration. On the other hand, the post-development time showed 772 mm of annual precipitation with 29% of this precipitation resulting in surface runoff and 50% lost due to evaporation and transpiration. This study also confirms that indeed the LULC changes over the years have affected the quantity of runoff in CoJ. This paper is essential in assisting CoJ in determining the practicality of utilising the new stormwater design manual.