Benefits Of Energy Storage Systems Research Articles

Assessment of Power System Resiliency with New Intelligent Controller and Energy Storage Systems

This research investigates the role of various energy storage systems (ESS) in improving the power system resiliency. Different ESS configurations are analyzed individually and in combination to assess their impact on system performance. Additionally, a fuzzy-based controller (PIλDN + FFOPI) is proposed as a secondary controller for load frequency control, with control parameters optimized using an improved Volleyball Premier League algorithm (IVPL). This algorithm leverages the powerful synergy of opposition-based learning and the versatility of the VPL algorithm, resulting in a highly effective and innovative approach. To validate the proposed approach, the modified Kundur’s 2-area test system under deregulation is first utilized, and its effectiveness is confirmed through testing with both step and random load disturbances. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate system performance across a wide range of parameter variations. Furthermore, the modified IEEE 39 bus system is utilized to assess compatibility and scalability. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of combined ESS configurations and the fuzzy-based controller in enhancing system stability and reliability. This research contributes to power system engineering by offering insights into the benefits of energy storage systems for dynamic response enhancement. The proposed fuzzy-based control strategy, tuned by the IVPL algorithm, presents a promising approach for improving power system performance and stability.

Economic evaluation of energy storage integrated with wind power

Energy storage can further reduce carbon emission when integrated into the renewable generation. The integrated system can produce additional revenue compared with wind-only generation. The challenge is how much the optimal capacity of energy storage system should be installed for a renewable generation. Electricity price arbitrage was considered as an effective way to generate benefits when connecting to wind generation and grid. This wind-storage coupled system can make benefits through a time-of-use (TOU) tariff. A proportion of electricity is stored from the wind power system at off-peak time (low price), and released to the customer at peak time (high price). Thus, extra benefits are added to the wind-storage system compared with wind-only system. A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm based optimization model was constructed for this integrated system including constraints of state-of-charge (SOC), maximum storage and release powers etc. The proposed optimization model was to obtain the optimal capacity of energy storage system and its operation control strategy of the storage-release processes, to maximize the revenue of the coupled system considering the arbitrage. Furthermore, the energy storage can provide reserve ancillary services for the grid, which generates benefits. The benefits of energy storage system through reserve ancillary services were also calculated. A case study was analyzed with respect to yearly wind generation and electricity price profiles. The benefit compared with no energy storage scenario was calculated. The impact of the energy storage efficiency, cost and lifetime was considered. The sensitivity and optimization capacity under various conditions were calculated. An optimization capacity of energy storage system to a certain wind farm was presented, which was a significant value for the development of energy storage system to integrate into a wind farm.

A novel characteristic-based degradation model of Li-ion batteries for maximum financial benefits of energy storage system during peak demand reductions

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are increasingly common in the energy storage system (ESS) to perform grid services such as peak demand reductions for financial and environmental benefits to customers, utility companies and governments. However, to realize the maximum financial benefits of ESS, it is necessary to develop a degradation model that can predict the battery capacity losses and lifespan due to intermittent charging current, discharging current, depth of discharge (DOD) and temperature with time. Therefore, a characteristic-based degradation model is proposed to predict the degradation and lifespan of the batteries based on the characteristics of charging current, discharging current, DOD and temperature with time. This model is verified experimentally based on the second-life batteries set up on the university campus. This model is then integrated with the idling degradation model to predict the service lifespan, optimum capacity and maximum financial benefit of ESS with either first or second-life batteries under different operating conditions. With the DOD of 70 % and 80–20 % as the desired range of state of health (SOH), the optimum capacity of 34kWh ESS can deliver the highest net saving of 21,141 MYR (4727 USD) to the university over 17.3 years. On the other hand, the optimum capacity of 52 kWh ESS can achieve the maximum net saving of 78,924 MYR (17,647 USD) to a factory over 5.2 years under the DOD of 100 % with 100–80 % as the desired range of SOH.

Optimal energy storage planning for stacked benefits in power distribution network

Energy storage system (ESS) is regarded as an effective tool to promote energy utilization efficiency and deal with the operational risk of the power distribution network (PDN), which is caused by the inherent uncertainties of distributed energy resources and the surging of new loads from emerging energy sectors. Multiple benefits could be accrued by ESSs when providing various services to the PDN. However, investing in ESSs without a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis will underestimate the ESSs’ profitability and result in a suboptimal planning scheme. To this end, this paper proposes a bi-level ESS planning method considering the stacked benefits of ESSs. First, to facilitate the comprehensive cost-benefit analysis in the investment decision making process, systematic definitions and quantitative methods of ESS benefits are proposed to evaluate both the investment and operational benefits of ESSs properly. Novel ESS reserve model and load hosting capacity evaluation model are also developed to improve the accuracy of the benefit assessment. Second, a game theory based bi-level programming method is proposed to precisely capture the two-layer dynamic interaction structure of ESS planning using an easy-to-implement mathematical optimization-based formulation with global optimum guarantee. Specifically, the upper level optimizes the sites and sizes of ESSs for maximizing the stacked benefits, while the lower level economic dispatch model determines the optimal scheduling of the installed ESSs. Finally, to make the bi-level ESS planning problem tractable, it is reformulated as a single-level mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints by the duality-based reformulation. The linearization method is applied to further convert it into a mixed-integer programming problem that could be directly solved by commercial solvers. Numerical results verify that the proposed planning strategy could yield cost-effective results under different settings. Comprehensive cost-benefit analysis also indicates that transmission and distribution system upgrade deferral, reserve/regulation provision and energy arbitrage are the top-three applications for maximizing ESS benefits, and it is not always reasonable to keep investing in ESSs as their marginal benefits will decrease to zero with the increasing ESS investment.

Research on Application and Benefits of Energy Storage Systems

At present, Energy storage systems are widely used in power supply, power grid and end-users system. There have been extensive application explorations in most application scenarios in China, such as smoothing power fluctuation and output tracking of new energy sources, assisting conventional units to participate in frequency modulation, peak-shaving frequency modulation of the power grid, system standby, peak-valley arbitrage of the load side, as well as demand reduction. This paper firstly investigates the typical operation modes of energy storage applied to new energy consumption scenarios, and analyzes three important technical approaches in order to promote new energy consumption, such as energy storage to stabilize fluctuation, tracking output and peak load balancing. Secondly, to evaluate the economic benefits of energy storage allocation in new energy projects in different regions of China by using the self-developed software for economic analysis of new energy and comprehensive energy system; thereafter the strategic suggestions for energy storage allocation in different regions are proposed. The results show that it is economical for wind power owners to build Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES) and it is even cheaper to purchase PTES by wind power owners than to build electrochemical energy storage (EES) batteries by users when the same conditions of energy storage applies. Owner-built and owner-allocated Photovoltaic (PV) power station is poor in economy. Under the same energy storage condition, when the allocated energy of 1MW PV power generation is less than 200 kW, EES is relatively more economical than PTES.

Determinants of users’ perception of and satisfaction with a home energy storage system under a leasing scheme in Japan

This study focussed on a leasing scheme for home energy storage systems (ESS) in Japan. Based on a review of the relevant articles related to ESS and leasing schemes in general, it proposes a leasing scheme for ESS that reduces the initial investment cost for ESS users. In this process, the study focussed on two objectives: investigating the determinants of the perception and satisfaction of users of ESS with the system, and clarifying the relationship between the satisfaction level and subjective judgment of the economic benefits of ESS under the leasing scheme. To these ends, questionnaire surveys were employed, and logit model analysis and cluster analysis were performed. The results showed that most ESS lease users were satisfied mainly because of the perceived financial benefits. Additionally, the satisfaction level increased with the perceived economic benefits, satisfaction with having new equipment, and understanding of ESS. For further diffusion and sustainable use of ESS, it is important that users understand the advantages of ESS, which can bring financial benefits and provide opportunities for a deeper understanding of the system.

Benefits of Energy Storage Systems for Small-Scale Wind Farm Development in Latvia

Abstract The paper covers the main aspects and restrictions on siting small-scale wind farms in Latvia and benefits of using energy storage systems with small-scale wind farms. The restrictions of siting have been analysed. Grid connection restrictions are addressed as the main issues for small-scale wind farm development in Latvia. Two small-scale wind farm models with similar properties have been made and analysed within the framework of the research. The paper proposes the idea for maximising the production of small-scale wind farm in a small area site with high wind potential.

Modeling Costs and Benefits of Energy Storage Systems

In recent years, analytical tools and approaches to model the costs and benefits of energy storage have proliferated in parallel with the rapid growth in the energy storage market. Some analytical tools focus on the technologies themselves, with methods for projecting future energy storage technology costs and different cost metrics used to compare storage system designs. Other tools focus on the integration of storage into larger energy systems, including how to economically operate energy storage, estimate the air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions effects of storage, or understand how policy and market rules influence storage deployment and operation. Given the confluence of evolving technologies, policies, and systems, we highlight some key challenges for future energy storage models, including the use of imperfect information to make dispatch decisions for energy-limited storage technologies and estimating how different market structures will impact the deployment of additional energy storage.

Operation Strategy of Shared ESS Based on Power Sensitivity Analysis to Minimize PV Curtailment and Maximize Profit

Nowadays, due to the renewable energy policy, the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) has increased, but the curtailment of PV output power has also increased. However, for PV power producers, who earn profit from selling power to the utility, this kind of curtailment will lead to a decline in their profit. Thus it is necessary to determine how to perform proper curtailment for them. This study proposes a shared energy storage system (ESS) operation strategy based on the power flow at the points of common coupling (PCC) and the power sensitivity of the line loss effect between buses where each PV power producer is located. The proposed algorithm maximizes the overall regional profit through arbitrage trading of shared ESS and performs a curtailment that reduces the effect of line loss at the PCC points. The performance verification of the proposed algorithm is conducted through a simulation on MATLAB, the benefits of shared ESS and the economic feasibility of reducing the curtailment are also analyzed. Moreover, the results of shared ESS benefits and curtailment allocations based on power sensitivity are analyzed for each PV power producer. The results show an improved local profit and PCC power flow.

Evaluation of the behind-the-meter benefits of energy storage systems with consideration of ancillary market opportunities

In this study, we analyze behind the meter benefits and resiliency capability of the price-taking energy storage devices in order to understand the impact of the facility's electricity and thermal demand behavior, energy providers pricing structure, DER configuration, storage capacity, and facility criticality on the storage evaluation assessment. We develop an integrated design considering ancillary market opportunities that accounts for different facilities with variant thermal and electrical loads, different DER configurations and energy tariff structures.

Business opportunities for grid-integrated energy storage systems in Malaysia based on a real case study

Abstract The electricity generation and maximum demands in many countries are increasing rapidly in the past few decades in tandem with economic growth. A grid-integrated energy storage system (ESS) provides an attractive solution to mitigate the maximum demands. However, many entrepreneurs are not optimistic about the potential business opportunities for grid-integrated energy storage systems especially in developing countries like Malaysia because the technical, financial and environmental benefits of ESS technologies are not evident currently. Therefore, a 400 kW and 667 kWh energy storage system was designed, set up and commissioned at a university building in Malaysia in order to demonstrate the multiple benefits of grid-integrated ESS. The system has proven to generate an annual saving of about USD 3,803.6 in electricity bills. At the same time, the utility company has also achieved the annual savings of USD 21,207.75 and 15.86 tons of CO2 avoidance since the ESS reduces generation cost and helps cut significant cost through deferment of network reinforcements. With a storage cost of only USD 151,000, the customer and utility company can recover the cost within 6 years over the storage lifespan of 11 years. Hence, the grid-integrated ESS presents a good business opportunity for even small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to enter the electricity industry by offering unique energy savings solutions to the customers and utility company which is particularly attractive in countries where there are only a few major electricity providers such as Malaysia to generate more savings to both the customers and utility companies.

Estimating the Cost of Solar Generation Uncertainty and the Impact of Collocated Energy Storage: The Case of Korea

As a major option for reducing greenhouse gas emission and sustainable development, renewable generation is rapidly expanding in the power sector. However, the variability and uncertainty of renewable generation undermine the reliability of the power system, requiring additional reserve capacities. This study estimates the costs induced by additional reserve capacities to reduce the uncertainty of solar generation in the Korean power system and analyzes the effectiveness of the Energy Storage System (ESS) in reducing these costs, using the stochastic form of multi-period security-constraint optimal power flow. To determine the input of stochastic solar generation, an ARMAX model and Monte Carlo method are applied for representative solar farms. The results indicate solar power generation by 2029 would increase the required reserve by 56.2% over the current level but coupling a 10 GWh of lithium-ion ESS would reduce it by 61.1% compared to increased reserve level for 2029. The operating cost reduction (benefit) by ESS would be 80.8% higher in 2029 compared to the current level and cover 89.9% of its installation cost. The benefit of ESS will be improved when (1) offer prices of reserves correctly reflect the true opportunity cost of providing reserve services and (2) more variable renewable energies are deployed.

The Capacity Optimization of the Energy Storage System used for Peak Load Shaving

With the development of society, the demand for power increases sharply, and the peak valley difference of load curve will affect the power quality and the life of generator set. The energy storage system can be used for peak load shaving and smooth out the power of the grid because of the capacity of fast power supply. Because of the high energy storage cost, it restricts the wide use of energy storage system, so it is very important for optimizing the storage capacity allocation. This paper analyses the economic benefits of the battery energy storage system used for load shaving in the distribution network. Through genetic algorithm, and considering the investment costs and economic benefits of energy storage system, the optimal value of energy storage capacity allocation is obtained by maximizing annual income as the objective function which is based on time-sharing electricity price. Finally, a 17-node distribution network is tested with typical daily load curve to justify the effectiveness of this method, and the results show that this method can not only play the role of peak load shaving, but also obtain certain profits.

Economic Evaluation of ESS in Urban Railway Substation for Peak Load Shaving Based on Net Present Value

In this paper, we estimate the economic benefits of Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) for peak load shaving in an urban railway substation using the annual cost. The annual investment cost of ESSs is estimated using Net Present Value (NPV) and compared with the cost reduction of electricity by the ESS. The optimal capacities of the battery and Power Converting System (PCS) are determined for peak load shaving. The optimal capacity of the ESS and the peak load shaving is determined to maximize the profit by the ESS. The proposed method was applied to real load data in an urban railway substation, and the results show that electric power costs can be reduced. Other aspects of the ESS, such as the lifetime and unit price of the battery, are also investigated economically.

Expansion Planning of Active Distribution Networks With Centralized and Distributed Energy Storage Systems

A multistage active distribution network (ADN) planning model that is integrated with the application of energy storage system (ESS) is presented in this paper. Both the long-term investment cost and short-term operation conditions of ADN are considered in the proposed model. The power supply reliability improvement brought by ESS is also analyzed. At each planning stage, the operation conditions are divided into several typical day scenarios and an extreme condition scenario which are based on the load forecast data. The long-term expansion planning decisions including those for replacing and adding circuits, introducing ESS, and considering ADN short-term operation strategies for the ESS charging and discharging are optimized together in the proposed model. The ESS benefits pertaining to peak load shaving and power reliability enhancement are demonstrated using numerical cases, in which the centralized and the distributed ESS are considered as options for the ADN implementation. The effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated through various discussions in the paper.

Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Feeded by Renewable: PV and Train Regenerative Braking

At present, electric vehicles are charged at home at night when lower off-peak rates could apply. The purpose of this pilot project is to demonstrate the viability of providing renewable power charging services for electric vehicles at railway station parking lots for commuters during the day. The power needed to feed the charging station comes from a photovoltaic system as well as from the regenerative braking of a 25-kV AC railway traction system (RTS) and a 3-kV DC RTS. The design of the proposed DC microgrid for the charging station also involves an energy storage system (ESS) (battery of variable size and supercapacitor) and the connection to a secondary distribution network (SDR). The paper analyses the two most challenging technical issues: (1) the strategy of power management and converter control; (2) the impact of the size of the ESS. Although an increase in the size of ESS benefits the charge from renewable power, this increases the total investment inevitably. The smart strategy developed from power management, based on DC bus sensing, aims at maximizing the usage of available renewable power by mitigating the impact of charging station on the SDR.

Optimal planning and operation of energy storage systems in radial networks for wind power integration with reserve support

Though energy storage system (ESS) is a promising approach to alleviate the variability of non-dispatchable wind power and other forms of renewable energy sources, its high investment cost has impeded its wide deployment. Aiming at exploiting the arbitrage benefit of ESS in reserve market and raising revenue of shareholders, this study explores the optimal planning and operation of ESS in radial networks. Besides load balancing, ESS is used to provide three kinds of operating reserve services in presence of high wind power penetration, including spinning reserve, upward and downward regulation reserves. In light of the capacity limitation of ESS, the time duration of reserve provision has been taken into account. In the proposed model, unit commitment and AC optimal power flow (AC-OPF) are combined together over sequential time series to find the optimal location and size of ESSs. In order to reduce the computational complexity, the extended DistFlow model of AC-OPF is adopted to convert the problem into a mixed-integer second-order cone programming. Numerical studies on the IEEE 34-bus distribution test feeder are used to investigate the effects of ESS with respect to various penetration levels of wind power and load scales.

Methodology for assessing viability of energy storage system for buildings

The viability of energy storage systems is evaluated from technical, cost and emission reduction perspective in this paper. With the rising penetration rate of renewable energy sources, ESS (energy storage systems) are widely researched on the ability to overcome the mismatch of generation and load profiles. This research develops a methodology to assess the financial benefits of ESS connected to conventional power systems in reducing the load variability. These include reduced network losses, increased plant factor, reduced system costs, deferment of network upgrade, improved power system stability and improved power quality. These factors are weighted against the additional cost of ESS. The methodology is applied in a case study based on the electrical load collected from a building, with a peak load of 736 kW and load factor of 0.371. From the results, ESS is found to be effective to reduce the overall cost of the system. A large portion of the saving is obtained by the power operator when ESS is installed by the customer. In order to incentivize the building owner to install ESS, these savings need to be shared with the building owner.

Impact of Wind Speed Correlation on the Operation of Energy Storage Systems

Renewable resources technologies such as wind power currently demonstrate a worldwide popularity thanks to their environmental friendly status and their economic potential. The variability of the wind power output implies the use of practical solutions such as energy storage systems in order to retain the power system stability and reliability. The wind geographical correlation between different wind farms also impacts the system reliability. This paper studies the effects of the wind speed correlation level on the performance of the associated energy storage system (ESS). Wind correlated model using Weibull probability distribution and Nataf transformation is presented. Energy storage system model and energy management algorithm are developed. Both are applied to a modified IEEE-RTS power generation and load model. The case simulation results indicate that the wind speed correlation level between two wind farms impacts the power distribution inside energy storages and that it needs to be considered in order not to overestimate ESS benefits on the system.

A quasi-automated generation control strategy for multiple energy storage systems to optimize low-carbon benefits

Integrating a battery energy storage system (ESS) with a large wind farm can smooth the intermittent power obtained from the wind farm, but the smoothing function will not be achieved if multiple ESSs are used to smooth the fluctuations in individual wind power plants in a distributed pattern. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of a control strategy to optimize the use of multiple ESSs to accelerate the adoption of wind energy resources. This paper proposes a quasi-automated generation control (QAGC) strategy to coordinate multiple ESSs, which responds to the grid dispatch demand rather than smoothing out the intermittent power from individual wind farms. The aims of QAGC are to ensure that multiple ESSs provide a service that is as balanced as possible, so more wind power systems at various scales can be accepted by the grid, as well maximizing the low-carbon benefits of ESSs. The effectiveness of QAGC is demonstrated by using data from an actual gigawatt scale cluster of wind plants.