Wire Bending Research Articles

AI-assisted design and robotic wire bending of Hawley retainer

AI-assisted design and robotic wire bending of Hawley retainer

Evaluation of dental students and alumni's confidence level in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment-planning: A qualitative study.

Orthodontic education, besides some other factors, influences the confidence level of recently graduated dentists to diagnose subjects seeking orthodontic treatment and provide treatment plans. This study aims to explore the factors that influence the confidence level of undergraduate dental students to diagnose subjects seeking orthodontic treatment and provide treatment plans after graduation. A qualitative study was undertaken using focus groups and interviews. Purposive sampling was used, focus groups and face to face semi-structured interviews were adopted as the method of data collection. Three focus groups were evaluated including fifth-year undergraduate, postgraduate orthodontic students, and recently graduated general dentists. In addition, eleven interviews were performed with the fifth-year undergraduate students. Data collection ceased upon reaching data saturation, with thematic analysis employed for qualitative data analysis. Six themes and two sub-themes were extracted from the data. More focus on the theory was highly noticed, and most of the participants exhibited a low level of self confidence in extrapolating orthodontic diagnosis and establishing treatment plans after graduation. In addition, they believed that practical teaching sessions mostly deal with wire bending and demanded to expand the clinical orthodontic knowledge to be able to indicate the right diagnosis and initiate proper treatment plans. Clinical and practical training alongside theoretical foundation represent key factors in orthodontic education required to obtain confidence in orthodontic practice among dental undergraduate students and alumni. The findings help in enhancing undergraduate programs via providing a clinically oriented orthodontic education from student perceptions.

Integrating High-Performance Flexible Wires with Strain Sensors for Wearable Human Motion Detection.

Flexible electronics have revolutionized the field by overcoming the rigid limitations of traditional devices, offering superior flexibility and adaptability. Conductive ink performance is crucial, directly impacting the stability of flexible electronics. While metal filler-based inks exhibit excellent conductivity, they often lack mechanical stability. To address this challenge, we present a novel conductive ink utilizing a ternary composite filler system: liquid metal and two micron-sized silver morphologies (particles and flakes). We systematically investigated the influence of filler type, mass ratio, and sintering process parameters on the composite ink's conductivity and mechanical stability. Our results demonstrate that flexible wires fabricated with the liquid metal/micron silver particle/micron silver flake composite filler exhibit remarkable conductivity and exceptional bending stability. Interestingly, increasing the liquid metal content results in a trade-off, compromising conductivity while enhancing mechanical performance. After enduring 5000 bending cycles, the resistance change in wires formulated with a 4:1 mass ratio of micron silver particles to flakes is only half that of wires with a 1:1 ratio. This study further investigates the mechanism governing resistance variations during flexible wire bending. Additionally, we observed a positive correlation between sintering temperature and pressure with the conductivity of flexible wires. The significance of the sintering parameters on conductivity follows a descending order: sintering temperature, sintering pressure, and sintering time. Finally, we demonstrate the practical application of this technology by integrating the composite ink-based flexible wires with conductive polymer-based strain sensors. This combination successfully achieved the detection of human movements, including finger and wrist bending.

Treatment of Anterior Crossbite with Inverted Bracket Position, Case Report

Background: Anterior crossbite is an abnormality in the sagittal direction of one or more maxillary anterior teeth against the mandibular teeth. Although the incidence of this case is small, it can cause aesthetic problems, tooth abrasion, caries, gingivitis, bone resorption, and gingival recession. Case Report: A 24-year-old female patient presented with her upper front teeth positioned behind her lower teeth and a noticeable gap between her upper front teeth. She exhibited an anterior crossbite involving teeth 22 to 32, a central diastema, and crowding of the upper and lower front teeth. Treatment was carried out using a fixed orthodontic with an MBT system and the bracket placement of 22 in an inverted position to get a labial torque effect on the roots. Conclusion: The use of pre-adjusted brackets with the MBT system and the placement of the lateral incisive bracket in an inverted position successfully corrected the anterior crossbite in these teeth both at the crown and root without additional wire bending or auxiliary spring.

Frictional effect on the mechanical properties of bridge's semi-parallel stay cables under axial tensile loads

A novel analytical model is proposed to evaluate the influence of adjacent wire friction on the mechanical properties of semi-parallel stay cables. This model considers the bending and torsional stiffness of semi-parallel wires and the friction between adjacent contact wires. The finite difference method and nonlinear least squares method are used to solve the angle between the principal torsion-flexure axes and Frenet–Serret axes of the wires numerically, and each wire is solved sequentially according to the equation of the force transmission. The helical radius and angle of all wires after deformation are derived according to the angle, and the problem is iteratively solved until convergence of all wires. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified via the refined finite element model of a 19-wire stay cable. The proposed method accurately evaluated the mechanical properties of adjacent wire friction on stay cable by analyzing the influence of angle on the semi-parallel wires, which is more conducive to understanding the fretting wear and fatigue behavior of wires and quantifying their damage.

Real-time explicit co-simulation of wire-rope systems for industrial mobile harbor cranes

This paper presents an investigation into the real-time explicit co-simulation of mobile harbor cranes under hoisting operation. The system is divided into two subsystems, with Subsystem 1 representing the payload and Subsystem 2 encompassing the wire-rope system. To capture the real-time behavior of the wire ropes accurately, the ALEM (Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Modal) method is employed in this study. Using this formulation, the intricate behavior of the wire ropes, encompassing elasticity, bending effects, and dynamic influences, is rigorously considered. The dynamic equations governing the payload are solved using the Runge–Kutta4 method, while the Generalized Alpha method is utilized to solve the wire-rope system. Both the Gauss–Seidel and Jacobi methods are investigated as two coupling techniques to connect the subsystems. Additionally, the study delves into the impact of the extrapolation method and macro time step on results accuracy and efficiency. The findings demonstrate that co-simulation employing the Gauss–Seidel method and FOH (First-Order Hold) extrapolation yields optimum and accurate simulations. Moreover, the study successfully achieves real-time simulation by optimizing the wire-rope system simulation, accounting for all degrees of freedom inherent in a 3D system. Remarkably, the maximum error observed in the axial force amounts to a mere 0.6% when employing real-time simulation. These findings can hold practical value for employing the current wire-rope subsystem in the interface modeling of real-world industrial cranes.

An Orthodontic Plier with Protractor for Orthodontic Wire bending

An Orthodontic Plier with Protractor for Orthodontic Wire bending

GUIDEWIRE SHAPE MODIFICATION: A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE TO PREVENT CONDUCTION SYSTEM INJURIES DURING TRANSCATHETER VALVE IMPLANTATION

Abstract Background Atrioventricular (AV) conduction abnormalities remain one of the important unsolved issues with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). To minimize trauma on the conduction fibers, we introduced a simple technique involving the bending of the stiff guidewire wire at the level of the arch to prevent and minimize contact with the interventricular septum. Aim To report the technique for shape manipulation of the stiff guidewire during TAVI and to evaluate its safety and effectiveness in reducing the need for permanent pace–make implantation after TAVI. Methods and Results Before insertion into the left ventricle the TAVI stiff wire was bended by hand to obtain a ³180° degree curve 15–20cm from its tip. Distance between stiff wire and septum was assessed in cranial–lao cusp overlap projection. Among 26 consecutive patients who underwent TAVI with a bended stiff wire, 13(50%) presented preoperative factors of increased risk for need of PM implantation after TAVI due to LVOT calcification (10, 38.5%), bicuspid aortic valve with raphe opposite to the septum (2, 7.7%) and baseline RBBB (2, 7.7%). Wire was observed to be distant from the septum >5mm in 22/26 (85%) cases. Median distance from septum was 9.0 [6.0, 12.0] mm. Pre–dilatation was required in 20 patients (77%). Balloon was observed to inflate distant from septum in 18 (90%) of them. Self–expandable valves were most frequently employed (n = 21, 81%).No patient required new PM implantation after TAVI. The two patients with baseline RBBB developed transient complete AVB, which recovered before discharge.No major complication (vascular, ventricular perforation, annular rupture, device embolization) was observed. Conclusions In this early preliminary experience stiff wire bending was able not only to keep far from the septum the wire in the majority of patients, without any complication, but also to provide wire stability and prevented inadvertent pressure of the wire over the left ventricular apex. No patient required PM implantation after TAVI. While wire bending seems promising in minimizing trauma on the conduction system, this study is to be considered hypothesis generating and more data are needed to confirm its findings.

Effect of fatigue load on the bending tribo-corrosion-fatigue behaviors between the main cable wires

The main cable bent around the saddle of the suspension bridge is subjected to the wind, the vehicle, the bridge’s own weight and the corrosive media. The coupling of the three loads and the environments causes the friction, the corrosion, and the fatigue (tribo-corrosion-fatigue) among the wires inside the main cable. In this paper, a wire bending tribo-corrosion-fatigue test rig was designed and developed. The effect of fatigue load on the bending friction behaviors between the cable wires in ultrapure water and 3.5% NaCl solution was explored. The tribological properties and electrochemical corrosion behaviors under different fatigue loading ranges were investigated. The tribo-corrosion-fatigue interaction between the cable wires was quantitatively characterized, and the mechanism of the interaction was analyzed. The results demonstrate that the increasing fatigue load exacerbates the coupling damage of the cable wires attributed to the enhanced interaction. The findings carry theoretical importance when assessing the main cable’s deterioration and the load-bearing safety of a suspension bridge.

Application of Robotics in Orthodontics: A Systematic Review.

Robotics has various applications in dentistry, particularly in orthodontics, although the potential use of these technologies is not yet clear. This review aims to summarize the application of robotics in orthodontics and clarify its function and scope in clinical practice. Original articles addressing the application of robotics in any area of orthodontic practice were included, and review articles were excluded. PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and DOAJ were searched from June to August 2023. The risk of bias was established using the risk of bias in non-randomized studies (ROBINS) and certainty assessment tools following the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. A narrative synthesis of the data was generated and presented according to its application in surgical and non-surgical orthodontics. The search retrieved 2,106 articles, of which 16 articles were selected for final data synthesis of research conducted between 2011 and 2023 in Asia, Europe, and North America. The application of robotics in surgical orthodontics helps guide orthognathic surgeries by reducing the margin of error, but it does not replace the work of a clinician. In non-surgical orthodontics, robotics assists in performing customized bending of orthodontic wires and simulating orthodontic movements, but its application is expensive. The articles collected for this synthesis exhibited a low risk of bias and high certainty, and the results indicated that the advantages of the application of robotics in orthodontics outweigh the disadvantages. This project was self-financed, and a previous protocol was registered at the PROSPERO site (registration number: CRD42023463531).

Automatic computation of bending sequences for double-head wire bending machines

ABSTRACT Determining a feasible bending sequence for a double-head bending machine is a challenging and time-consuming task, even for an expert operator. An automatic bending sequence computation algorithm for a single-head bending machine was proposed in a previous work, exploiting A ⋆ graph search algorithm and the representation of the workpiece as an equivalent manipulator. This paper extends that approach to the case of a double-head bending machine, whose complexity, in terms of number of possible solutions to the problem of computing the feasible bending sequences, and of determination of the better sequences, that should exploit parallelism thanks to the execution of simultaneous bends on the two heads, is definitely higher. In this case, the wire has been modelled using two serial-link manipulators with a common base, and the A ⋆ cost function has been modified to promote simultaneous bends. An axes reachability-based path generator and the possibility of partial sequence search have been incorporated as well, to manage the run-time challenges due to an increased number of bends. In this way, an efficient bending sequence computation algorithm for a double-head wire bending machine has been devised, whose performance has been assessed on two industrial test cases, demonstrating its effectiveness and usefulness.

Design and Implementation of a Versatile Flexible 3D Wire Bending Machine with Accuracy Algorithm

Design and Implementation of a Versatile Flexible 3D Wire Bending Machine with Accuracy Algorithm

Effectiveness of a manual test at the beginning of dental school.

This study analysed whether the SAZAMED (Self-assessment for dentistry studies) manual test conducted as an exercise or examination in the first year of dental studies, and the official aptitude test for medical studies (EMS), can predict future performance of dental students. Students enrolled in the dental curriculum at the University of Basel between 2009/10 and 2019/20 were categorized: Group A conducted the SAZAMED in the third bachelor year (BA) and second master year (MA), group B practiced in the first and third BA and second MA and group C had to pass the test in the first BA with repetition in the third BA and second MA. SAZAMED comprised (i) wire bending, (ii) modelling sphere and cube, (iii) drawing mirror-inverted and (iv) indirect drawing over a mirror. Comparative variables were the EMS per cent rank and test scores in practical-clinical examinations in the third BA and the second MA. Data were available from 329 students over the 10-year period. Repeaters and dropouts had poorer performance in the first BA SAZAMED than students who did not (p < 0.001). Among the four SAZAMED exercises, mirror-inverted drawing was the strongest predictor of future student performance. The official aptitude test EMS correlated with the third BA certificate (p = 0.012), but failed to predict repeaters and dropouts. Since academic success was associated with significantly better scores on the first BA SAZAMED, it is considered a predictor and recommended in addition to the official EMS to identify students in need of intervention programmes or who should choose a different field of study.

Demiryolu Havai Hatlarında Pantograf Kuvveti ve Seyir Teli Gerilimi İlişkisinin Sonlu Elemanlar Yöntemi ile İncelenmesi

Railway overhead line electrification (OLE) is used for providing continuous power to the trains throughout catenary wires and the current collector device of the pantograph. The interaction of contact force exerted by the pantograph and contact wire is an important topic in regulating OLE dynamics. OLE components are subjected to fluctuating contact forces due to the trains running with high speed, therefore, it is important to estimate service life of contact wires and pantograph carbon collectors by considering contact wire/pantograph interference. This study performs a number of contact force and stress/strain analysis of standard OLE designs used in Europe, Series 1, Sicat S1.0, Sicat H1.0, Re250 and EAC 350, with finite element method. The results establish a link between stress levels and contact force in the contact lines depending on the design parameters of contact wire type, pretension, span-length, and contact wire material. Understanding the bending of the contact wire due to the contact force will help to predict potential failures in mainlines and extend our knowledge of safety and reliability of various OLE design parameters.

Influence of bending and heat treatment under high isostatic pressure on synthesis reaction and transport critical current density in isotopic IMD Mg11B2 'wind and react' coils

We show for the first time the results for small coils, which were wound with unreacted magnesium diboride (MgB2) wires with nano-amorphous isotopic boron (11B) by using combined internal magnesium (Mg) diffusion (IMD) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) techniques. The small coils with a diameter of 20 mm or 10 mm were annealed under low (0.1 MPa) and high (1.1 GPa) isostatic pressure. The 10 mm coils annealed under high isostatic pressure of 1.1 GPa had significantly increased critical temperature (Tc), irreversible magnetic field (Birr) and transport critical current density (Jtc), with significantly accelerated Mg diffusion and improved homogeneity of the Mg11B2 material. Moreover, our findings show for the first time that the bending of the unreacted IMD Mg11B2 wires significantly affects the synthesis reaction under the low and high isostatic pressure. Our findings also show for the first time that diffusion of Mg during heat treatment under high isostatic pressure is completely different than during heating under low isostatic pressure. Mg diffusion under low isostatic pressure annealing is mainly dependent on the heat treatment temperature, bending diameter and 11B layer density. This Mg diffusion is related to the simultaneous formation of the superconducting phase. However, the diffusion of Mg under high isostatic pressure heat treatment is mainly dependent on the isostatic pressure, 11B layer density and Mg state (liquid or solid). Our results indicate that liquid Mg is first pushed into the 11B layer by high isostatic pressure and then a superconducting phase is formed.

Distinguishing evaporation-like and boiling-like modes of pseudo-boiling in supercritical pressures

In this study, we identify whether evaporation-like (EL) mode and boiling-like (BL) mode occur under supercritical pressures by investigating the heat transfer of platinum (Pt) and nickel-chromium (NiCr) wires, with a length of 22.0 mm and diameter of 70 μm, in carbon dioxide liquid at 8 and 10 MPa. Using a direct photographic technique based on the light refractive principle, we analyse the brighter/darker pattern in a varied-density field. The vapor–liquid interface is quantified using the grey extraction method. Our results show that beyond the limit of natural convection (NC), only the EL mode is identified for the Pt wire. However, for the NiCr wire, the EL mode, the transition from EL to BL (TEB) mode, and the BL mode are observed. The opposing gravity and drag forces cause downward bending of the Pt wire and upward bending of the NiCr wire. In the TEB region, the varying importance of interfacial expansion velocity over the buoyancy velocity accounts for the piston motion of the NiCr wire. During falling of the wire, the lighter fluid penetrating the heavier fluid causes interfacial instability to trigger the intermittent BL heat transfer. Beyond the TEB region, continuous BL heat transfer is observed. We introduce the small-perturbation theory to achieve a new non-dimensional parameter, H3. For the Pt wire, a smaller (either negative or positive) H3 explains why only the EL mode appears. For the NiCr wire, the negative H3 in the TEB region proves that the intermittent BL heat transfer is caused by the piston motion of the wire, but the positive and ∼30 times larger H3 indicates that the continuous BL heat transfer is caused by the temporal-spatial temperature variations. Furthermore, we observe that the BL mode occurs in a vapor-like layer instead of wall cavities, which is different from subcritical boiling. The BL mode displays random and disordered features, like those of subcritical boiling. This work elaborately explores common and uncommon features between supercritical pseudo-boiling and subcritical boiling, and uncovers the secret of two modes of pseudo-boiling.

PREDICTABLE FACIAL ESTHETICS BY PRESURGICAL NASOALVEOLAR MOULDING IN NEONATES - A CASE REPORT

A Cleft is a congenital abnormal space or gap in the upper lip and palate. Although plastic surgery has made great advances in the area of cleft surgery, aesthetical corrections of the decient columella and nasal cartilages were difcult. presurgical naso-alveolar molding (PNAM) at an early stage is used to reduce soft tissue and cartilaginous deformity. This article presents a case report of a 6-day-old baby boy with a left-sided unilateral incomplete cleft lip and palate, with no signicant medical history or any associated systemic illness. He was referred with the primary need for a feeder plate. The width of the cleft was measured from the base of the alveolus on one side to the other and was approximately 7 mm. The nal impression was made with a custom tray. NAM appliance was fabricated and inserted in the patient's mouth. Orthodontic wire of 21 gauzes was used for wire bending to support the acrylic forming a nasal bulb. In 2 months, the followup patient was recalled at each 15 days intervals for 1 and a half months for activation and modication of the plate to gradually approximate the alveolar segments. After 2 months of follow-up, it was shown that the cleft palate gap was reduced to 3mm from 7mm. PNAM allows overall improvement in the aesthetics of nasolabial complex in cleft conditions and minimizes the extent and the numbers of surgery. The cleft deformity was signicantly reduced in size with the NAM therapy in the present case

Research on Mechanical Properties of Winding Axial Bending Under Unbalance of Transformer Pad

To improve the study on the influence of transformer windings and pad support on transformer short-circuit resistance, the calculation method of wire bending elastic modulus is analyzed, and the sample test is carried out: The influences of the unbalance of the two ends of the wire between the number of wires wound and the span of adjacent pads on the force-deflection curve, the bending force at the selected deflection, and the elastic modulus of bending were analyzed. The results showed that: Increasing the number of wires and decreasing the height difference of adjacent pads can improve the bending force and bending elastic modulus of wires, the axial stability, and short-circuit resistance of transformer windings. When the height of the adjacent pad is not balanced, the axial force can increase the compression degree between the pad and the wire, and reduce the span of the wire. Under the action of force, the wire yields twice, which further reduces the bending force and elastic modulus of the wire. This research can provide test data support for improving the installation of transformer winding pads and theoretical evaluation of short-circuit tolerance.

Teaching agile hardware development with an open‐source engineering simulator: An evaluation with industry participants

AbstractEducational games are increasingly used to teach Agile development approaches to practitioners. Most of these training modules simplify the development environment, for example, by using LEGO bricks or playing cards. This oversimplification has been shown to result in limited transferability of learning to industrial practice. Furthermore, there is a lack of teaching modules that specifically address the challenges of applying Agile to physical products. In this paper, we present an open‐source educational game that realistically simulates a hardware development project to teach Agile principles. Over 2 days, participants design, manufacture, and test modifications for a physical wire bending machine within an authentic engineering and production setting. The training mimics the typical roles, processes, and tools of industrial engineering teams to reflect the challenges of Agile hardware development. The module was evaluated with 44 industry professionals regarding perceived learning and user reaction. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used for the experimental evaluation. The results showed a positive learning effect as the participants' average agreement with Agile principles increased through the training. Concerning user reaction, respondents reported a high degree of relevance, interaction, and confidence, indicating that the realistic simulation of the hardware development appropriately balanced the degree of realism with simplicity. The study showcases the opportunities of properly aligning game components to provoke learning situations targeted by the instructors. It contributes to the extant literature by providing a design framework (product, process, setting, and instruction) and open‐source access to the tools used for implementation.

Introducing a User-Friendly Technique for Treatment of Palatally-Impacted Canines with the Aid of Temporary Anchorage Devices.

Treatment of impacted canine teeth is a challenge for most clinicians, especially in adult patients with high risk of ankylosis. Conventionally, leveling and alignment of the teeth are first performed and after heavy arch wire placement in slot of brackets, de-impaction force is applied. However, this method has some disadvantages, such as inability to detect ankylosis of the impacted tooth until load application, risk of root resorption of incisors or necrosis of them, distortion of dental arch form, the need for early extraction of primary canines, which is esthetically unfavorable for patients, and long-term presence of fixed orthodontic appliances in the oral cavity. This study aims to introduce approach that can be easily used by busy clinicians to guide palatally impacted canines into the dental arch using a cantilever spring supported by two palatal miniscrews prior to the initiation of fixed orthodontic treatment, and report some cases treated with this technique. This technique does not have the shortcomings of the conventional technique. In addition, the total duration of treatment, and duration of presence of orthodontic appliances in the oral cavity are shorter than the conventional technique. In addition, is less technique sensitive and do not need time complex and time consuming wire bending.