Bell Type Research Articles

Acoustics of Oriental gongs and bells

Many different types of bells and gongs are found throughout the Far East. Each has an interesting story to tell the acoustician as well as the musicologist. Among the instruments we will discuss are gamelan gongs from Indonesia, opera gongs from China, gongs from Thailand, temple bells from Japan, and chime bells from China.

Recovery and Damage of Mechanically Harvested Peppers

ABSTRACT THERE have been many attempts at mechanically harvesting peppers over the last two to three decades. This study was undertaken to evaluate pepper recovery and damage using a twin, double open-helix harvesting system in typical processing pepper fields. Pepper recovery generally increased with helix rotational speed. No consistent relationship was found between damage and helix speed. Recovery and damage were unrelated to harvester travel speed for yellow bell, hot banana, hot cherry or sweet cherry types in the ranges tested (0.5 to 3.0 km/h). Harvesting at higher travel speeds may not be efficient because of the increased volume of product and trash, the limiting capacity of trash removal equipment and the additional hand sorters that would be required. This could also limit the number of rows harvested per machine. Average recovery and damage were unrelated to in-row plant spacings of 76, 152, 305 and 457 mm or at 200 and 400 mm. Damage was negligible in hot cherry, sweet cherry and jalapeno peppers. Hot banana had more damage (typically 5 to 8%, but still many test plots had near zero). Damage to yellow bells was excessive with 10 to 20% levels. In 1983, the cost of hand harvesting ranged from 20.1 to 47.6% of the farm-gate product value and when using the ARS harvester worker productivity increased 169 to 468%, depending on pepper type.

Group classification of vibration modes in bells

Several different systems have been used in classifying the vibration modes of church bells, carillon bells, and handbells. No existing classification system, however, has been completely satisfactory in describing modes of vibration in all types of bells. In this paper we describe a new mode classification system which is applicable to small handbells as well as to large church bells and carillon bells. The well‐known inextensional modes are arranged into groups (0, I, II, …) according to the number and location of their nodal circles, and a “periodic table” is constructed. Less familiar torsional, breathing, swinging, extensional, and ring axial modes are arranged in groups having similar modal shapes.

Essai pour une typologie de la cloche tibétaine dril-bu

The ritual sceptre rdo-rje and the handbell dril-bu — with an internal clapper and a handle in the shape of half a rdo-rje — are indispensable accessories for the ritual celebration of Tibetan Buddhism. They appear among the attributes which iconography gives to a number of Buddhas, bodhisattvas, protective deities and spiritual teachers. Since the beginning of the XIth century, numerous canonical and extra -canonical texts have described precisely the characteristics of the rdo-rje and dril-bu, and simultaneously explained the symbolical value which could be attributed to each part of the two objects. A comparison between the textual prescriptions and a sample of some fifty bells kept in various museums and monasteries has showed how faithful was the treatment of the ritual bells till the contemporary period. This allows to put forward a typology of the Tibetan dril-bu which takes into consideration the criteria offered by the Tibetan tradition itself. Two tables — one concerning the handle of the bell, the other the various symbolical decorations of the skirt of the bell - show the various correlations which have laid to the available types of bells.

Study on motion suppression system for marine structures

In recent years, ocean exploration and development activities have moved into deeper and more exposed seas, with progress of offshore technology. In these offshore construction works, it is very important to minimize the downtime of work vessels which have special functions, such as crane, pipe laying, diving support, etc.. Therefore, the reduction of motions of such vessels and floating structures has much significance on progress of offshore projects. In order to reduce the motions of floating structures, the effectiveness of new motion suppression system is dealt with based on modified Bell's type tanks which are composed of air chamber, water columns opened to sea and air duct between tanks.In this paper, as fundamental study, hydrodynamic forces acting on rectangular barge and its water columns in tanks are calculated by two-dimensional singular distribution method. Then, after modelization of air flow in chamber and duct, motion equations are derived. Results of calculation are compared with the experimental data. The results of motion calculation agree well with experimental ones.The results of this study are following.(1) The main factor of effects of this motion suppression system is shift of resonant period of structure to longer due to reduced GM.(2) The magnitude of rolling amplitude of structure with motion suppression system at its resonant period becomes abt.1/5 compared with amplitude without suppression system.(3) By handling of valve in air duct, very high performance of motion characteristic of structure on overall range of frequency is obtained.

BELL'S PHENOMENON: A STUDY OF 508 PATIENTS

Bell's phenomenon is an important physical sign in clinical medicine. An assessment of Bell's phenomenon may help to explain or localize the cause of ocular disease and lead to the diagnosis of systemic disease. We report in this paper our findings in 508 patients who presented consecutively to a general ophthalmic practice, and who were examined for their Bell's phenomenon and for lagophthalmos. The study demonstrated a good deal of variability not only in the amount but also in the type of Bell's phenomenon response in normal patients. It also demonstrated the usefulness of Bell's phenomenon in specific clinical situations. The literature on the usefulness of Bell's phenomenon is reviewed.

‘Garden Sunshine’ Bell Pepper1

Abstract ‘Garden Sunshine’ is an attractive, tobacco mosaic virus-resistant, bell type (sweet) pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) with lemon-yellow immature fruit which ripen to a bright red color. It is adapted to California growing conditions, and was developed as a unique home garden type. ‘Garden Sunshine’ fruits have improved flavor and canning attributes.

Critique of the Papers of Fine and Suppes

‘Bell's Theorem’ is the collective name for a family of arguments, which more accurately should be referred to as ‘Theorems of Bell's Type’, all being variants of the remarkable argument given by J. S. Bell (1964). All of these arguments have the format E & H → I, where E is a description of a type of experimental setup involving pairs of particles emitted from a common source, H is a physical hypothesis which typically expresses some version of “realism” and some version of “locality”, and I is an inequality concerning correlations between particles of a pair. There are differences among theorems of Bell's type regarding the details of the inequality I , which are important in actually carrying out experimental tests. There are differences regarding the arrow—i.e., the procedure whereby I is inferred from E & H.

On the consequences of Einstein locality

After some considerations about the equivalence of the objective local theories to the deterministic theories of Bell's type, a simple and systematic way to deduce inequalities from Einstein locality is introduced: All the inequalities deduced by Bell and by other authors, as well as several new ones, are so obtained. Some theorems are proven which show how striking the difference is at small angles between a correlation function satisfying Einstein locality and the quantum mechanical one. Experiments at small angles involve weaker additional assumptions than those used up to now in experimental research on Bell's inequality.

Interaction between prostaglandins and calcium: The importance of bell-shaped dose-response curves

Biological response to PGs show two basic forms of dose/response relationship, plateau and bell-types. although bell-shaped dose/response curves are well documented their possible occurrence is almost always ignored on the design and interpretation of experiments on PGs and related substances. This may lead to serious errors, several types of which are described. The ignoring of a well-documented phenomenon may take place because there is no accepted hypothesis which attempts to explain the bell-type curves. A hypothesis is proposed which accounts for both plateau and bell type responses. It is developed primarily with respect to PG-calcium interactions but may be applicable to some PG-cyclic nucleotide interactions as well. The model leads to precise predictions which can be experimentally tested in many systems.

Título en español.

En el primer ciclo de un programa de evaluación de variedades de pimiento de 1970 a 1973 se evaluaron 10 variedades (8 del tipo campana y 2 del tipo largo), en siembras mensuales en diferentes épocas. En unas se sembró la semilla directamente en el campo y en otras plantitas de semilleros. Los meses de noviembre a abril son los mejores para la siembra directa de pimiento en la zona noroeste. Junio es el mejor mes para la siembra por trasplante. En el segundo ciclo se evaluaron cuatro variedades de pimiento seleccionadas por sus altos rendimientos, resistencia a enfermedades y preferencias del consumidor. En este ciclo de siembras se lograron los rendimientos más elevados durante los meses de octubre, diciembre y febrero. Las variedades Blanco del País y Puerto Rico Wonder superaron en rendimientos a la Yolo Wonder Y y a la Cubanelle. Las siembras del segundo ciclo (cada 2 meses) confirmaron los resultados del primer ciclo. En el análisis combinado de todas las siembras, las variedades Puerto Rico Wonder y Blanco del País, la primera de las cuales fue desarrollada por la Estación hace muchos años, superaron a las otras ocho variedades en rendimiento. Se confirmó que estas dos variedades se adaptan bien a la región noroeste de Puerto Rico y que pueden producir buenas cosechas aún bajo condiciones adversas para otras variedades. En términos generales, se obtuvieron mejores rendimientos cuando la semilla se sembró directamente en el campo que cuando se trasplantó. En la siembra directa las plantas se desarrollaron más rápidamente, lográndose así una cosecha inicial más temprana.

Reinterpretation and extension of Bell's inequality for multivalued observables

Bell's inequality, as it is generally understood, is a relation involving average values over the readings of the apparatuses when dicotomic observables are measured, which can be derived on the basis of local hidden variables and can be violated by quantum mechanics. We derive a Bell type inequality, involving average values of physical quantities whose quantum mechanical operators need not be two-valued, under the hypothesis that composite systems are described by “proper” mixtures (i.e., statistical mixtures in the ordinary sense). This inequality is analyzed in detail for the case of aJ=M=0 state decaying into subsystems I, II with anyj and when average values of the quantity\((\overrightarrow J \cdot \hat a)_I \otimes (\overrightarrow J \cdot \hat b)_{II}\) are considered; it is then found that it cannot be violated ifj>1/2 by the quantum mechanical description of the composite system in terms of a “second-kind state.” A theorem is, however, established proving that in the general case suitable observables can be introduced for which a violation by quantum mechanics could be observed. This encourages the work in progress on more general situations and observables.

Improved bell type micromanometer for measuring low air speeds

An improved fast-response bell type micromanometer with Pitot tube has been developed for measuring low air speeds in the range of about 1 m/sec. Displacement of an inverted bell is picked up by an unbonded strain gauge which has a large spring constant compared to its sensitivity. A balance system is used to cancel the weight of the bell and decrease drifts.

Vinyl Polymerization. 341. A Proposal of a Mechanism for Radical Polymerization of Vinyl Monomers with Sodium Polymethallylsulfonate

Abstract In aqueous solution, sodium polymethallylsulfonate (PMAS-Na) can initiate a radical polymerization of vinyl monomer which has positively charged vinyl group. In the polymerization of MMA, Michaelis-Menten equation was applicable. From the results obtained, a bimolecular initiation mechanism, involving hydrogen atom transfer, was concluded to be reasonable. The relationships between pH of the aqueous layer and conversion and between polymerization temperature and conversion were of downward bell type. By Stewart model, it was found that PMAS-Na has a very rigid conformation. This structure can be compared with a rigid tertiary structure of enzyme, and the reaction appearances of enzyme and PMAS-Na can be considered to resemble very much each other.

Are Bell’s type inequalities sufficient conditions for local hidden-variable theories?

It is shown that however three unit vectorsi, j, k∈R3 and three numbersRij, Rik, Rjk are given satisfying the condition 0≤Rij,Rik,Rjk≤1/2 and the Bell's type inequalities |1/2−Rij−Rik|≤Rjk≤1/2−|Rij−Rik|, three functionsf1i, f1j, f1k exist which are a model of postulates of hidden-variable theories considered in a previous paper. Implications of this result are discussed, both from a mathematical and a physical point of view.

ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF THE SYNTHETIC MODEL ENZYME, THE SYNTHESIS OF CYCLO(HIS‐GLU‐CYS‐D‐PHE‐GLY)2 AS THE ESTERASE MODEL

To study the mechanism of enzyme action, cyclo(His–Glu–Cys-D-Phe–Gly)2 was prepared as an esterase model from the corresponding linear decapeptide by the azide methods. The esterase-like activity of this cyclic decapeptide in reaction to p-nitrophenyl acetate was three times greater than that of the linear decapeptide, the curve of the catalytic coefficient versus the different pH is of a bell type, and the optimum pH was recorded at about 7.6. The kinetics of the hydrolysis obeyed Michaelis-Menten’s typical equation.

Studies of the Synthetic Model Enzyme. The Synthesis of Cyclo(His–Glu–Cys-d-Phe–Gly)2 as the Esterase Model

Abstract To study the mechanism of enzyme action, cyclo(His–Glu–Cys-d-Phe–Gly)2 was prepared as an esterase model from the corresponding linear decapeptide by the azide methods. The esterase-like activity of this cyclic decapeptide in reaction to p-nitrophenyl acetate was three times greater than that of the linear decapeptide, the curve of the catalytic coefficient versus the different pH is of a bell type, and the optimum pH was recorded at about 7.6. The kinetics of the hydrolysis obeyed Michaelis-Menten’s typical equation.

A General Relation Between H0, Acid Concentration, and Water Activity for Strong Acids at Moderate Concentrations

Values of the Hammett acidity function H0 can be correlated for strong acid solutions up to −H0 values of 3.5 via a Bascombe and Bell type equation:[Formula: see text] taking into account the degree of dissociation of the acids. This can be interpreted according to[Formula: see text]and[Formula: see text]Alternatively, an approach based on the treatment of equilibrium constants in terms of mole-fractions yields[Formula: see text]valid for the same acids (H2SO4, HClO4, HCl, and HNO3) and again involving a tri-dehydration of the tetra-hydrated proton. The log of the ratio [Formula: see text] has been found to be proportional to −H0 itself and to be otherwise independent of the nature of the acid anion.

Peripheral facial palsy, A clinical material.

An unselected patient material of peripheral facial palsy from a known population group is presented. Out of 168 cases 144 (86%) were diagnosed as ischemic palsies of Bell's type. Bell's palsy strikes most patients in the beginning of middle-age and there is no difference in the frequency between men and women. Regardless of whether conservative or suraical therapy is initially used. an improved diannosis using electro-physiological recordings ought to be strived for. Conservative therapy with Rheoma-crodex®—a colloid osmotic hypertonic dextran solution with anti-sludge effect—and histamine intravenously has not proven to be better than using only vasodilators. Patients having an objectively provable axon-injury ought to be operated on within 2 weeks in accordance with experience recounted in an additional article (Lagerholm et al., 1971).

Chorda tympani neurectomy for Bell's palsy.

Two cases of facial paralysis of the Bell's type occurred in which evidence of cellular infiltration or signs of local infiltration in the chorda tympani nerve was absent. In one case, the chorda tympani neurectomy did not influence the course of the paralysis. The failure to confirm the hypothesis of Blatt in these two cases suggests caution in accepting chorda tympani neurectomy as a cure of Bell's palsy.