Beijing Normal University Research Articles

COSMOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF TIME IN “THE CHANGE OF ZHOU” (“THE BOOL OF CHANGE”)

This paper represents one chapter from my PhD dissertation, written and successfully defended at Beijing Normal University in 2012. The whole content is translated from my doctoral dissertation that was originally written in Chinese language. According to the existing references, the earliest Chinese philosopher who mentioned in his essays the word “cosmos – yuzhou” was Shi Jiao (390-330 BC). He said: “four directions of Heaven and Earth are called ′yu′, time since ancient times till today is called ′zhou′”. In other words, yu represents space, while zhou symbolizes time, and that is why Chinese ancient cosmology may be even called “concept of space and time”. Inscriptions on the oracle bones and tortoiseshells with the symbols called “ganzhi”, originating from the Yin dynasty, were used to record hours, days, months and years i.e. time, but at the same time, Chinese people used these symbols to mark the directions of space, too. All of the cosmological diagrams used by “The Change of Zhou” and yijingologists, like Fuxi’s transcendental bagua diagram, king Wen’s empirical bagua diagram, river map and Luo book simultaneously depict time and space. In the eyes of the Chinese people, since ancient times, time and space are one whole and inseparable unity. However, being a foreigner, the writer of these lines will separately analyze the meaning of time in “The Book of Change”. As a foreigner, I find that the greatest charm of Chinese characters is that every character holds the whole history and etymology of one word or term in it. In other words, the most prominent feature of Chinese characters is symbolism. Therefore, if we want to explore “the time” concept, we must start from the character 时- shi meaning “time”. Character shi is formed of one radical meaning “sun”, and another meaning “measure”. This shows that the meaning of character shi is “measuring the sun”, i.e. measuring the length of sun shadow. The shorter the sun shadow is, the weather is being warmer and the Yang energy gets more abundant. It explains that character shi depicts increasing and decreasing of Yin and Yang energy in the cosmos and on the Earth. This paper analyzes time concept in “The Change of Zhou” from the Chinese and Western point of view. It explains meanings of Heavenly dao, Heavenly time, chance and synchronicity. The paper uses time theories (like simplicity of time, presentism, etc.) of German scientist Leibniz（1646 – 1716）, and famous Swiss psychologist Carl Jung’s（1875 - 1961） concepts (like cosmical archetypes and synchronicities), and compare them with ideas of “the cognition of subtle”, “progress through change” and “capability to grasp the chance” in “The Change of Zhou”. Finally, it combines and summarises the concept of time from “The Change of Zhou” and Western point of view.

Evaluation of Two Satellite Surface Solar Radiation Products in the Urban Region in Beijing, China

Surface solar radiation, as a primary energy source, plays a pivotal role in governing land–atmosphere interactions, thereby influencing radiative, hydrological, and land surface dynamics. Ground-based instrumentation and satellite-based observations represent two fundamental methodologies for acquiring solar radiation information. While ground-based measurements are often limited in availability, high-temporal- and spatial-resolution, gridded satellite-retrieved solar radiation products have been extensively utilized in solar radiation-related studies, despite their inherent uncertainties in accuracy. In this study, we conducted an evaluation of the accuracy of two high-resolution satellite products, namely Himawari-8 (H8) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), utilizing data from a newly established solar radiation observation system at the Beijing Normal University (BNU) station in Beijing since 2017. The newly acquired measurements facilitated the generation of a firsthand solar radiation dataset comprising three components: Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI), and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI). Rigorous quality control procedures were applied to the raw minute-level observation data, including tests for missing data, the determination of possible physical limits, the identification of solar tracker malfunctions, and comparison tests (GHI should be equivalent to the sum of DHI and the vertical component of the DNI). Subsequently, accurate minute-level solar radiation observations were obtained spanning from 1 January 2020 to 22 March 2022. The evaluation of H8 and MODIS satellite products against ground-based GHI observations revealed strong correlations with R-squared (R2) values of 0.89 and 0.81, respectively. However, both satellite products exhibited a tendency to overestimate solar radiation, with H8 overestimating by approximately 21.05% and MODIS products by 7.11%. Additionally, solar zenith angles emerged as a factor influencing the accuracy of satellite products. This dataset serves as crucial support for investigations of surface solar radiation variation mechanisms, future energy utilization prospects, environmental conservation efforts, and related studies in urban areas such as Beijing.

Bibliometric Analysis of Academic Studies on Student Support Systems in Open and Distance Learning

The aim of this research is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of educational studies utilising Student Support Systems (SSS) in Open and Distance Learning, as indexed and scanned in the Web of Science (WoS) database under SCI-Expanded, SSCI, and A&HCI. The study employs descriptive and bibliometric analysis methods including journal articles exported as a .txt file from the WoS database. The data (6.366 open-access articles between 2013 and 2023) have been mapped using the VOSviewer. The research findings indicate that the majority of educational studies involving SSS in Open and Distance Learning are constituted by articles, with the number of publications beginning to rise from 2017 and the highest number of publications occurring in 2021. The authors receiving the most shared citations in this field have been identified as Dragan Gasevic, Sanna Jarvela, Abelardo Pardo and Jonna Malmberg respectively. The countries producing the most publications related to Student Support Systems in Open and Distance Learning are, in order, the USA, Australia, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Spain, Canada, and Turkey. From the perspective of country citation analysis, the USA has received the most citations and the institutions receiving the most citations are the University of Hong Kong in Hong Kong, Monash University in Australia, Beijing Normal University in the People's Republic of China, and the National University of Science and Technology in Taiwan. Finally, the most frequently used keywords in published studies have been found to be, in order, higher education, e-learning, online learning, and learning analytics.

A neuroimaging biomarker for Individual Brain-Related Abnormalities In Neurodegeneration (IBRAIN): a cross-sectional study

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that poses a worldwide public health challenge. A neuroimaging biomarker would significantly improve early diagnosis and intervention, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for affected individuals and reducing the burden on healthcare systems. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data (10,099 participants with 13,380 scans) from 12 independent datasets were used in the present study (this study was performed between September 1, 2021 and February 15, 2023). The Individual Brain-Related Abnormalities In Neurodegeneration (IBRAIN) score was developed via integrated regional- and network-based measures under an ensemble machine learning model based on structural MRI data. We systematically assessed whether IBRAIN could be a neuroimaging biomarker for AD. IBRAIN accurately differentiated individuals with AD from NCs (AUC=0.92) and other neurodegenerative diseases, including Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Vascular dementia (VaD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (AUC=0.92). IBRAIN was significantly correlated to clinical measures and gene expression, enriched in immune process and protein metabolism. The IBRAIN score exhibited a significant ability to reveal the distinct progression of prodromal AD (i.e., Mild cognitive impairment, MCI) (Hazard Ratio (HR)=6.52 [95% CI: 4.42∼9.62], p<1×10-16), which offers similar powerful performance with Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Aβ (HR=3.78 [95% CI: 2.63∼5.43], p=2.13×10-14) and CSF Tau (HR=3.77 [95% CI: 2.64∼5.39], p=9.53×10-15) based on the COX and Log-rank test. Notably, the IBRAIN shows comparable sensitivity (beta=-0.70, p<1×10-16) in capturing longitudinal changes in individuals with conversion to AD than CSF Aβ (beta=-0.26, p=4.40×10-9) and CSF Tau (beta=0.12, p=1.02×10-5). Our findings suggested that IBRAIN is a biologically relevant, specific, and sensitive neuroimaging biomarker that can serve as a clinical measure to uncover prodromal AD progression. It has strong potential for application in future clinical practice and treatment trials. Science and Technology Innovation 2030 Major Projects, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing Natural Science Funds, the Fundamental Research Funds for the CentralUniversity, and the Startup Funds for Talents at Beijing Normal University.

Bibliometric Analysis of Farmers' Rural-Urban Migration Based on the Scopus Platform

Cities and metropolitan regions provide economic and social opportunities for individuals in today's globalized and rapid urbanization period. However, urbanization has led to unequal economic growth between rural and urban regions, promoting urban migration. Migration is a cross-cutting problem on the SDG 2030 agenda, presenting fresh difficulties at national and international levels. Rural-urban migration is a common phenomenon in developing countries. In many cases, rural farmers migrated and left their existing farming profession. Many people believe there are some positive effects, like improving food supply, schooling for kids, etc., and some adverse effects, like poor housing and unhygienic living environments in cities for the migrants. However, very few studies have been conducted in this aspect. Considering these, the present study showed a bibliometric study of farmers' rural-urban migration based on the Scupas platform. The study used both Biblioshiny and VOSviewer software. The bibliometric analysis of scholarly articles from 2013 to 2023 is presented in the article, including the analysis of 1,549 journals, books, and other publications, with 3,892 documents from the Scopus platform. Influential journals, such as "SUSTAINABILITY", "INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH", and "PLOS ONE". Leading research countries are China and the USA. Active institutions in rural-urban migration include the University of Amsterdam, Beijing Normal University, Peking University, etc. Future research should consider data from different sources and integrate cross-border populations, as conceptual analysis based on keywords may provide a superficial interpretation.

Bibliometric and Visual Analysis of Natural Capital Studies

Natural capital is an important part of the ecological service systems, a necessary condition for human survival and development, and an important support for the sustainable and healthy development of the three dimensions of society, economy and environment. Based on the core ensemble database of Web of science (WOS) database, this paper uses CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to visualise and analyze the subject development trend and hot research of natural capital from 2001 to 2022. The results show that: 1. The major publishing countries in natural capital are the United States, China, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada, with the United States in first place followed by China, and China and the United States are far ahead of the rest of the world in natural capital research. 2. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Australian National University, the University of Oxford, Stanford University, the University of Queensland and Beijing Normal University are the top six publishers in natural capital research institutions, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences leading the way in terms of the number of articles published. 3. In the past 20 years, the number of articles published on natural capital research has been growing exponentially, with an explosive growth during 2013-2022. 4. Research hotspots cover resource management, sustainable development, climate change, ecological services, environmental protection and biodiversity, etc. , indicating that natural capital needs scientific and technological support from multi-disciplinary fields, and in-depth research in this field also promotes the development of other disciplines.

Interview with Dean Zhu Xudong, Beijing Normal University

Interview with Dean Zhu Xudong, Beijing Normal University

Students' Online Learning Satisfaction, Self-efficacy and Academic Performance

This study aims to find out whether there is a correlation between any two of the three factors including the academic performance, online learning self-efficacy, and online learning satisfaction of younger students and explores what factors students think would hinder them from learning online and how are they going to deal with it. In this study, 100 students who were in their fifth, sixth, and seventh grades from the Zhaiyingdajie Elementary School and the Affiliated Middle School of Beijing Normal University in Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province were recruited to complete the designed questionnaire. The data were analyzed through the software SPSS 26. The results of the correlational analysis show that students' online learning self-efficacy has a positive correlation with both academic performance and online learning satisfaction. Also, two factors including "bad network connection" and "poor self-discipline" are considered to be of great influence on students online study, both of which are difficult for students to overcome on their own. Overall, the study reveals that students who have a higher level of confidence in their online learning capacities tend to perform better academically and be more satisfied with the overall online courses, while students with higher satisfaction rates may not necessarily receive better academic outcomes.

Chemical communication between plants and insects

Journal of Systematics and EvolutionVolume 61, Issue 3 p. 441-444 Editorial Chemical communication between plants and insects Pengjuan Zu, Corresponding Author Pengjuan Zu [email protected] Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich, CH-8092 Switzerland Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDa-Yong Zhang, Da-Yong Zhang College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYi-Bo Luo, Yi-Bo Luo State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author Pengjuan Zu, Corresponding Author Pengjuan Zu [email protected] Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich, CH-8092 Switzerland Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDa-Yong Zhang, Da-Yong Zhang College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYi-Bo Luo, Yi-Bo Luo State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 ChinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 May 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12955Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Volume61, Issue3Special Issue: Chemical Communication between Plants and InsectsMay 2023Pages 441-444 RelatedInformation

Bibliometric analysis of augmented reality in education and social science

Augmented reality (AR) overlays virtual elements on real-time images. Because to its ubiquitous use on desktop computers and handheld devices, it has become a major study topic. AR provides benefits like engagement, motivation, and learning result, but drawbacks like the technology tool and application and pedagogical challenges. After 2015, global Google searches for AR increased. This study analyzed “AR” literature released after 2015. Exclusion and inclusion criteria are studies were divided into social sciences and education and published in English. Research should be published during 2015-2022. 3,823 studies were analyzed. AR publications will increase after 2020. Annual citations averaged 2.49. Computer &amp;amp; Education leads the top ten journals in citations. National Taiwan Normal University and Beijing Normal University have the most publications when ordered by writers’ institutions. China leads global publications, whereas the US leads overall publications. China led in citations, followed by the US. Macedonia led the average number of article citations, followed by Israel. The strategic map shows the center and density of key issues. “Student learning,” “AR applications,” and “AR technology” are linked and vital terms. Based on the results of the bibliometric study, researchers who wish to work on AR may emphasize theme-based learning studies and AR. Researchers that are considering conducting bibliometric analysis on AR are urged to conduct research utilizing many databases.

"Buffering traumatic reactions to COVID-19: Mindfulness moderates the relationship between the severity of the pandemic and posttraumatic stress symptoms": Correction.

As an international public health emergency panic, Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has caused substantial impacts on economic and daily life. The public were at high risk of mental health problems and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). This study aimed to evaluate the association between objective/subjective severity of COVID-19 pandemic and PTSS, and explore the moderating role of mindfulness. Using longitudinal and 7-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) designs, we gathered data from 109 college students who were home-quarantined to examined study hypotheses. In the EMA phase, participants completed questionnaires measuring subjective severity, mindfulness and PTSS three times per day. Objective severity was indicated using the daily new confirmed cases. Then participants completed a follow-up measure of PTSS 2 months later, when the epidemic initially became stable. The results of structural equation modeling showed that state mindfulness moderated the relationship between subjectivity severity of COVID-19 and PTSS. Specifically, the association between subjective severity of COVID-19 and PTSS was positive at the low level of state mindfulness, and negative at the high level of state mindfulness. Trait mindfulness did not moderate the relationship between objectivity severity of COVID-19 and PTSS. Mindfulness-based interventions can be used as preventive mental health education to the daily lives of the general public, and to deal with unpredictable crisis events. Implications of this study are drawn for theory, practice, and research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Buffering traumatic reactions to COVID-19: Mindfulness moderates the relationship between the severity of the pandemic and posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Using longitudinal and 7-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) designs, we gathered data from 109 college students who were home-quarantined to examined study hypotheses. In the EMA phase, participants completed questionnaires measuring subjective severity, mindfulness and PTSS three times per day. Objective severity was indicated using the daily new confirmed cases. Then participants completed a follow-up measure of PTSS 2 months later, when the epidemic initially became stable. The results of structural equation modeling showed that state mindfulness moderated the relationship between subjectivity severity of COVID-19 and PTSS. Specifically, the association between subjective severity of COVID-19 and PTSS was positive at the low level of state mindfulness, and negative at the high level of state mindfulness. Trait mindfulness did not moderate the relationship between objectivity severity of COVID-19 and PTSS. Mindfulness-based interventions can be used as preventive mental health education to the daily lives of the general public, and to deal with unpredictable crisis events. Implications of this study are drawn for theory, practice, and research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Telling Chinese stories through first-person participatory documentaries

I have kept a watchful eye on the Looking China project hosted by Academy for International Communication of Chinese Culture (AICCC) for a long time. In the earlier time of 2022, the 11th year of the running of the project, I was honored to participate in “A Tour in Beijing”, a part of the project as an instructor, and thereby offered an opportunity again to study the international communication of Chinese stories. The project this year was carried out in two stages. In its first stage, it produced 3 documentaries on Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics in early 2022 in memory of the successfully held Games. It also completed another 6 documentaries in July 2022 in its second stage. All these 9 documentaries were produced under the cooperation between 9 young foreign directors from different countries and Chinese volunteer producers. Before that, working as the executive director, I had made Childhood in China, a two-part special aired on Discovery Channel in April 2020. It was a globally-broadcast version revised from The Post-00s (It’s Chinese name is Linglinghou, which is a documentary project led by Professor Zhang Tongdao, Director of the Documentary Centre of Beijing Normal University (BNU)), an educational documentary series in China. The special offered a 12 year tracking to a dozen of children shortly after they attended an experimental kindergarten in Beijing in 2006. It particularly captured moments of exploration, anxiety, and joy as they experienced a contrasting education that shaped their distinctive personalities. In the co-producing period with Discovery Channel, I came to realize the very part of transcultural communication and was motivated to act as a guide to the Looking China project. In view of this, the article first analyzes the documentaries in “Looking China: A Tour in Beijing” in 2022 and introduce my co-production experience based on Childhood in China. With a review of typical documentaries at home and abroad, it concludes with a discussion on possible solutions to shoot a documentary applicable for better international communication.

The current situation and development trend of social anxiety research in China based on CiteSpace

Objective: This paper uses CiteSpace to visually analyze 413 articles collected by CNKI, and discusses the trend of social anxiety in China, research hotspots, research trends, authors and institutions. The results showed that (1) social anxiety has attracted the attention of researchers. (2) The main research scholars Qian Mingyi, Cao Jianqin, Wang Yijun and others.The main research institutions are Central China Normal University, Beijing Normal University, Peking University and so on. There is still a need to strengthen cooperation between authors and institutions. (3) The high-frequency keywords of the research are 'college students', 'self-esteem', 'anxiety', 'mental health', 'adolescents', etc. (4) The research focuses on topics such as anxiety, mediation, peer victimization, cooperative learning, sleep quality, and personality, mainly targeting college students, left-behind children, and junior high school students. (5) 'Junior high school students', 'rumination', 'self-control', and 'mobile phone addiction' are the development trends in the field.

Theoretical Development of Connectivism through Innovative Application in China

As a learning theory that reveals a new learning in the Internet environment, connectivism has become a popular academic topic at the forefront of online learning. The MOOC Research Team at the Distance Education Research Centre at Beijing Normal University designed and developed the first massive open online course, adapting a connectivist (cMOOC) approach in China. Using the data collected from six offerings of the cMOOC over 3 years, the big data paradigm was used for data analysis including complex network analysis, content analysis, text mining, behaviour sequence analysis, epistemic network analysis, and statistical and econometric models. This paper summarizes the findings of the patterns of connectivist learning, including a) the basic characteristics and evolutional patterns of complex networks, b) the characteristics and modes of knowledge production, c) the patterns of instructional interactions, and d) the relationships between pipe and content and between facilitators and learners. It is expected that the outcome of this study could make contributions to understanding the changes of online learning in depth and further promote the theoretical development and practical application of a connectivist approach.

Erratum: An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones.

An erratum was issued for:An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones. The Authors section wasupdated. Yincheng Wang1 Ke Wang1 Yuqi Huang1 Di Wu2 Jian Wu3 Jibo He4,1 1Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University 2Department of Computer Science, Beijing Normal University 3Haier Innovation Design Center, Haier Company 4Key Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health in Chongqing, User Experience and Human-computer Interaction Technology Institute, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences to: Yincheng Wang1 Ke Wang1 Yuqi Huang1 Di Wu2 Jian Wu3 Jibo He1 1Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University 2Department of Computer Science, Beijing Normal University 3Haier Innovation Design Center, Haier Company.

Introduction to the special issue of College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University

Introduction to the special issue of College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University

Higher education and creative economy in East Asia: Co(labor)ation and knowledge socialism in the creative university

This paper is a complete student-led, student-edited collective writing project (CWP) conducted virtually in Spring 2022 throughout the course Knowledge Socialism taught by professor Michael Peters for the Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal university. The CWP involves 4 international, 5 domestic Ph.D. students, and 2 senior Western scholars as reviewers, revealing their thoughts, arguments, understanding, and criticisms towards the creative economy status in East Asian countries (Japan and China mostly) higher education as reflected in the knowledge socialism narratives. Xiyuan as the lead author, co-editing with Woraport and Stefan, assigned each section to other authors and successfully devoted themself to organizing, proofreading, and revising the paper. Through a month of collective work, the final version of the paper elaborates on the contribution of East Asian creative universities and the economy as a whole to the knowledge socialism through co(labor)ation, with implications to the creative labors cultivation and shifted roles of students.

Preface

The 2021 12th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology (ICEST 2021) was held successfully as virtual conference during September 24-26, 2021 due to the situation of pandemic. ICEST 2021 is a conference to bring together scientists, researchers, scholars, students and industry professionals to discuss the challenges, opportunities, problems and future development in the fields of environmental science and technology.The location of organizer is Beijing Normal University. There are around 50 participants attending the conference in the opening ceremony and plenary sessions. They are from UK, Morocco, Ecuador, Korea, Portugal, Canada, Japan, China, and Thailand and so on. In this conference, we were greatly honored to have three outstanding Keynote Speakers and three Invited Speakers from different countries. They addressed to the audience and shared the knowledge and rich experience in related fields. They are Prof. Yongping Li from Beijing Normal University, China; Prof. Suiliang Huang from Nankai University, China; Prof. Yanpeng Li from Chang'an University, China; Assoc. Prof. Fengmin Wu from Chongqing Geomatics and Remote Sensing Center, China; Dr. Ong Chong Yong from Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia and Dr. John Liu from Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Canada & York University, Canada. There are 6 sub-sessions during the conference. They are Technologies for Environmental Pollution Control I & II, Modeling of Environmental Systems I & II, Sustainable Energy System and Engineering Infrastructure I & II. Attendees, paper presenters, keynote speakers, scholars and students have benefited in many ways from this conference.We would like to express our great appreciation to the organizers, members of the program committees and reviewers of ICEST 2021 for their hard works. Without their participation, it would be impossible to hold ICEST 2021 successfully and ensure high quality of papers of the conference proceedings. We also would like to express our gratitude to the unbelievable number of authors for contributing their research results to the conference.List of Committees, Statement of Peer Review are available in this pdf.

Reviewer Acknowledgements

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 2Abdul Azim Akhtar, Independent Academic &amp; Researcher, Delhi, IndiaAntónio Calha, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, PortugalBishnu Prasad Dahal, Tribhuvan University, NepalDipankar Chatterjee, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, IndiaElena Montanari, Politecnico Di Milano, ItalyEncarnación ABAD ARENAS, National University of Distance Education (UNED), SpainFahri ÖZSUNGUR, Adana Science and Technology University, TurkeyFroilan Mobo, Philippine Merchant Marine Academy, PhilippinesHao Liu, Beijing Normal University, ChinaJibrin Ubale Yahaya, National Open University of Nigeria NOUN, NigeriaJulia M. Mack, Gannon University, USALing Wei, University of International Business and Economics, ChinaMd. Nasir Uddin, Prime Minister’s Office, BangladeshMei-Ling Lin, National Open University, TaiwanMohamed Mehdi Jelassi, IHEC Carthage, TunisiaMOHD NORAZMI BIN NORDIN, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, MalaysiaNAZIAH ABD. KADIR, Universiti Selangor, MalaysiaPeriyasami Anbarasan, Indian Institute of technology Delhi, IndiaRemigiusz Kijak, "University of Warsaw", PolandRonaldo R. Larioque, NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, PhilippinesSana Ali, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, PakistanTariq Tawfeeq Yousif Alabdullah, University of Basrah, IraqYanzhe Zhang, Jilin University, China, China/AustraliaYusramizza Md Isa, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com