Behavioral Model Research Articles

Small Power in Big Politics: Singapore Foreign Policy During the Tenure of Lee Kuan Yew (1965-1990) and in Modern Times

The author attempts to substantiate the hypothesis that Singapore, during the years of Lee Kuan Yew’s tenure as Prime Minister (1965-1990), pursued a pragmatic foreign policy course that was innovative for a small power. It was based on a hedging strategy in interaction with the United States, Singapore’s major partner, and maintaining equidistant relations with others important states in the region and around the globe. This politics also allowed Singapore to enter the XXI century with notable diplomatic achievements, the most important of which was an ability to maintain very close relations with both Washington and Beijing. As the geopolitical situation in the Asia-Pacific region becomes more complex, the Singaporean leadership, despite continuing attempts to preserve foreign policy balance between its main partners, appears to be gradually moving towards alignment with Washington contrary to the principles of multi-vector foreign policy laid down by its Founding Father. Thus, Singapore, which at one time set a trend towards greater independence in foreign policy in spite of physical limitations, in the current realities, on the contrary, prefers a more traditional behavioral model for a smaller power in dealing with bigger counterparts.

Germany’s Initiatives in the Sahel in the Framework of the Niger Events

The article is devoted to the study of targeted initiatives of Germany in one of the most priority regions for European countries – the Sahara-Sahel region. The relevance of the research topic is determined by events related to anti-French and generally anti-European sentiments in such countries as Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. The events in Niger provoked the withdrawal of French forces from the country. Against this background, Germany is trying to pursue a chance to strengthen its military presence in the country by maintaining a military base, as well as through social, investment and humanitarian projects. The author analyzes the events of 2023 that occurred in Niger and compares them with the behavioral model of Germany, explaining the causal relationships between the actions and interests of the country in the region. An analysis of the statements of German officials regarding the situation in the region makes it possible to determine what tasks Germany faces as a separate state and as one of the driving forces of the European Union. Conclusions are drawn regarding Germany’s current priorities, its competitive opportunities in the field of security, investments and humanitarian projects, as well as possible scenarios for the development of the situation in the region, taking into account German activity.

Move or Not to Move: Factors of Mind-Body Practice Engagement in a Population-Based Study.

Background: Mind-body practices (MBPs), which include seated- (meditation) and movement-based practices (yoga, Tai Chi, qigong), have grown increasingly popular in the United States for improving mental and physical wellness. While literature has identified socioeconomic and health-related factors related to seated- and movement-MBP engagement separately, no studies have explored the factors associated with combined-MBP use. This study accordingly used Anderson's behavioral model of health service utilization to explore sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with seated-, movement-, and combined-MBP engagement among a representative adult sample in the 2017 National Health Interview Survey. Methods: Descriptive statistics were used to summarize sample characteristics. Multinomial logistic regression using survey weights examined associations between predisposing (race-ethnicity, age, geographic region, sex, sexual minority status, and marital status), enabling (educational attainment, income, having continuous health insurance coverage, and having flexible spending accounts), and needs factors (psychological distress, self-reported health, and chronic pain) with type of MBP engagement. Results: Nearly 6% (5.8%) of the U.S. adult population practiced combined-MBPs. Results also showed that educational attainment was associated with increasingly higher odds of utilizing all forms of MBPs and revealed racial-ethnic disparities in movement- and combined-MBP engagement. Combined-MBP engagement was roughly two times higher among those with moderate psychological distress (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58-2.32; p < 0.001), severe psychological distress (RRR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.35-2.85; p < 0.001), and chronic pain. Conclusions and Implications: Findings suggest that combined-MBPs are utilized by a significant portion of the U.S. population and that engagement has varied distribution across sociodemographic and health factors. Considering the association of combined-MBP usage with mental and physical health needs, the authors recommend that health care providers suggest combined-MBPs as an additional resource for patients with psychological distress or mild chronic pain. Future practice and research can focus on increasing accessibility to MBPs in education settings to reduce racial-ethnic disparities.

Using scales and multidimensional analysis techniques to assess the pressures of sociocultural norms regulating masculinity on the psychosocial well-being of college male students (based on a sample from NaUKMA)

Norms are inherently social entities. The link between collectively shared social norms and individual well-being is an important juncture for social scientists as well as for applied social researchers. In this regard it is oftentimes contended that in a modern society the internalized norms of masculinity tend to form behavioral models that frequently contribute to young men’s forming an apathetic attitude toward their social responsibility, as well as to dissociation and indecision, and can worsen their emotional states and, eventually, lead to poorer well-being. The goals of the present research were two-fold and involved exploring the contents of the cultural norms of masculinity and evaluating their effect on mental well-being of young college males (based on a sample from National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (N = 215)). Grounded in the operationalization of Pearson &amp; Marr conceptual framework, a formalized instrument was designed to measure the degree of consensuality of different norms of masculinity and to investigate their relationships with the mental well-being of the study participants. The study conducted in Kyiv in Spring 2024 collected self-reported cognitive data by means of an online form. The data analysis employed techniques of multidimensional analysis operating on multi-item scales. The findings show that a more pronounced expression of the normative traits that are marked as masculine serves as a predictor of higher mental well-being levels, more salient feeling of social belonging, more positive outlook on life and perceiving life events in a more constructive way. Granted that individual correspondence to sociocultural normativity in the domain of masculinity also positively affected psychological condition and the experience of social belonging of male participants, improving their well-being, it can be surmised that the destructive criticism of masculinity per se, radical reshaping of agreed-upon norms regulating masculinity and exposing the young men to the mixed signals of “what a man should be” can have harmful consequences for social adaptation and psychological well-being of male students. On the other hand, it is important to contextualize the criticism of masculinity within collectively meaningful axiological networks of a society and their contingencies. Specifically, congruence with socially desirable repertoires can confer a greater sense of responsibility, understanding one’s role in the group and developing one’s decision-making skills.

Applying the integrated behavioural model to identify predictors of utilisation of state-funded health insurance in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan

Objective: To utilize the integrated behavioural model (IBM) for identifying predictors of utilization of state-funded healthinsurance in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, the household survey was conducted across ten districts of the KP province duringNov 22-Feb 23 which included a total of 1750 households. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) were used to identify and validate the emerging factors, respectively. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was usedto validate the causal relationships in the final model.Results: Six factors were identified through EFA namely, Perception of Financial Protection, Perceived Benefits around SehatCard Plus Programme (SCP-P), Perceived Norm around SCP-P, Personal Agency to use SCP-P, Intention to use SCP-P, andKnowledge of SCP-P. Factors’ reliability and validity were established using CFA with coefficients &gt; 0.7.The final structuralmodel yielded a good fit with a Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) &lt;0.06 and Comparative Fit Index (CFA)&gt;0.97. Perception of financial protection (B=-0.3) is inversely related to how people viewed the benefits of using SCP. Inother words, the more people feel financially protected, the fewer benefits they see in the SCP-P. People's intention to useSCP in the future was mostly influenced by two factor: first, whether they felt using SCP was the norm (B= 0.6) or expectedbehaviour in the society like by friends and family, and second, whether they believed using SCP would be beneficial (B=0.5). People's actual use of SCP in the past year was dependant on intention to use the programme (B=0.2), their knowledgeas to how much they know about it (B=0.2), and their personal ability or control over using it (B=0.3).Conclusion: The analyses guide SCP-P’s communication and engagement strategy, emphasizing that programme effortsshould focus on promoting positive perceptions and norms surrounding SCP, highlighting its benefits, providing educationand information to enhance knowledge about SCP, and empowering individuals with a sense of personal agency to improveSCP utilization in the province.Keywords: Integrated Behavioural Model (IBM), Health Insurance Utilization. Behaviour Model Validation, StructuralEquation Modelling (SEM), Perception of Financial Protection.

Teacher–Child Interaction Training—Group Coaching (TCIT-GC): removing barriers to advancing classroom behavioral health

PurposeThe Teacher–Child Interaction Training program (TCIT) is an evidence-based intervention that coaches effective strategies for managing disruptive classroom behavior (Garbacz et al., 2014). However, its widespread implementation is limited due to its costly and time-consuming model of delivery. This pilot study investigated whether the Teacher–Child Interaction Training- Group Coaching (TCIT-GC), a briefer, cost-effective adaptation of TCIT, would be effective in improving classroom climate, student behavior and professional quality of life among educators.Design/methodology/approachTCIT-GC is a remote, manualized, 8-week adaptation of TCIT. Participants included 41 educators representing both public and private K-12 schools from 11 public school districts. TCIT-GC comprised eight synchronous group sessions via Zoom, four Didactic sessions and four Consultation/Coaching sessions for trainer feedback, paired with asynchronous skill practice. This contrasted with the fully synchronous, one-on-one, in vivo coaching format of traditional TCIT. Participants practiced applying skills with students between Zoom sessions and documented the effectiveness of their acquired skills across various measures.FindingsResults of pre- and post-training comparisons showed significant improvements in reported classroom functioning, positive student behaviors, perceived effectiveness of TCIT-GC skills and significant reductions in problematic student behaviors and discipline use. Findings showed significant improvement in compassion satisfaction. No significant changes in levels of other ProQOL scales were observed.Originality/valueDisruptive student behavior takes a toll on the educational experience of misbehaving students, their classmates and educators. Results of this pilot study supported TCIT-GC as a feasible and promising behavioral health model that warrants further study.

მედეას მითის თანამედროვე ლიტერატურული ინტერპრეტაციები მარგინალიზაციიდან დომინაციამდე (კრისტა ვოლფის რომანი: „მედეა – ხმები“ და ნინო ხარატიშვილის პიესა „ჩემი და შენი გული [მედეა]“)

The article presents modern interpretations of the Medea myth based on Nino Kharatishvili's play "My Heart [Medea]" and Christa Wolf's novel "Medea-Voices". In particular, using a compa­rative analysis, it is discussed how different passages or motifs of the Medea myth change within the fra­mework of two different texts and, accordingly, how Medea's identity is constructed/formed. In the position of the male characters of both novels (Creon, Jason, Acama), we can examine the masculine perspective, accor­ding to which, the woman was primarily understood as a being obedient to the will of the man, with a strictly defined role and behavioral models. In both texts, Medea disrupts the dominant discourse. Medea's identity as a vengeful and destructive woman, in contrast to Christa Wolff's novel, is preserved in Nino Khara­tish­vili's play. Her confron­tation with Creon and Jason's punishment are perceived by the patriarchal system not as an attempt to protect dignity and restore justice, but as an irrational and spontaneous act of revenge by a desperate woman, which is why the system tries to demonize and marginalize her. From a feminist pers­pective, Me­dea's struggle is perceived as a successful attempt to move the female character from the periphery to the center and to dominate men in a stric­tly defined socio-cultural role and free herself from masculine constraints. In Christa Wolff's novel, Medea experiences complete frustra­tion after exposing the system. Medea becomes a victim of sexism, brutal political interests and repression of the system.

Does official media sentiment matter for the stock market? Evidence from China

We develop a novel official media sentiment index (NegGovOp) for China’ stock market using textual analysis combined with BERT. We find that NegGovOp predicts market return reversals. The return-reversal pattern is concentrated among difficult-to-arbitrage stocks, during recession period and the trading days which are not directly following weekends or holidays. We further find that official media sentiment primarily affects the trading activities of retail investors and significantly predicts market trading volume, market volatility and investor sentiment. Our findings are in line with the behavioral model that official media sentiment contributes to shaping irrational investor sentiment and resulting in temporary mispricing.

Predicting and Explaining Assessment Center Judgments: A Cross‐Validated Behavioral Approach to Performance Judgments in Interpersonal Assessment Center Exercises

ABSTRACTAlthough Assessment Center (AC) role‐play assessments have received ample attention in past research, their reliance on actual behavioral information is still unclear. Uncovering the behavioral basis of AC role‐play assessments is, however, a prerequisite for the optimization of existing and the development of novel automated AC procedures. This work provides a first data‐driven benchmark for the behavioral prediction and explanation of AC performance judgments. We used machine learning models trained on behavioral cues (C = 36) to predict performance judgments in three interpersonal AC exercises from a real‐life high‐stakes AC (selection of medical students, N = 199). Three main findings emerged: First, behavioral prediction models showed substantial predictive performance and outperformed prediction models representing potential judgment biases. Comparisons with in‐sample results revealed overfitting of traditional approaches, highlighting the importance of out‐of‐sample evaluations. Second, we demonstrate that linear combinations of behavioral cues can be strong predictors of assessors' judgments. Third, we identified consistent exercise‐specific patterns of individual cues and cross‐exercise consistent behavioral patterns of behavioral dimensions and interpersonal strategies that were especially predictive of the assessors' judgments. We discuss implications for future research and practice.

Beliefs underlying weight control behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults living with obesity: an elicitation qualitative study.

Weight control behaviors are commonly observed among adolescents and emerging adults. However, the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in both these age groups remains an imperative health concern. Adolescents and emerging adults represent the most vulnerable groups facing the health burden of obesity. This study was designed to articulate the underlying beliefs concerning weight control behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults living with obesity by an elicitation qualitative study based on the integrated behavioral model (IBM). Semi-structured and individual interviewing was utilized. Eligible participants were recruited during September and November 2020. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using a hybrid inductive and deductive content analysis approach. Twenty-seven participants, comprising 12 adolescents and 15 emerging adults living with obesity, were interviewed to explore their beliefs and strategies regarding weight control behaviors. Emerging adults were more likely to engage in extreme weight control methods. Three overarching themes emerged across both age groups: eating-centered concerns, focus on physical appearance, and social interference. Significant differences were noted while adolescents and emerging adults shared some common beliefs. Emerging adults expressed more economic concerns about weight control, whereas adolescents identified food restriction as the primary barrier to their weight management efforts. These findings highlight the nuanced differences in beliefs about the weight control practice of these two developmental groups. More beliefs-tailored and theoretically driven interventions are needed for these two unique age groups. Healthcare providers should address dietary and economic concerns while engaging adolescents and emerging adults in weight management. Future obesity interventions should incorporate shared and unique beliefs identified in each group to promote healthy weight management effectively.

How to Reduce Food-Wasting Behavior: an Effort to Control Climate Change Using Behavioral Models Approach

Objective: Food wastage predominantly transpires at the consumer level within the food supply chain, leading to food-wasting behavior, where edible food is ultimately disposed of as refuse. This phenomenon of food-discarding behavior is also observed in developing nations, including Indonesia. This study aims to compare three behavioral models in mitigating food-discarding behavior, namely the theory of planned behavior, the norm activation model, and the value-belief-norm theory. Theoretical Framework: This study involves 9 behavioral constructs from the theory of planned behavior, the Norm Activation Model, and the Value-Belief-Norm theory to mitigate food-wasting behavior. Method: The research participants were drawn from Makassar City, Indonesia, comprising a total of 1715 respondents, with data collected using a Likert-scale behavioral assessment. Subsequent analysis was conducted employing PLS-SEM. Results and Discussion: This study's key findings are as follows: First, the hypotheses regarding the applicability of the Theory of Planned Behavior, Norm Activation Model, and Value-Belief-Norm theory as behavioral frameworks for mitigating food waste were supported. Second, in the TPB model, perceived behavioral control had a more direct impact on reducing food waste than behavioral intention, while attitude had the strongest influence on intention. Intention also mediated the relationship between attitude and food waste behavior. Third, in the NAM, ascription of responsibility had the greatest direct effect on personal norms, and personal norms mediated the impacts of all predictors, with the strongest mediation occurring between ascription of responsibility and decreased food waste. Fourth, the VBN model demonstrated that ascription of responsibility had the highest direct influence on personal norms, and values and could reduce food waste through the mediation of other constructs in the model. Research Implications: to effectively mitigate food-wasting behavior among individuals, intervention programs must be implemented to enhance attitudes, social norms, perceived behavioral control, awareness of consequences, the ascription of responsibility, subjective norms, and values. Originality/Value: The results of this study have shown direct comparative results between TPB, NAM, and VBN, and the uniqueness of each behavioral model in reducing food-wasting behavior, especially in developing countries.

Promoting Influenza Vaccination Uptake Among Chinese Older Adults Based on Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills Model and Conditional Economic Incentive: Protocol for Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Influenza poses a substantial health burden, especially among older adults in China. While vaccination is one of the most effective preventions, influenza vaccine uptake rates among Chinese older adults remain low. This study examines the individual and combined effects of behavioral interventions based on the Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills (IMB) model and economic incentives in promoting influenza vaccine uptake among older adults living in China. Methods: The study will recruit 640 older adults living in eight communities that have not been covered by the free influenza vaccination policy. These eight communities (as clusters), stratified by urban and rural, will be randomized to four parallel arms, including a usual care arm, an IMB-based behavioral intervention arm, a conditional economic incentive arm, and a combined behavioral-economic arm. The interventions will start from the beginning of the flu season and last for about one month. Specifically, the IMB-based behavioral intervention encompasses health education brochures, healthcare provider-led lectures, interactive quizzes, and personalized consultations. The exact number of economic incentives is conditional on the timing of vaccination (a higher amount for early immunization) and the number of people within a household to be vaccinated at the same appointment (a higher amount for more people). The primary outcome is the influenza vaccination rate. Data will be gathered through vaccination records and questionnaires covering IMB-based vaccination cognitions. Mixed-effects models will be used to analyze the outcome of vaccination rate, reporting difference-in-differences estimates with 95% confidence intervals. Conclusions: The results of this study have the potential to inform influenza vaccination program scaleup among older adults who are not yet covered by the free influenza vaccination policy. Ethics and dissemination: Ethics approval has been granted by the ethics commission of Peking University Health Science Centre (IRB00001052-24090). Participants will be required to sign a written consent form. Findings will be reported in conferences and peer-reviewed publications in accordance with the recommendations of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials. Registration number: This study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2400090229).

Exploring Cognitive Bias Effects on Budget Judgment Behavior: Scoping Review and Research Agenda

Behavior is a critical aspect of public budgeting research. However, much of the scholarly focus has been on collective budgeting behavior, leaving a gap in understanding individuals’ pre-negotiation judgment behavior. This oversight is concerning given evidence from adjacent fields that highlights predictable information-processing irrationalities due to human cognitive limitations. While it is plausible that cognitive biases also influence individuals’ judgments of budget proposals, behavior-informed insights from Economics, Psychology, and Public Administration have yet to be fully integrated into public budgeting research. In this article, we differentiate between individual budget judgment and collective budget negotiation, advocating for renewed attention to budgeting behavior at the micro-level. Through a scoping review, we gather empirically verified effects of cognitive biases on private financial decision behavior and discuss these findings within the context of public sector decision-making. Our theoretical contribution includes the development of an advanced behavioral model of Public Budgeting and hypotheses to test cognitive bias effects on individual budgeting action. Amid recent criticisms of behavioral public administration, we are developing research agenda aimed not only at testing the existence of bias but also at identifying solutions to change judgment behavior, thereby better equipping individuals for collective budgeting action.

Predicting Smoking Cessation Stages: An Insight from the Transtheoretical Model Using a Cross-Sectional Approach Among Adults in Saudi Arabia

Background: Smoking is a detrimental health behavior that can be addressed by designing stage-matched interventions with evidence-based behavioral change models such as the transtheoretical model (TTM). This study applied the TTM to predict smoking cessation stages among adults in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This social media-based cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia used a convenient sample of 491 adult smokers (men and women). A digital questionnaire containing basic and smoking-related data and smoking scales (stages of change, cessation readiness, decisional balance, and self-efficacy) was used for data collection. The data were collected from 1 July to 30 October 2023 and were investigated using an ordinal regression analysis. The results illustrate that among the studied smokers, cigarette smoking was the prevalent method of smoking, especially among men (71.7%) compared to women (27.8%). Regarding stages of smoking, the pre-contemplation (35.8%) and contemplation (30.1%) stages were the highest, where men were more represented in both stages (37.9% and 40.8%, respectively). In comparison, women represented a higher percentage in the action (23.9%) and maintenance (21.1%) stages. The ordinal regression showed that increasing age (adjusted odds ratio; AOR = 1.045, p = 0.044), high quitting readiness (AOR = 1.134, p &lt; 0.001), self-efficacy (AOR = 1.965, p = 0.028), decisional balance (AOR = 1.870, p &lt; 0.001), and absence of psychological problems (AOR = 2.047, p &lt; 0.001) increased the likelihood of being at higher smoking cessation stages. However, increased smoking duration (AOR = 0.756, p = 0.010), male gender (AOR = 0.340, p &lt; 0.001), not working (AOR = 0.364, p = 0.013), adequate income (AOR = 0.535, p = 0.032), no chronic diseases (AOR = 0.430, p &lt; 0.001), regular smoking (AOR = 0.052, p &lt; 0.001), high smoking dependency (AOR = 0.775, p = 0.038), and hookah smoking (AOR = 0.032, p &lt; 0.001) decreased the likelihood of being at higher smoking cessation stages. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking is a prevalent problem among Saudi adults, especially men, with the highest percentage of these being at lower smoking cessation stages. Thus, this study recommends the development of stage-matched interventions to facilitate the move towards higher smoking cessation stages through efforts by, and collaboration between, community sectors to face this rising issue.

Key factors for inappropriate supplement intake in risk-taking users: An exploratory sequential mixed-methods pilot study in Japan.

This study identified the control factors of inappropriate supplement intake to support public agencies in preventing health problems. We used an exploratory sequential mixed-method design with the integrated behavioral model (IBM). Control factors in the IBM were identified with 95 participants. The highest impact behavioral change was established for the following two out of 19 control factors: "I trust others' blogs as a source of information when they post the bad as well as the good" (r = -0.324, p < 0.001) and "I can control any health problems by adjusting the amount and frequency of my supplement intake" (r = -0.308, p < 0.001). The findings suggest that when providing safety information on supplement use, it is important to: (1) disseminate information to online communities of supplement users who share knowledge based on real experiences and (2) effectively demonstrate the risks associated with continued supplementation.

Effects of the passive voltage divider in a photomultiplier tube: Analytical model, simulations and experimental validation

The effects of the passive resistive voltage divider network in a photomultiplier tube (PMT) have been investigated by developing an in-house Monte Carlo simulation code and compared with experimental measurements and an analytical model. The simulation code follows an iterative procedure that takes into account the transport and amplification of the electrons within the device depending on the electrostatic fields produced by the electrode voltages. The PMT gain, dynode voltages, rise time and transit time have been studied as a function of the photocathode current and supply voltage. A good agreement between the analytical model, the simulations and numerous experimental measurements using a Hamamatsu R13408-100 PMT has been obtained. The simulation results endorse the use of logistic functions within the analytical model to account for the collection efficiency in the last dynode stages. This works deepens the understanding of passive voltage dividers and develops an advanced behavioral circuit model of photomultiplier tubes. Although validated for a single PMT, the proposed methodology is applicable to any PMT model. This aids in optimizing the design of fully active voltage dividers, to be applied in extremely pulsed applications with high count rates such as prompt gamma-ray imaging during proton therapy.

Physical collisions during elite rugby league match play and training: A stakeholder's perspective

The purpose of this study was to explore rugby league stakeholders’ perspectives of the tackle event, utilising qualitative approaches to gain further insight into this phenomenon. Nineteen stakeholders, comprising tactical coaches (n = 5), physiotherapists (n = 5), doctors (n = 5) and strength and conditioning coaches (n = 4) from every European 2023 Super League team (ESL), were recruited to participate in an online semi-structured interview, via the Microsoft Teams platform, facilitated by a moderator. Braun and Clarke's (2019) reflexive thematic analysis was performed to code and analyse the transcribed data; this established pattern-based interpretation and reporting from the dataset. The research findings can be divided into five crucial segments that illuminate our understanding of collision in rugby league: 1) simultaneous contact and the three-person tackle, 2) tackle height – calibration is critical, 3) the fundamental factors influencing tackle-related risks. 4) the graded exposure and philosophical approaches to contact training and games, 5) replacing toughness with resilience - the impact of game identity. The themes generated here provide comprehensive insights into stakeholders’ perceptions of the optimal ways to perform collisions. This has implications for the identity of the game, and the subsequent law changes/ behavioural change models that aim to make the game safer, specific to rugby league. In line with previous research, the conclusions underline high-risk events in match play (blind-sided collisions and fatigue), providing a focus for areas of future research. Lastly, psychology in the tackle event is explored, highlighting the need for graded contact exposure from a physical and psychological perspective during tackle technique training.

Translating pro-environmental intention to behavior: The role of moral licensing effect

Despite an individual's altruistic intentions, these are not always put into practice. The gap between the intentions and behaviors hinders pro-environmental consumption behavior, which has been a highly important subject in the field. Considering that pro-environmental consumption is an altruistic behavior that adjusts and resolves the disparity between personal interests and social values, the role of moral licensing effect should get more attention in translating intention into behavior. However, existing studies failed to thoroughly examine the role of moral licensing effect. To address the gap in the literature, this study specifically attempted to investigate how the moral license effect influences when individual good intentions are linked to behavior. For this purpose, this study developed a novel behavioral model based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), while also examining the significance of the pathway through which pro-environmental behavioral intention influences actual behavior. This study conducted an online self-reported survey online and analyzed the data from 1000 participants. As a result, the level of moral licensing significantly moderated the association between pro-environmental behavioral intention and actual behavior. Participants with higher levels of moral licensing, indicating a greater tendency to rationalize unethical actions, showed a weaker translation of intention into action. It recommends developing differentiated communication strategies based on consumers' moral licensing levels, focusing on facilitating intention-to-action translation for high moral licensing individuals and reinforcing antecedents like perceived benefits for those with low moral licensing tendencies.

Exploring the mediating role of attitude in ESG investment intentions: insights from the Fogg behavior model

PurposeWith the growing global emphasis on environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria, it is crucial to investigate the factors that influence individuals' intentions to invest in ESG and to understand the underlying mechanisms at play. This study constructs a theoretical model, grounded in the Fogg behavioral model (FBM), and explores the mediating role of ESG investment attitudes in shaping individuals' ESG investment behaviors.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted among ESG investors and potential ESG investors in China, resulting in 613 valid responses regarding ESG investment. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was utilized to evaluate the proposed model and test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results reveal that future orientation, ESG investment bias and perceived ESG investment performance are significant determinants of ESG investment intentions, with attitude playing a partially mediating role. Furthermore, government support moderates the relationship between perceived ESG investment performance and investment intention.Originality/valueThis study expands the application of the FBM to the context of ESG investment and introduces a novel conceptual framework for understanding ESG investment behavior. The findings provide valuable insights for enterprises and institutions involved in ESG investment, aiding them in identifying and targeting potential investors more effectively. Additionally, the study offers a foundation for policymakers to devise strategies that promote sustainable development.

Behavioral risk models explain locomotor and balance changes when walking at virtual heights.

Walking in daily life requires humans to adapt to environments that can influence one's fear of falling and anxiety about a potential fall. In such environments, individuals may adopt compensatory locomotor and balance changes to maintain a constant expected risk function equal to the product of the probability of some event (e.g., a fall) and the cost of that event (e.g., injury or death). Here, we tested whether locomotor behaviors broadly align with this risk model in two experiments with height-related threats in immersive virtual reality. In Experiment 1, we examined how individuals change their locomotor trajectory while walking along a straight high-elevation walkway. In Experiment 2, we examined how individuals change trajectory and balance control during curved walking where the location of high elevation threat varied. Participants adopted two behaviors that decreased their probability of falling off the edge and aligned with the risk-based model: participants altered their proximity to perceived threats that pose high costs (e.g., a high-elevation ledge), and decreased mediolateral center of mass velocity when that was not possible. Taken together, our results suggest that individuals alter locomotor behavior to change the probability of falling based on the perceived cost of that fall.