Intention-behavior Relationship Research Articles

The contribution and interplay of implicit and explicit processes on physical activity behavior: empirical testing of the physical activity adoption and maintenance (PAAM) model

The adoption and maintenance of physical activity (PA) is an important health behavior. This paper presents the first comprehensive empirical test of the Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance (PAAM) model, which proposes that a combination of explicit (e.g., intention) and implicit (e.g., habit,, affect) self-regulatory processes is involved in PA adoption and maintenance. Data were collected via online questionnaires in English, German, and Italian at two measurement points four weeks apart. The study included 422 participants (Mage= 25.3, SDage= 10.1; 74.2% women) from Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Canada, and the U.S. The study results largely supported the assumptions of the PAAM model, indicating that intentions and habits significantly mediate the effects of past PA on future PA. In addition, the effect of past PA on future PA was shown to be significant through a mediation chain involving affect and habit. Although the hypothesis that trait self-regulation moderates the intention-behavior relationship was not supported, a significant moderating effect of affect on the same relationship was observed. The results suggest that interventions targeting both explicit and implicit processes may be effective in promoting PA adoption and maintenance.

A Longitudinal Theory-Based Investigation of how Environmental Aesthetics predicts Home-based Exercise.

Environmental aesthetics is a recognized macro environmental correlate of physical activity participation. Extrapolating this effect, we hypothesize this variable to also function as a determinant of exercise participation in the microenvironment, such as the home. Specifically, we predict that the environmental aesthetics of the location of cardio and resistance training equipment will predict determinants of exercise participation within the Integrated Behavior Change (IBC) model. Adult owners of exercise equipment (N = 231) completed measures on the environmental aesthetics of their cardio and resistance training equipment, exercise time, and constructs from the IBC model across three consecutive monthly surveys. Study hypotheses were tested using multilevel structural equation modeling with participants (level 2) nested within time (level 1). The model revealed predictive effects of intention, habit, and planning on exercise participation over time. The findings indicated a total effect of autonomous motivation on intention and habit. In addition, environmental aesthetics of cardio and strength training equipment predicted autonomous motivation, along with habit and intention when accounting for indirect effects. Finally, planning moderated the intention-behavior relationship, indicating that participants who scored higher on planning were more likely to translate their intentions to behavior. These findings provide informative notes for designing effective home-based exercise programs, which have increased in popularity over the past recent years. Specifically, experimental studies that provide exercise equipment should ensure that the location of the equipment is appealing to the participant to increase the likelihood equipment use and exercise engagement.

Customers’ Behavioral Intentions in Relation to Sustainable Green Marketing Activities in Hotels

Green marketing in the hotel industry is no longer just an option. As awareness of environmental issues has increased, more consumers have began to prefer eco-friendly products, the so-called “green option” in relation to their behavioral intentions despite higher cost. Previous literatures focused on the relationship from green marketing to value, belief, and norm separately. However, this research applied green marketing to VBN simultaneously. The purpose of the study is to clarify whether hotels’ green marketing activities have a significant effect on the actual behavioral intentions and decision making. The eleven 5-star hotels located in Seoul, South Korea were selected for the survey. The survey was via online due to COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) from August 15, 2020 to August 30, 2020. A total of 318 responses were used for analysis. This study conducted an empirical analysis using SPSS 22 and Amos 22. The result shows that hotels’ green marketing has a positive impact via the VBN theory at large, though the relationships from recycling to norm and pro-environmental programs to value are less significant. In other words, variables such as recycling and energy saving as they pertain to direct behavioral intentions influence hotel customers’ value and belief in psychological perspectives and indirect variables such as pro-environmental programs also influence customer’s belief and norm but not as significantly for value. The results of this study are expected to help us understand which attributes affect behavioral intentions, especially in the hotel industry which is conducting green marketing.

User behaviour in sustainable technology: an exploration of endorsement strategy

ABSTRACT Given the lethargic acceptance behaviour of sustainable technologies (STs) by the public, the most crucial factor to contemplate is the influential form of organization endorsement strategy that can effectively enhance user intentions and behaviour. Using the social identity theory (SIT) and source credibility theory (SCT), this research examines the moderating potential of an attractive celebrity (CET) and social media influencer (IET) on user intention and behaviour in low- and high-involvement sustainable technologies (LISPs and HISPs). Based on an SEM-ANN analysis of data from 605 Chinese respondents, our empirical findings show that in the LISPs context, IETs moderate the intention-behaviour relationship positively whereas CETs have the opposite impact. In contrast, the moderating effect of CETs on HISPs is positive, whereas the effect of IETs is negative. Furthermore, it was shown that HISP users’ income level significantly influenced their behaviour, while education level had no significant impact on either category. These outcomes have both theoretical and practical implications in developing resilient strategies to retain users and provide guidance on how to efficiently optimise, integrate, and evaluate the STs.

Why we don't eat as intended: Moderators of the short-term intention-behaviour relation in food intake.

A healthy diet is essential for preventing chronic disease and promoting overall health. Translating one's intention to eat healthy into actual behaviour has, however, proven difficult with a range of internal and contextual factors identified as driving eating behaviour. We leverage Temporal Self-Regulation Theory to examine these momentary determinants' direct and moderating effects on the intention-behaviour relation with Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). Eighty-seven healthy participants (mage = 24.1 years; 59 women, 28 men) reported, 5 times daily for 10 weekdays, their intentions to stick to a self-set dietary restriction goal for the next 3 hr, the goal congruency of their eating behaviour in the past 3 hr, and a range of factors potentially influencing food intake, such as stress, emotions and environmental eating cues. Two-part multilevel modelling revealed that craving, availability of goal-incongruent foods, social eating cues, giving in to other temptations and weaker momentary intentions directly increased the risk and severity of goal-incongruent intake within the next 3 hr. Social cues, stress and craving further influence behaviour through altering intention implementation. Results imply that people regularly fail to implement intentions for 3-hr periods and that a range of factors influences this, both directly and by disrupting intentional processes. While for some barriers, fostering strong intentions throughout the day could be beneficial, others require different strategies for dietary adherence.

Impact Of The Germane Load On Students’ Behavioral Intention On Online Courses During Covid-19: Mediating Role Of Instructional Design And Moderating Role Of E-Learning Personalization

The study is carried out to examine the impact of the germane load on the Students’ Behavioral Intention of students studying in the public universities of China. Meanwhile, the study has also examined the mediating role of instructional design and moderating role of e-learning personalization. The study has used the SEM-PLS is to examine the relationship between and among the variable. The current study has investigated the relationship between germane load and instructional design, future behavioral intentions and instructional design, and future behavioral intentions with the germane load. The survey was conducted among the university students of China who participated in online learning programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the mediation influence of germane load on the relationship of future behavioral intentions and instructional design has been studied. It was found that all the relationships were positively correlated. The mediation influence of instructional design was found between the relationship of future behavioral intentions and instructional design. The study has examined the instructional design as a mediator. The analysis of an instructional design focusing on setting course plans results in improved germane load, which improves the process of learning, and future behavioral intentions among students are increased. It is important to note that usage intention and germane load are benefited through an effective instructional design. Therefore, the association between usage intention and germane load is important to be examined for analyzing a good understanding of the content among students and their plan for continuing e-learning in the future. In literature, studies have worked on instructional design, which results in improved learning and intention to continue e-learning and among students. However, there is a need to explore instructional design that focuses on general course planning to improve behavioral intention in the future based on the previous learning experience. The study is among the pioneers on the issues related to e-learning mechanisms in eastern Malaysia.

The moderating effect of entrepreneurial motivation on the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behaviour: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour on emerging economy

Background: The study investigates the influence of antecedents of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and personality traits on entrepreneurial intention and behaviour among engineering students in an emerging economy. It employs the extension of the TPB model by focusing on the intention-behaviour gap, an under-researched area in research. Furthermore, it investigates the moderating effect of entrepreneurial motivation on the relationship between intention and behaviour to improve conceptual model predictability. Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 1,564 engineering students, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM) with Amos software. Results: The results revealed that subjective norms were the strongest predictor of entrepreneurial intention and behaviour, followed by entrepreneurial alertness, perceived behavioural control, attitude towards entrepreneurship, need for achievement, and risk tolerance. Moreover, the moderation analysis showed that entrepreneurial motivation was crucial in moderating the relationship between intention and behaviour. Conclusions: The present conceptual model contributes to the existing TPB model by improving predictive power to understand the intention-behaviour relationship. The results of the study will assist policymakers, academicians of higher education institutions, and universities in developing policies, strategies, and curricula to engage more students in entrepreneurial activities.

Investigating consumer's buying behaviour of green products through the lenses of extended theory of planned behaviour

PurposeThe study aims to predict the drivers of green purchase in extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) by investigating direct and indirect role of consumers' attitude toward green purchase along with moderating effects of green trust and willingness to pay on purchase behaviour in an emerging market.Design/methodology/approachA total of 417 useable responses were recorded from three different states of north India to resolve the issues related to demographic diversity in country by using a structured questionnaire. Structural equation modelling, mediation and moderation analyses were used to investigate the hypothesised relationships.FindingsThe research unveiled that environmental concern, subjective norm have significant direct and indirect influence on green purchase intention via attitude. Furthermore, this study also elucidates that green trust significantly moderates attitude–behaviour, and intention–behaviour relationships, whereas willingness to pay does not significantly moderate these relationships in proposed model.Practical implicationsThis study provides interesting insights regarding consumers of emerging market toward green purchase. These insights are useful for marketers to design more focused strategies for enhancing the consumers' preferences for green products and promotion of pro-environmental behaviour in emerging markets.Originality/valueThe novel insights of this study are the mediating role of attitude in an emerging market in extended TPB model and exploration of the moderating role of green trust and willingness to pay premium to reduce the attitude–behaviour and intention–behaviour gaps for enhancing the consumers' preferences for green purchase.

From intention to behavior: Within- and between-person moderators of the relationship between intention and physical activity

Intention is a proximal predictor of behavior in many theories of behavior change, but intentions to be physically active do not always translate to actual physical activity. Little research has examined intensive longitudinal changes in physical activity and corresponding within-person moderators needed to elucidate the mechanisms, hurdles, and facilitators of individuals' everyday physical activity behaviors. The present study set out to evaluate the possible moderators of the intention-physical activity relationship across within-person and between-person levels, including cross-level interactions. Data comprise the first intensive measurement burst (14 days) of the longitudinal prospective Healthy Aging in Industrial Environment (HAIE) study, with N = 1135 participants (N = 10,030 person-days), aged 18–65. Physical activity was operationalized as step counts measured objectively using Fitbit Charge 3/4 fitness monitor. Intention, barriers to physical activity, and social support for physical activity were measured daily via smartphone surveys. Stable characteristics, i.e., physical activity habit and exercise identity, were measured using an online questionnaire. A multilevel moderation regression model with Bayesian estimator was fitted. At the within-person level, the relation between intention and steps was weaker on days when barriers were more severe than usual for a given person (Estimate = −0.267; CI95 = [−0.340, −0.196]) and social support was below average for a given person (Est = 0.143; CI95 = [0.023, 0.262]). Additionally, the daily intention-behavior relationship was stronger for people with lower average severity of barriers (Est = −0.153; CI95 = [−0.268, −0.052]), higher exercise identity (Est = 0.300; CI95 = [0.047, 0.546]), men (Est = −1.294, CI95 = [−1.854, −0.707]), and older individuals (Est = 0.042, CI95 = [0.017, 0.064]). At the between-person level, only physical activity habit strengthened the intention-behavior link (Est = 0.794; CI95 = [0.090, 1.486]). Our results underscore the need to separate the between-person differences from the within-person fluctuations to better understand the individual dynamics in physical activity behaviors. Personalized interventions aimed at helping individuals translate intentions to actual physical activity could be tailored and become more intensive when there is a higher risk of intention-behavior gap on a given day for a specific individual (i.e., a day with more severe barriers and less social support), by increasing the dosage or deploying more precisely targeted intervention strategies and components. In addition, interventionists should take gender and age into account when tailoring everyday strategies to help individuals act on their intentions.

The relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behavior: A meta-analytic review

A vibrant literature studying antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions is largely motivated by an often implicit assumption that they will be followed by subsequent entrepreneurial behaviors or actions. A much smaller number of studies actually test this assumption. Their results suggest that while the entrepreneurial intention–behavior relationship is usually present, its strength turns out highly contextual. This meta-analysis intends to integrate and summarize the available research base on the entrepreneurial intention–behavior relationship, assessing the moderating impacts of environmental, demographic and methodological factors. Data from 75 studies (150,703 individuals) were included in the analysis. Our results indicate that the focal relationship is robust across environmental contexts, populations, and methodologies except for the measures used for entrepreneurial behavior, the use of a database compared to collecting new data, and the duration of time between intention and behavior. Additionally, entrepreneurial intentions were found to account for only 17% of the variance in entrepreneurial behaviors as opposed to the commonly expected and cited 37%. Our findings suggest theoretical and methodological considerations for future work aimed at exploring and overcoming the non-trivial intention–behavior gap and we encourage the discovery of cognitive and behavioral factors reinforcing the intention–action translation at different levels of analysis and over time.

Adopt or abandon: Facilitators and barriers of in-service teachers’ integration of game learning analytics in K–12 classrooms?

Game learning analytics (GLA) is an emerging technology that facilitates teachers’ evidence-based pedagogical design and assessments. Despite its affordances and potential in K–12 classrooms, teachers’ integration of GLA in teaching practices remains largely unexplored. This study implemented an educational game on collaborative problem solving (CPS) and a GLA system for assisting K–12 teachers in evaluating students’ CPS skills and processes and quest performance and engagement. Based on the integrative model of behavioural prediction, this study aimed to examine 1) the extent to which personal, environmental, and technological factors affected teachers’ usage intention and behaviour towards the GLA system, 2) the effects of moderators on the intention–behaviour relationship, and 3) how the structural model relationships differed across teachers with various individual characteristics. Survey data from 300 in-service teachers from Chinese primary and secondary schools were collected and analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. Results indicated that our model demonstrated strong in-sample and out-of-sample predictive power. In particular, teachers’ attitudes, subjective norms, and self-efficacy influenced their behavioural intention, while technological pedagogical content knowledge, school support, and behavioural intention predicted their actual behaviour. In addition, technostress acted as a significant moderator of the intention–behaviour relationship. Moreover, teachers’ gaming preferences, teaching subjects, and years of teaching explained the heterogeneity of their GLA usage. This study contributes to a theoretical understanding of and methodological advancements in studying teachers’ usage intention and behaviour on GLA and yields practical implications for the design and implementation of GLA in K–12 classrooms.

Translating Physical Activity Intentions into Behavior: Reflective, Regulatory, and Reflexive Processes.

The purpose of this article was to review predictors of the physical activity (PA) intention-behavior relationship. The review provides evidence for the hypothesis that reflective (consciously deliberated expectations of PA), regulatory (tactics used to enact intentions), and reflexive (stimulus-based associative motivation) processes represent independent determinants of translating PA intentions into action, yet differ in relative contribution across time and circumstance.

Integrating perceived physical environments and the theory of planned behaviors when explaining adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines in Chinese adolescents.

Most adolescents worldwide do not meet 24-h movement guidelines, which recommend specific level of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep for optimal health. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of understanding regarding how social cognitive and physical environmental factors influence adolescents' compliance with these guidelines. This prospective study aimed to examine the associations between perceived physical environments, constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), habit strength, and adherence to 24-h movement guidelines in Chinese adolescents over a three-month period. A total of 629 Chinese adolescents (Mage = 14.59 years, SD = 0.64) completed a set of questionnaires comprising perceived physical environmental characteristics, constructs of the TPB, habit strength, and 24-h movement behaviors at baseline and 3 months later. Data analysis was conducted using variance-based structural equation modeling. Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control had a direct effect on intention and intention had a direct effect on number of the guidelines being met. Habit strength was a significant predictor of adherence to the guidelines, although its moderating effect on the intention-behavior relationship was not significant. Perceived neighborhood facility accessibility, school facility availability, and home physical activity equipment had significant indirect effects on intention through attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. However, constructs of the TPB did not serve as mediators in the relationship between perceived physical environments and the number of guidelines being met. This study offers preliminary evidence supporting the integration of perceived physical environments and the TPB in predicting adolescents' adherence to 24-h movement guidelines. Future research should consider using experimental study designs with rigorous measures of 24-h movement behaviors to establish causal relationships.

Does Intention Strength Moderate the Intention-Health Behavior Relationship for Covid-19 Protection Behaviors?

The present research tests whether intention strength moderates intention-health behavior relations and the extent to which this is accounted for by the moderating effects of intention stability, goal priority, and goal conflict. In a prospective multi-behavior study, a representative sample of UK adults (N = 503) completed measures of past behavior, intention, intention strength, goal priority, and goal conflict in relation to eight Covid-19 protection behaviors at time 1. Intention and self-reported behavior were assessed at time 2 (2 months later). Intention stability was assessed over 2 months. Intention strength was a significant moderator of the intention-behavior relationship (controlling for past behavior). Controlling for the moderating effects of intention stability attenuated the moderating effect of intention strength, while also controlling for the moderating effects of goal priority and goal conflict reduced the moderating effects of intention strength to nonsignificance. The present findings indicate that intention strength is a significant moderator of the intention-health behavior relationship. They also suggest that the moderating effect of intention strength is explained by effects on intention stability, goal priority, and goal conflict. Tests of interventions to manipulate intention strength as a means to strengthen intention stability and intention-behavior relations are warranted.

Examining the Factors That Shape Green Purchase Behavior: The Role of Subjective Norms, Self-Efficacy, Attitude and Intention

This study main objective is to analyze the emerging phenomenon of eco-friendly green environments in the domain of marketing. It is essential to increasing the market penetration of ecological products to get consumers to adopt a positive attitude toward green purchasing. Specifically, the study examined the role of green self-efficacy, subjective norms, and green purchase attitude in predicting the effect of intention in green purchase on the association among these factors and actual green purchase behavior. Data from 224 consumers with prior experience buying eco-friendly products is used. Results showed that subjective norms, green self-efficacy, and green purchase attitude important impact on intention to green purchase, which leads to predicted actual green purchase behavior. The mediation of intention toward green purchase was found to be partial. Therefore, this study suggests that interventions aimed at promoting green purchase behavior should focus on enhancing consumers' green self-efficacy, subjective norms, and green purchase attitude, as well as strengthening the intention-behavior relationship.

Predicting sugar intake using an extended theory of planned behavior in a sample of adolescents: The role of habit and self-control.

High levels of sugar intake are associated with multiple maladaptive health outcomes in adult and younger populations. Identifying the psychological determinants of sugar intake in adolescents, and the processes involved, may help identify potentially modifiable targets and inform intervention development. We tested the predictions of an extended theoretical model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), which specified social cognition constructs, habit, and self-control as correlates of sugar intake in an adolescent sample. Adolescents aged 12 to 14 years (N=88) recruited via a survey panel company and consenting to participate in the study completed online self-report measures of constructs from the TPB alongside measures of habit and self-control. One month later, participants completed a follow-up measure of free-sugar intake. Hypothesized effects of our proposed extended model were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling. We found statistically significant effects of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on sugar intake intentions. We also found significant effects of habit and self-control on sugar intake measured at follow-up, but no effect for intention. Perceived behavioral control moderated the intention-behavior relationship such that intention effects on behavior were larger when perceived behavioral control was high. However, self-control did not moderate the intention-behavior relationship. Results indicate that sugar intake in this sample was a function of habits and self-control, and the effect of sugar intake intentions was conditional on perceived behavioral control. Results contribute to an evidence base of determinants and associated processes that relate to sugar intake in adolescents and may signal potentially modifiable targets for intervention.

The intention-behaviour gap in physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the action control framework

ObjectiveIntention is the proximal antecedent of physical activity in many popular psychological models. Despite the utility of these models, the discrepancy between intention and actual behaviour, known as the intention-behaviour...

An evaluation of a one-day pain science education event in a high school setting targeting pain related beliefs, knowledge, and behavioural intentions

BackgroundPersistent pain is a common condition affecting one in four UK adults. Public understanding of pain is limited. Delivering pain education within schools may improve public understanding in the longer term. ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of a one-day Pain Science Education (PSE) event on sixth form/high school students’ pain beliefs, knowledge and behavioural intention. MethodsExploratory, single-site, mixed-methods, single-arm study involving secondary school students ≥16 years old attending a one-day PSE event. Outcome measures included the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ), Concepts of Pain Inventory (COPI-ADULT), a vignette to assess pain behaviours; and thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews. ResultsNinety (mean age 16.5 years, 74% female) of the 114 attendees, agreed to participate in the evaluation. PBQ scores improved on the Organic beliefs subscale [mean difference −5.9 (95% CI -6.8, −5.0), P < 0.01] and Psychosocial Beliefs subscale [1.6 (1.0, 2.2) P < 0.01]. The COPI-Adult revealed an improvement [7.1 (6.0–8.1) points, P < 0.01] between baseline and post intervention. Pain behavioural intentions improved post education for work, exercise, and bed rest related activities (p < 0.05). Thematic analysis of interviews (n = 3) identified increased awareness of chronic pain and its underpinning biology, beliefs that pain education should be widely available, and that pain management should be holistic. ConclusionsA one-day PSE public health event can improve pain beliefs, knowledge and behavioural intentions in high school students and increase openness to holistic management. Future controlled studies are needed to confirm these results and investigate potential long-term impacts.

Analysing and predicting a country’s entrepreneurial activity using insights from entrepreneurs’ digital footprint

PurposeStarting from intention–behaviour models and building upon the growing evidence that aggregated internet search query data represent a good proxy of human interests and intentions. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the internet search traffic information related to the selected key terms associated with establishing new businesses, reflects well the dynamics of entrepreneurial activity in a country and can be used for predicting entrepreneurial activity at the national level.Design/methodology/approachTheoretical framework is based on intention–behaviour models and supported by the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Monthly data on new business registration from 2018 to 2021 is derived from the open database of the Russian Federal Tax Service. Terms of internet search interest are identified through interviews with the recent founders of new businesses, whereas the internet search query statistics on the identified terms are obtained from Google Trends and Yandex Wordstat.FindingsThe results suggest that aggregated data about web searches related to opening a new business in a country is positively correlated with the dynamics of entrepreneurial activity in the country and, as such, may be useful for predicting the level of that activity.Practical implicationsThe results may serve as a starting point for a new approach to measure, monitor and predict entrepreneurial activities in a country and can help in better addressing policymaking issues related to entrepreneurship.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is original in its approach and results. Building on intention–behaviour models, this study outlines, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the first usage of big data for analysing the intention–behaviour relationship in entrepreneurship. This study also contributes to the ongoing debate about the value of big data for entrepreneurship research by proposing and demonstrating the credibility of internet search query data as a novel source of quality data in analysing and predicting a country’s entrepreneurial activity.

Can social impacts promote residents’ pro-environmental intentions and behaviour: Evidence from large-scale demand response experiment in China

Energy demand-side management is crucial for deep decarbonization. Consumers’ behavioral intentions and real pro-environmental behaviour have been widely discussed separately. However, few studies assessed the intention-behaviour gap and limited empirical evidence has been provided on how to promote the intention-behaviour on residential electricity demand response (DR) project. Here, we identified four intention-behaviour relationship by k-means cluster and analyzed the impacts of normative social influence and peer influence on the intention and behaviour based on large scale incentive-based DR experiment and matching questionnaires data in China. We found that the intention-behaviour gap exists in 77.94% respondents, only 16.09% respondents belong to inclined actors who has both high intention and high electricity savings behaviour. Peer influence and normative social influence can significantly increase intention to participate the DR project and energy-saving behaviour during peak hours, and the impact is larger for respondents with high family endowments and educational level. Specifically, 30.6% of the electricity saving behaviour has been explained directly by the peer influence, while normative social influence electricity saving behaviour through behavioural intention. Besides these, effort expectancy and facilitating conditions also play an important role in promoting the intention and electricity-saving behaviour. Our study further provides feasible solutions to facilitate the residential DR for policymakers.