Behavior Of Municipal Solid Waste Research Articles

An elastoplastic constitutive model for municipal solid waste (MSW) incorporating solid particle compression and fibrous reinforcing effect

The failures in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills could result in considerable ecological as well as social problems. Numerical simulations are widely employed to analyze MSW deformation and stability. These methods require an appropriate stress-strain characterization of MSW, which is crucial. Different from soils, the extremely complicated constituents of MSW contain a large number of fibrous reinforced and particle compressible materials. The findings of numerous tests suggest that the fiber reinforced phase and the basic phase are solely responsible for determining the mechanical properties of MSW. On the basis of the double-phase assumption, a new plastic potential function of MSW is developed considering that the reinforcement of fibrous materials only relates to plastic shear strain and the particle compression only affects plastic volumetric strain. According to the associate flow rule, a constitutive model based on elastoplasticity is developed for MSW. The strain hardening behaviour of MSW is well predicted by the model, and this behaviour is in good agreement with experimental evidence. Effects of confining pressure and fibre content are modelled, together with the mechanical and deformation behaviour of MSW. The accurate calculation of effective stresses is obtained through considering the MSW particle compression under the undrained conditions. Parametric investigations calibrate the model and show its properties by comparing them to data from triaxial tests. Moreover, incorporating the proposed model, finite-element numerical simulation was conducted, and the results of finite-element numerical simulation were compared with field monitoring results.

Roles of ageing on the physical, chemical and mechanical parameters of a prototype municipal solid waste

ABSTRACT This study is mainly aimed at exploring effects of the aging-induced chemical decomposition of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) on the shear response and physical properties of locally available MSW of Fars province, Iran, at its in-situ condition. To this end, a large direct shear device (1×1×1.1 m3) is designed, fabricated and employed to evaluate the parameters of the failure envelop at plane strain condition representing slopes of engineered landfills. Bulk disturbed samples of fresh MSW are exhumed from an operational disposal site to be implemented into the study and subsequently remolded in the large-scale shear box. Four drained shear tests are performed under a variety of vertical stresses. Next, intact components of MSW are landfilled over a period of 3, 6, and 9 months. Similar shear experiments are conducted at the end of each mentioned time interval. Mechanical behavior of MSW is completely frictional and internal friction angle of the studied MSW non-linearly increases with time from 44.2º to 55.7º. The stress-strain response is almost bilinear over a wide range of displacement. The decomposition process is further clarified in light of results of pH tests conducted on the leachate of the MSW at the end of various landfilling time intervals.

Compression Behavior of Municipal Solid Waste in Temperature-Controlled Isotropic Condition

Abstract The mechanical response of municipal solid waste (MSW) under different types of loading and testing conditions has been explored by many researchers. However, the effect of temperature on MSW compressibility has yet to be investigated. Temperature enhancement is well-known in landfill engineering, mainly when the bioreactor philosophy is employed. The generated heat gradients affect the solid particles and fluid phases. As a result, the mechanical response of MSW will be different compared with the most recent research results. Only a few investigations have been conducted on the impact of temperature on MSW’s mechanical response. This research shows how temperature enhancement impacts the compression behavior of MSW specimens with different compositions. A large-scale temperature-controlled triaxial device capable of imposing temperatures up to 85°C has been used. It is shown that, with increasing temperature, the compressive strains for MSW increase. However, the waste composition, mainly the MSW plastic content, also affects these strains. The temperature enhancements increase the mechanical creep and immediate compression indexes but decrease the samples’ elastic rebound and swelling index. Furthermore, the paper analyzes how pore water pressure affects the effective stress in such varying temperature conditions considering the waste particles’ compressibility. The achieved values show that the pore water pressure effect on effective stress is reduced up to 75 % because of the particles’ compressibility. The permeability of samples was examined based on the isotropic compression results. The results confirmed that MSW’s permeability depends on the plastic content, applied confining stress, and temperature. Increasing the temperature level showed a reduction in the permeability of samples. However, this difference was not paramount.

Influence of oil and gas exploration and production waste on municipal solid waste hydraulic conductivity

This study evaluated the effects of addition of oil and gas exploration and production wastes (E&PW) on hydraulic behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW). A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the impacts of vertical stress, waste composition, mixture ratio of MSW to E&PW based on total mass (e.g., 20% MSW + 80% E&PW), and mixing methods on hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic conductivity (k) for MSW-E&PW mixtures with 20% and 40% E&PW contents reduced from 3 × 10-5 m/s to 10-7 m/s as vertical stress increased from 0 to 400 kPa. An increase in the mixture ratio above 60% resulted in an additional order-of-magnitude decrease in k to 10-8 m/s as vertical stress increased above 200 kPa. The addition of E&PW did not impact the available flow path, even though adding E&PW to MSW reduced the void spaces. This indicated that the waste matrix is capable of accepting E&PW while keeping the flow structure within the waste matrix. However, for vertical stress greater than 50 kPa, mixtures of MSW + 80% E&PW were observed to yield hydraulic conductivity < 10-9 m/s.

Shear strength of municipal solid waste rejected from material recovery facilities in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

The mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical issue in environmental geotechnics, given the pollution and public health risks associated with slope failures. In Brazil, waste composition is expected to change due to the hierarchy of sustainable practices established by the National Solid Waste Policy, which aims to improve the recovery of organic and recyclable materials. Not much progress has been made since the implementation of this law; thus, its effects on the design and operation of landfills are not fully clear. This study presents and discusses compaction and shear strength parameters of dry MSW after mechanical sorting of medium and large recyclable items and shredding. The maximum dry unit weight for the standard Proctor compaction test ranged from 6.6 to 10.0 kN/m3 and the optimum moisture content ranged from 20% to 42%. Stress-displacement curves of direct shear tests showed strain hardening and shear strength parameters of Mohr-Coulomb envelopes were displacement-dependent. The friction angle ranged from 3.2° to 42.9° and the cohesion intercept ranged from 1.3 to 31.3 kPa, at a displacement of 9 mm (15% of the specimen length). These results are in line with the literature, since a high content of waste materials that proved to affect geotechnical properties, such as plastic, paper, cardboard, textile, and glass, remained after pre-treatment.

Engineering behavior of municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash with the addition of lime

The paper identifies the physio-chemical properties of incinerated bottom ash procured from waste incineration and treatment facility. The key factors responsible for its limited use as raw material have been identified. The stabilization process can successfully control these limitations using lime as the stabilizing agent. The properties of the stabilized product for 3, 5, and 7 % of lime addition have been compared with the untreated bottom ash. A series of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), Split Tensile Strength (STS), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were performed for the experimental investigations on the improvement of strength characteristics. The specimens were prepared at the Optimum moisture content (OMC). Maximum dry density (MDD) values were calculated using Indian Standard light compaction tests and kept under curing for 3,7,14, and 28 days. The results suggest better strength in the stabilized specimen with higher lime contents as the pozzolanic action results in 124 kPa for STS value for 7 % lime content under curing for 28 days. The best results for UCS were also produced, where an increase of more than 3859 % strength was noticed. The soaked CBR values showed well-stipulated results with more comparative strength gain than in unsoaked conditions. The analysis of Mineral and Microstructure in Municipal solid waste incinerated bottom Ash (MSW-IBA) is carried out through FESEM and XRD testing.

A first-order kinetic model for simulating the aerobic degradation of municipal solid waste

Aerobic degradation models are important tools for investigating the aerobic degradation behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW). In this paper, a first-order kinetic model for aerobic degradation of MSW was developed. The model comprehensively considers the aerobic degradation of five substrates, i.e., holocellulose, non-cellulosic sugars, proteins, lipids and lignin. The proportion ranges of the five substrates are summarized with the recommended values given. The effects of temperature, moisture content, oxygen concentration and free air space (FAS) on the reaction rates are considered, and the effect of settlement is accounted for in the FAS correction function. The reliability of the model was verified by comparing simulations of the aerobic degradation of low food waste content (LFWC-) and high food waste content (HFWC-) MSWs to the literature. Afterwards, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to establish the relative importance of aeration rate (AR), volumetric moisture content (VMC), and temperature. VMC had the greatest influence on the aerobic degradation of LFWC-MSW, followed by temperature and then AR; for HFWC-MSW, temperature was the most important factor, then VMC and last was AR. The degradation ratio of LFWC-MSW can reach 98.0% after 100 days degradation under its optimal conditions (i.e., temperature: 55 °C, VMC: 40%, AR: 0.16 L min−1 kg−1 DM), while it is slightly higher as 99.5% for HFWC-MSW under its optimal conditions (i.e., temperature: 55 °C, VMC: 40%, AR: 0.20 L min−1 kg−1 DM).

Thermo-mechanical volume change behavior of municipal solid waste: experimental study and constitutive model

This paper investigates the thermo-mechanical volume change behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW) by conducting drained heating–cooling tests at constant stresses and isothermal consolidation tests using a temperature-controlled triaxial apparatus. The experimental results show that the compression and swelling indexes of MSW specimen were temperature independent, and the heating-induced volumetric contraction was partially reversible upon cooling. Different from conventional soils, the thermally induced reversible and irreversible volumetric strains of MSW were much larger and stress level dependent. Apart from the experimental study, an isotropic thermo-elastoplastic constitutive model was developed in the framework of existing modified Cam-clay model, which allows the prediction of thermally induced volume changes of MSW. An important feature in this model was the derivation of thermally induced plastic volumetric strain based on the concept of equivalent stress. The capability of the proposed model was validated against the experimental results and showed good predictions. This paper serves as the first attempt to study the thermo-mechanical volume change behavior of MSW, and has provided additional data for the serviceability evaluation of existing pipes as well as settlement and capacity estimation of MSW landfills at elevated temperatures.

Interpretation of mechanical and biodegradation behaviour of municipal solid waste

An advanced constitutive model for MSW (municipal solid waste) is proposed in this study to consider biodegradation and overconsolidation jointly based on sub-loading surface plasticity. A reference line, namely the BNCL (biodegradation-independent normally compression line), is introduced to quantify the total biodegradation time and overconsolidation state of MSW. Under unchanged stress level, the void ratio change due to biodegradation is interpreted as the change of overconsolidation. An isotropic stress–strain-biodegradation constitutive model is then proposed by considering biodegradation-dependent deformation through overconsolidation parameter. The current yield surface and the reference yield surface are introduced for assessing the effect of overconsolidation (biodegradation has been included). The isotropic model is then extended to a triaxial stress state in the space of mean effective stress, deviator stress and biodegradation variable. The performance of the constitutive model is discussed through various scenarios and validated by using experimental data from the literature.

A double-phase constitutive model for municipal solid waste with a fiber pullout criterion to evaluate the softening behavior

Flowslide disasters of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills generally have a long flow distance. In the condition of extremely large deformation, the strength of MSW cannot be reinforced by embedded fibers (also called hardening) with fiber pullout. To describe this softening behavior of MSW in a state of large strain, this study proposes a double-phase constitutive model with a fiber pullout criterion. The mechanical response of MSW is attributed to the basic phase and the fibrous phase described by the modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model with an extension and a pressure-dependent elastic model, respectively. The fiber pullout criterion is governed by the shear stress acting on the fiber-particle interface and the stress state of the fibrous phase. The compressibility of MSW particles is also considered to well reproduce the variations of effective stress in undrained conditions. The model is verified with the previous triaxial tests in drained and undrained conditions, and the mechanism of MSW softening behavior is revealed through a parametric study. Results show that the fiber pullout occurs before the strength of MSW reaches its peak and the stress state remains stable when all fibers are pulled out.

Bacterial Community Structure and Predicted Metabolic Function of Landfilled Municipal Solid Waste in China

The biodegradation behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW) depends on the diversity and metabolic function of bacterial communities, which are affected by environmental factors. However, the diversity of the bacterial communities and metabolic functions in MSW, as well as their influencing factors, remain unclear. In deep-aged MSW, the abovementioned deficiencies are more significant, and will effectively hamper landfill disposal. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was performed to examine the bacterial community structure and metabolic function from depths of 10 m to 40 m, of two large MSW landfills on the southeast coast of China. Thermotogota (1.6–32.0%), Firmicutes (44.2–77.1%), and Bacteroidota (4.0–34.3%) were the three dominant phyla among the 39 bacterial phyla identified in aged MSW samples. Bacterial genera associated with the degradation of many macromolecules, e.g., Defluviitoga, Hydrogenispora, and Lentimicrobium were abundantly detected in MSW samples, even in aged MSW. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that bacterial diversity in the landfills was most strongly correlated with electrical conductivity, age, and moisture content of the MSW. Tax4fun2 analysis predicted that there were abundant metabolism functions in aged MSW, especially functional enzymes (e.g., glycine dehydrogenase and cellulase) related to amino acids and cellulose degradation. This study increases our understanding of the bacterial diversity and functional characteristics in landfilled MSW.

Oxyfuel Combustion of a Model MSW—An Experimental Study

The oxyfuel combustion of a model MSW (municipal solid waste) under various conditions was carried out in a lab-scale reactor. The aim was to study the behavior of MSW and identify challenges and opportunities associated with the development of this technology in the context of integration with CCS (carbon capture and storage). The experimental results show the effects of the oxidizer composition on the combustion process. Complete combustion can be attained under a variety of oxyfuel conditions, and the differences highlighted with O2/CO2 as an oxidizer compared with O2/N2 do not constitute showstoppers. MSW oxyfuel combustion hence offers a great potential for the combined (1) treatment of waste (contaminants’ destruction, volume, and weight reduction), (2) production of heat/power, and (3) CCS with negative CO2 emissions.

Co-combustion behavior of municipal solid waste and food waste anaerobic digestates: Combustion performance, kinetics, optimization, and gaseous products

With the rapid development of food waste anaerobic digestion, the safe treatment of its digestates (FWD) is an urgent mission. Co-combustion of FWD with municipal solid waste (MSW) provided a cleaner and sustainable solution. In this study, the co-combustion behavior of FWD and MSW was investigated by thermogravimetric and Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis. Co-combustion with MSW improved the combustion performance of FWD. Compared to calculative value, experimental CCI were maximally improved at M9F1, with growth of 32.9%. Besides, the combustion indexes were exponentially enhanced as the heating rate increased. CCI of MSW and FWD increased by 7.97 times and 7.33 times as heating rate rose from 10 K/min to 40 K/min. Kinetic analysis showed that the average apparent energy for FWD and MSW were 141.3 and 159.1 kJ/mol, respectively. The lowest average apparent energy was obtained at M1F9 with 135.5 kJ/mol. According to the established model, optimal operating condition was achieved at 540.4 °C, 40 K/min and MSW proportion of 0.95. FTIR results showed that total gas emissions of CO2, CO, NO, HCN and HCl from MSW were greater than FWD. High proportion of FWD was beneficial to reduce the emissions of gaseous pollutants. The experimental emissions of NO and HCl were decreased by 20.8% (M3F7) and 18.6% (M7F3).

Laboratory-based assessment on similarities between dynamic behavior of MSW and clay

The dynamic response of landfills under seismic loads is greatly dependent on stress–strain cyclic characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW). Accurate evaluation of these characteristics is essential for improving the current understanding of MSW’s seismic behavior and, consequently, stabilizing landfills under such loads. Therefore, a comprehensive undrained cyclic triaxial test program was executed to examine the MSW's dynamic response under influential factors such as the number of loading cycles, loading frequency, confining stress, and aging. Additionally, this study focuses on finding similarities between normalized shear modulus and damping ratio curves of MSW and clayey soil. Based on the results of the current investigation and those obtained from the literature, the progression of decomposition in organic content of MSW and compaction induced by landfill operations improves the uniformity of MSW. This improvement in uniformity decreases the MSW's discreteness and, consequently, results in a higher amount of shear stiffness under cyclic loadings. However, the damping ratio results are not following a specific trend due to the unknown nature of MSW. Given the observations made by this study, MSW behaves similar to moderately plastic clay. This finding was assessed further by comparing the influential factors’ effect on MSW and clayey soil’s dynamic responses.

Influence of Waste Temperatures on Long-Term Landfill Performance: Coupled Numerical Modeling

A coupled thermo-hydro-bio-mechanical (CTHBM) numerical model to simulate the long-term behavior of municipal solid waste in landfills is presented. Three numerical simulations—a conventional landfill simulation with no leachate injection (CONV) and two bioreactor landfill simulations involving leachate injection—were carried out by applying the CTHBM model to a typical two-dimensional (2D) landfill cell configuration to analyze the effect of temperature on the long-term performance characteristics of a landfill system. Of the two bioreactor landfill simulations, one (BIOR-T) incorporated temperature effects on the waste decomposition, while the other simulation (BIOR-NT) did not. For the waste conditions simulated, the CONV and BIOR-T had a maximum waste temperature of 54°C and 62°C, respectively. The temperatures at the bottom liner were determined to be in the range of 1°C–32°C and 1°C–39°C over the entire simulation time of the CONV case and BIOR-T case, respectively. The effect of waste temperatures on moisture distribution, methane gas production, and landfill surface settlement was also assessed. The surface settlement response for BIOR-T and BIOR-NT simulations suggests that incorporating the effect of waste temperatures on the waste decomposition is important for a realistic prediction of the waste settlement in landfills. The BIOR-T and BIOR-NT simulations had a similar interface shear response, suggesting that the changes in the stiffness and shear strength of waste, due to incorporating temperature effects on the biodegradation rate, have no noticeable impact on the interface shear response in the bottom liner system. Overall, the proposed CTHBM model can be used to predict long-term performance characteristics (e.g., moisture distribution, landfill gas production, settlement of waste, temperatures) relevant for effective design of bioreactor landfills.

Modeling elasto-visco-bio-plastic mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste in landfills

This paper presents a mechanical model for the prediction of short-term and long-term settlement of municipal solid waste in landfills. The load-induced volumetric compression, shear behavior, tensile behavior, and the time-dependent creep compression behavior of the waste are modeled using the soft soil creep model. The compression induced by decomposition of waste is modeled based on the phenomenon of wetting-induced strains observed in compacted fills with expansive soils. The proposed model is validated using benchmark datasets obtained from two long-term laboratory experiments performed on waste samples obtained from a landfill in UK. Two additional numerical simulation cases (CONV—without leachate injection and BIOR—with leachate injection) were examined by application of the proposed mechanical model on a typical full-scale landfill cell geometry to determine the spatial and temporal variation in the short-term and long-term settlement characteristics of waste in the simulated landfill cell. The settlement of waste predicted by the model could capture the key mechanisms of short- and long-term waste settlement in landfills. The leachate injection in BIOR simulation enhanced the rate of depletion of the degradable solids resulting in a significant increase in the waste settlement. For the simulated landfill and waste conditions, the biodegradation-induced settlement contributed to more than 90% of the settlement of the waste in both CONV and BIOR simulations. The distribution of the injected leachate had a considerable influence on the settlement profiles observed within the waste.

Numerical modeling of coupled biochemical and thermal behavior of municipal solid waste in landfills

A coupled bio-thermal (BT) model is proposed and validated for the prediction of long-term biochemical and thermal behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW) in landfills. The biochemical and thermal behavior of the waste was modeled using a two-stage anaerobic degradation model and diffusive heat transport model, respectively. A temperature function that accounts for the inhibitory effect of non-optimum temperatures on the microbial growth was proposed to simulate the coupled effects of biochemical and thermal behavior of waste in landfills. Six numerical simulation cases representing conventional and bioreactor landfill conditions were performed on a typical full-scale landfill cell model to determine the spatial and temporal variation in the long-term biochemical and thermal characteristics of waste in landfills. The results from the numerical analyses show that incorporating the effect of temperature of waste in the modeling of biodegradation of waste in landfills plays a significant role in realistically predicting the long-term biochemical and thermal regime in MSW landfills. The proposed BT model captures the key trends in the landfill gas (LFG) production and waste temperatures typically observed in actual full-scale landfills. Elevated waste temperatures were predicted especially in the bioreactor landfill cases suggesting that rapid decomposition of waste induces high heat generation rates; however, the elevated temperatures were short-lived.

Effect of Sludge Pellets Addition on Combustion Characteristics and Ash Behaviour of Municipal Solid Waste

Co-combustion of sewage sludge and municipal solid waste (MSW) in grate furnaces (GF) is a promising method to meet strict environmental requirements and reduce construction costs given its high market share in China. However, considering the high ash content and low heat value of sludge, co-combustion of sludge and MSW in GF may lead to combustion instability and an increase of fly ash (FA) production, which further aggravates ash deposition and corrosion of heating surfaces. Besides, semi-dried sludge powder with tiny particle size may cause dust explosion and increase the clinker ignition loss of slag ash due to the leakage in grates. In this study, semi-dried sludge powder is compressed into pellets through a rotary ring die granulator to investigate the effect of sludge pellets addition on gaseous pollutant emissions, combustion characteristics and ash behavior (e.g., ash fusion temperature and the clinker ignition loss of slag ash). The results show that the ratio of FA produced from sludge pellets incineration is lower than that of sludge powder. The clinker ignition loss of slag ash of sludge pellets increases with the increase of its compressive strength. The highest clinker ignition loss under the low combustion temperature is 11.9% which is far beyond the limit (5%) for GF. The addition of desulfurizer (CaO, mass ratio: 1%) in sludge pellets is found useful to reduce sulfur dioxide emission with the maximum 84% desulphurization rate at the combustion section. The decrease of ash flow temperature from co-combustion of sludge and MSW is less than 10 °C compared to that from mono-combustion of MSW, which suggests that co-combustion of sludge with the mixing ratio of 10% in municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) has little impact on fly ash slagging characteristics. The ash characteristics and gaseous pollutant emissions during co-combustion of sludge pellets and municipal solid waste are investigated.

Hydraulic and mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste and high-moisture waste mixtures

The objective of this study was to investigate how addition of high-moisture waste (HMW) affects the hydraulic and mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW). Direct shear and hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted on MSW, HMW, and MSW-HMW mixtures prepared with HMW contents ranging from 20% to 80% (by total mass). Direct shear tests were conducted at normal stress between 22 and 168 kPa and hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted at vertical effective stresses of approximately 50, 100, and 200 kPa. A threshold HMW content of 40% was identified corresponding to substantial change in friction angle and hydraulic conductivity of the mixtures. Municipal solid waste and MSW-HMW mixtures with less than 40% HMW had friction angles between 29° and 32° and hydraulic conductivities greater than or equal to 1.3 × 10−6 m/s. At HMW contents above 40%, the friction angle and hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing HMW content. At 80% HMW, the hydraulic and mechanical behavior of the MSW-HMW mixture was comparable to HMW. The HMW had a friction angle of approximately 2° and hydraulic conductivity of 1.1 × 10−11 m/s at a vertical effective stress of 50 kPa. Additional direct shear tests conducted on MSW and MSW-HMW mixtures soaked in water to simulate subsequent wetting post disposal revealed a decrease in friction angle from approximately 29° to 24° for MSW mixed with 40% HMW.

Evaluation the Shear Strength Behavior of aged MSW using Large Scale In Situ Direct Shear Test, a case of Tabriz Landfill

The current study presents the physical and mechanical properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) with different ages of new and old Tabriz landfill. Although there are several theoretical and laboratory methods to investigate the shear strength parameters of MSW, field methods provide more accurate results due to the minimum MSW disturbance and changes, so in this study the shear strength parameters of MSW Tabriz landfill were evaluated using the “Large Scale in Situ Direct Shear Device” with the cross-sectional dimensions 122 × 122 cm. In spite of difficulties related to conducting tests such as potential exposure to various contaminations and the lack of specific equipment in the beginning, it provided more realistic results of the geotechnical behavior of municipal solid waste compared to other methods. Moreover, the in situ unit weight, physical analysis, moisture and organic content at different ages were evaluated to better understand the mechanical response with increase in the age of MSW. The results showed the cohesion and friction angle of 5- and 16-year-old MSW was estimated as 1.17, 2.215 kPa and 31.51°, 21.51°, respectively; According to the results, the shear strength of 5- and 16-year-old MSW is mainly controlled by the friction angle which seems due to the MSW composition as a function of the consumption pattern. The physical analysis of fresh MSW from 2005 to 2017 showed an increase in the fiber content including plastics and textiles. Moreover, studies on MSW mechanical responses over the time revealed a decrease in the shear strength because of the raise in the fiber and plastic content.