Interfacial Behavior Research Articles

Impact of N+ Ion Irradiation on the Electrochemical Behavior of ZnO Thin Film Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces.

Defect engineering serves as a crucial technique for enhancing the performance of advanced next-generation devices. Ion beam irradiation stands out as a highly promising method for introducing defects in a controlled manner. This study investigates the impact of nitrogen ion (N+) irradiation-induced defects on the electrochemical behavior of ZnO thin-film electrode-electrolyte interface. The oxygen vacancy defects were introduced and tuned by varying the fluence of ion irradiation. The increased Urbach energy in the irradiated samples confirms the enhanced disorder. Photoluminescence data show the emergence of new defect states upon irradiation. The behavior of the ZnO thin-film electrode-electrolyte interface was studied using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. At a fixed scan rate, the enhanced peak current was observed in cyclic voltammetry in N+ Irradiated electrodes. Furthermore, reduced charge transfer resistance was observed in the case of irradiated electrodes. To unravel the underlying mechanism, we analyze the AC conductivity, which shows varying dependency on the frequency. It shows the existence of multiple ion-ion correlations in irradiated electrodes. Furthermore, the AC conductivity in the entire frequency region is enhanced significantly. Dielectric permittivity spectra suggest low-frequency dipole interactions and increased dielectric losses after irradiation, indicating non-Debye type relaxation processes. Understanding irradiation-induced changes will help engineer thin film electrodes for batteries, supercapacitors, and other electrochemical applications.

Research on Adhesion Pull-Off Behavior of Rigid Flat Punch and Viscoelastic Substrate

Interfacial adhesion is one of the key factors affecting the reliability of micro–nano systems. The adhesion contact mechanism is still unclear as the time-dependent viscoelasticity of soft materials. To clarify the adhesion interaction, the pull-off detachment between the rigid flat punch and viscoelastic substrate is explored considering the viscoelasticity of soft materials and rate-dependent adhesion. Taking the Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential characterizing interfacial adhesion and the Prony series defining the viscoelasticity of materials as references, the bilinear cohesion zone model (CZM) and standard Maxwell model are employed, and an adhesion analysis framework is established by combining finite element technology. The influence laws of the loading and unloading rates, material relaxation coefficients and size effect on adhesion pull-off behavior are revealed. The results show that the pull-off force is independent of the material relaxation effect and related to the unloading rate. When v^ ≥ 50 or v^ < 0.01, the pull-off force has nothing to do with the unloading rate, but when 0.01 < v^ < 50, the pull-off force increases with the increasing unloading rate. Also, it is controlled by the size effect, and the changing trend conforms to the MD-n model proposed by Jiang. The energy required for interfacial separation (i.e., effective adhesion work) is a result of the comprehensive influence of unloading rates, material properties and the relaxation effect, which is consistent with Papangelo1’s research results. In addition, we derive the critical contact radius of the transition from the Kendall solution to the strength control solution. This work not only provides a detailed solution for the interfacial adhesion behavior but also provides guidance for the application of adhesion in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMSs).

Potential-Dependent ATR-SEIRAS and EQCM-D Analysis of Interphase Formation in Zinc Battery Electrolytes.

With the heightening interest in bivalent battery technology, there arises a necessity for a thorough investigation into zinc-ion battery (ZIB) electrolytes, accommodating their chemical attributes and potential-dependent structural dynamics. While the phenomenon of in situ solid electrolyte interphase formation is extensively documented in lithium-ion batteries, its analogous occurrences in ZIBs remain limited. Herein is a comparative study of three zinc electrolytes of interest: ZnSO4, ZnOTF, and Zn(TFSI)2/LiTFSI hybrid water-in-salt electrolyte. Additionally, the impact of an acetonitrile additive is scrutinized, with a comparative assessment of the interfacial behavior in aqueous solutions. Utilizing ATR-SEIRAS, potential-dependent alterations in the composition of the electrolyte/electrode interface were monitored, while EQCM-D facilitated a comprehensive understanding of variations in the mass and structural properties of the adsorbed layer. Aqueous ZnSO4 demonstrated the accumulation of porous Zn4SO4(OH)6·xH2O at negative potentials, leading to a mass of 1.47 μg cm-2 after five cycles. Bisulfate formation was observed at positive potentials. SEIRAS measurements for ZnOTF demonstrated reorientation and surface adsorption of CF3SO3- to favor CF3 at the surface for positive potentials, and acetonitrile showed increased stability for the electrode at negative potentials. The additive was also reported to lead to the accumulation of a substantial passivation layer with viscoelastic properties. The zinc water-in-salt showed exceptional surface stability at negative potentials and a widened potential window. A thin rigid zinc SEI layer is reported with a mass of 0.7 μg cm-2. The compositional intricacies of these surface structures are discussed in relation to their solvent conditions. This investigation not only sheds light on the initial charge/discharge cycles in ZIBs but also underscores their pivotal role in instigating enduring transformations that can significantly influence their long-term cycling performance.

Interfacial and mass transport phenomena in the tri-ethylene glycol-methane system at process conditions of natural gas dehydration

AbstractUnderstanding the phase and interphase behavior at equilibrium and during the mass transfer between two adjacent fluid phases is relevant for optimizing and designing efficient separation processes. This study experimentally investigates the interfacial and transport behavior of systems comprising tri-ethylene glycol (TEG) and methane (CH4) under conditions relevant to the gas dehydration process. A comprehensive review of the interfacial tension (IFT) and diffusivity of systems involving non-polar and polar compounds at elevated pressures was studied. However, a research gap exists, particularly concerning the interfacial tension of systems involving TEG, TEG + water, and different types of gases as well as the diffusivity of CH4 in TEG. To address this gap, this study presents new data on mixture densities, interfacial tension, and drop volumes of TEG and TEG + water in CH4 and CH4 + CO2 mixtures at temperatures ranging from 20 to 50 °C and pressures up to 250 bar using the oscillating U-tube and pendant drop methods, respectively. Additionally, time-dependent fluid mixture densities and TEG droplet volumetric expansion, coupled with an analytical approach for the binary diffusion were applied to determine the CH4 solubility and diffusivity in TEG. The results show that IFT and drop volume of TEG and TEG + water in CH4 and CH4 + CO2 mixtures decrease with increasing pressure. The presence of water increases the IFT of TEG-CH4 up to $$\sim$$ ∼ 5mN/m, while CO2 reduces it by $$\sim$$ ∼ 2mN/m. Interestingly, the IFT and drop volume of TEG-CH4 show no significant change at elevated pressures when temperatures rise from 20 to 50 °C. IFT remains relatively constant over time at moderate pressures but decreases by $$\sim$$ ∼ 3mN/m at an elevated pressure of 150 bar, suggesting methane solubilization into TEG to have a significant influence which is confirmed by TEG drop volume expansion. The diffusivity of CH4 in TEG at 150 bar and 50 °C is determined to be in the range of 10–10 m2/s, which is in agreement with the diffusivity of CH4 in liquids of similar viscosity, i.e. according correlations may be applied as good engineering practice. To the best of our knowledge, there is no such comprehensive work on the properties of fluid mixtures relevant in gas dehydration processes published up to date.

Interfacial shear behavior of salt freeze-thaw pre-damaged NC with ECC: Experimental and theoretical investigations

This study aims to clarify the interfacial shear behavior of salt freeze-thaw pre-damaged normal concrete (NC) with engineered cementitious composite (ECC). A comprehensive analysis was conducted to study the effects of the cycle number, interfacial roughness, and ECC curing age on the interfacial shear performance. The results showed that, as the cycle number increased, the interfacial shear strength decreased to varying degrees. The optimal interfacial roughness was 5.5mm, and further increasing roughness would decrease the interfacial shear stiffness. When the ECC curing age was 7 days, it had already reached 85% of the interfacial shear strength of specimens cured for 28 days. Additionally, considering the effects of cycle number and interfacial roughness, an interfacial shear strength calculation model and a shear-slip curve prediction model were established, providing a valuable reference for the engineering application of ECC repair for salt freeze-thaw damaged NC.

Enhancing soy protein isolate flexibility through non-covalent ferulic acid modification: implications for interfacial characteristics and protein-based emulsion performance

This study aims to enhance the flexibility of soy protein isolate (SPI) to improve its functional properties, focusing on the investigated the effects of ferulic acid (FA) on the structure, interfacial behaviour and emulsification performance of SPI. Our study showed that FA induces SPI structures to depolymerization and unfolding primarily through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, thereby increasing the flexible structures (random coils and β-turns) of protein. These changes enhanced the interfacial functional properties of SPI, with 150 μmol/g of FA-modified SPI exhibiting the best molecular flexibility, and its emulsification and emulsification stability were improved by 21.26% and 39.86%, respectively, compared to unmodified SPI. In addition, non-covalently modified FA significantly improved emulsions stability. Emulsions stabilized by SPI-FA150 complexes exhibited better storage, heat, and freeze-thaw stability than SPI, with a significant reduction in oxidation products. This relationship between flexibility and function reveals the importance of structural modification in enhancing protein functionality. These discoveries shed new light on flexible protein processing technologies and the application of FA in protein functional modification.

Influence of substrate properties on fracture behavior of rock-concrete bi-material central interface cracked Brazilian disks at different loading angles

Influence of substrate properties on fracture behavior of rock-concrete bi-material central interface cracked Brazilian disks at different loading angles

Zn interlayer-induced modifications in interfacial structure and fracture behavior of Cyclic Hot-Pressed Mg/Al laminated composites

In this study, a new type of cyclic hot pressing technology was used to prepare magnesium-aluminum composites. In order to further simplify the process, the active zinc interlayer was introduced, and the interfacial bonding strength of Mg/Al LMCs was increased by 43.25%. The traditional Mg/Al LMCs interface is mainly composed of Mg-Al IMCs (β-Mg2Al3 and γ-Mg17Al12), in which the highly regular HCP-β phase leads to brittle fracture of the material. After adding zinc layer, the interface of the composites mainly presents Al-SS, η (MgZn2) and Mg-SS phases. During the preparation process, the solid solution treatment and aging treatment occurred at the composite interface, and a chain GPII zone was formed at the interface between Al-SS and η phase. This region is mainly composed of structurally unstable η′(Al-Mg-Zn), resulting in the GP II band becoming a region rich in lattice defects and a fracture source of the composite.

Specific ion effects on the self-assembly and interfacial properties of double- and single-chain cationic amphiphiles

Understanding the specific ion effects (SIE) on the self-assembly of ionic amphiphiles is a key unresolved issue in colloid and interface chemistry. We investigated the SIE on interfacial properties, aggregation behaviours, and interfacial molarities of dioctyldimethylammonium (DiC8X) and tetradecyltrimethylammonium (TTAX) (X = Br, Cl, and Ac) surfactants. Our results demonstrate strong SIE on the aggregation behaviours in both single-chain and double-chain surfactants. The aggregation behaviour depends on the net effect of nonspecific interactions and SIE. Vesicle-micelle transitions are observed exclusively in the double-chained surfactants studied in this work, regardless of their tail symmetry, and are absent in the single-chained surfactants examined. These transitions are counterion-dependent, occurring only with bromide, while the surfactants bearing acetate consistently form vesicles. The chemical trapping (CT) results reveal several key insights on interfacial molarities: 1) double-chain surfactants exhibit higher interfacial water molarity compared to single-chain surfactants, with counterion molarity showing an inverse trend; 2) within both TTAX and DiC8X classes, the interfacial water molarity is highest for surfactants with bromide, followed by chloride, and lowest for acetate; 3) for surfactants undergoing vesicle-micelle transitions, both interfacial water and bromide molarity increase with rising surfactant concentration at low concentration ranges, indicating looser interfacial packing with increasing concentration; and 4) the combined CT and molecular dynamic simulations indicate that acetate penetration into interfacial regions significantly increases with surfactant concentration in TTAAc and DiC8Ac aggregates, explaining the consistent vesicle formation of amphiphiles with acetate. Overall, this study provides critical insights into the delicate balance-of-forces controlling the morphologies of aggregates composed of ionic amphiphiles.

Multifunctional Composite Separator Based on NiS2/NiSe2 Homologous Heterostructure Polyhedron Promotes Polysulfide Conversion for High Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

The shuttle effect significantly hinders the industrialization of high-energy-density lithium-sulfur batteries. To address this issue, NiS2/NiSe2 homologous heterostructure polyhedron (HHP) composite separators were developed to immobilize polysulfides and promote their swift conversion. An in-situ visualization symmetrical cell was specifically designed to show the rapid polysulfide adsorption capability of NiS2/NiSe2 HHP, while the electrolyte-separator interfacial contact behavior was simulated to elucidate the mechanism of action of the composite separator in affecting the homogeneous nucleation of lithium metal surfaces. The electrochemical experimental result highlights the substantial enhancement in the reaction kinetics of polysulfides facilitated by NiS2/NiSe2 HHP, owing to its high Li+ diffusion coefficient and Li2S deposition capacity. The NiS2/NiSe2 HHP cells demonstrate high initial specific capacity (1224.1 mAh g-1) at 0.2 C and minimal decay rates (0.073%) at 2 C. The NiS2/NiSe2 HHP separator has high electrochemical catalytic activity with multiple adsorption sites, enabling the rapid polysulfide conversion and contributing to the preparation of high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries.

Effect of combined ferrous burden composition and ore-coke interaction on blast furnace burden distribution

The distribution of burden materials at the blast furnace throat is highly correlated with the combined ferrous burden with different mass percentages of sinter, pellet, and lump ore. In this work, the motion behavior of the burden particles was studied under different combined ferrous burden composition, and an analysis was conducted on the cooperative influence of the combined ferrous burden composition and ore-coke interaction on the burden distribution characteristics. The results indicate that the particle flow trajectory is stable when the total mass fraction of pellet and lump ore is less than 32 %. Central coke charging can minimize the radial segregation of the combined ferrous burden. At the ore-coke layer interface, the accumulation and percolation behaviors of ore particles are observed. When the pellet ratio is high, the ore particles can easily penetrate into the void structure of the coke layer.

Solvation structure manipulation of ester-based electrolyte by acetonitrile additive enables high-capacity and stable K-storage for phenazine-based anode

Potassium ion batteries configured with organic electrode materials show promising applications due to the advantages of low cost and high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the design of electrolytes compatible with organic anodes and the resolution of the issue of uniform deposition of highly active potassium remain significant challenges. In this study, an engineering strategy was proposed to employ additives with electron-rich nitrile group in order to modulate the properties of ester-based electrolytes. It was found that acetonitrile (AN) can change the cation solvation structure, which determines the interfacial behavior of the K-solvent at the electrode interface, and effectively guides the homogeneous plating/stripping of K as well as suppresses dendritic growth. Therefore, a high reversible capacity of 200 mAh/g(composite) with the coulombic efficiency of 99.1 % at 50 mA/g was produced by the K-storage system of the novel phenazine anode with carbon nanotubes supported (PhAz/CNTs) and AN-containing electrolyte. The cyano-based additive strategy may offer novel insights into the tuning of electrolyte properties for the development of high-performance potassium ion battery systems.

The interfacial behaviors of ball-milled gorgon euryale starch - quinoa protein complex and its stabilizing effect on Pickering emulsions

This study investigated the effects of ball-milling treatment on the characteristics of gorgon euryale starch (GES) and quinoa protein (QP), and developed a new strategy by compounding ball-milled GES with QP to study the mechanism of its action on the stability of Pickering emulsions. Through SEM and FTIR analyses, it was found that ball-milling treatment damaged the compound granular structure of GES, reduced the particle size of QP, and caused aggregation. However, the chemical structures of both substances did not change significantly. The Pickering emulsions prepared with the ball-milled GES/QP complex exhibited more significant thickening properties. Ball milling reduced the droplet size of the emulsions (D50 decreased from 6.73 ± 0.12 to 2.85 ± 0.91 μm) and made the distribution more uniform, though an excessive protein ratio led to droplet aggregation and a decrease in the emulsification index. Using the emerging observation method of DIC, it was confirmed that the emulsions prepared with GES/QP (8/2, g/g) and GES/QP (7/3, g/g) showed almost no change in backscattering light intensity and still had good storage stability after 20 days. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development of more stable and clean emulsifiers.

Modification and mechanistic study of fluid/fluid and carbonate rock/fluid interfaces using a glycolipid biosurfactant from an indigenous strain of Gordonia terrae for MEOR applications

To clarify the mechanism of the interface behavior between carbonate surface/biosurfactant solution/oil systems, the interfacial tension (IFT), surface wettability, spreading coefficient (SC), and capillary number were investigated with regard to the synergistic effects of a biosurfactant from an indigenous Gordonia terrae strain (isolated from an Iranian oil reservoir), formation water salinity, and pH using response surface methodology (RSM-CCD). According to the analysis of variance results, the process effectively depicted by the quadratic model demonstrated statistical significance in terms of the responses of IFT, wettability alteration, and SC, which were significantly affected by biosurfactant concentration. The optimal conditions were 0.260 g/L biosurfactant, 36.202 g/L salinity, and a pH of 5.9. Accordingly, the quadratic model was verified using the estimated optimal parameters, thereby confirming the accuracy of the model in which a strongly water-wet surface (contact angle change from 159° to 31°) and IFT reduction (from 23.96 to 1.26 mN/m) resulted in an SC of near-zero value (−0.18) and 25 % recovery of oil during the imbibition experiments after secondary water flooding. The desorption of the polar components of crude oil from the dolomite rock surface was also investigated through determining the un-coverage ratios of the elements using energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and characterization. Although the solutions containing biosurfactants contributed to the alteration of the rock surface wettability, their performance strongly depended on the pH and salinity, resulting in different desorption ratios. The desorption of approximately 40 % of the adsorbed organic compounds from the carbonate surface was a critical limiting factor affecting the surface properties of the rock, and was responsible for altering the wettability to water-wet conditions. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of effective biosurfactant-flooding techniques for MEOR.

Shear behavior of cold region clay-concrete interface under temperature-controlled direct shear tests

The shear properties of the permafrost-structure interface play a crucial role in analyzing the performance of engineering structures in cold regions. Direct shear tests were carried out on the permafrost-concrete structural interface by means of self-improved and optimized temperature-controlled direct shear apparatus to investigate the effects of temperature, moisture content and freeze-thaw cycles. Test results were used to establish a shear characteristic model under coupled influence of temperature and humidity. Preparation of specimens consisting of precast C30 concrete blocks and soil samples taken from borehole cores of the pile foundation of the Middle Bridge No. 3 on the road from Sai Township to Qiuluo Village, Sakya County, Tibet, China, and were treated to different effective confining pressure (σn = 300 kPa, 400 kPa, 500 kPa and 600 kPa), different temperatures (T = −20 °C, −15 °C, −5 °C, 0 °C, 5 °C, 15 °C, and 20 °C), different moisture contents (ω = 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 %), and different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles (N = 0, 1, 3, 5, 7and11) from −15 °C to 15 °C, test results are given and analyzed. The peak shear stress (τp) is significantly higher than the residual stress (τr) at negative temperature, τp is greater than 1.5 times to 3.2 times of τr. τp is greatly affected by temperature changes, τp under negative temperature is 17 % higher than that under positive temperature, because the water in the soil freezes at negative temperatures, forming a concrete-ice-soil bond interface, which increases the peak strength of the interface. While τr is insensitive to temperature changes. At negative temperatures, the cohesion (c') changes less with increasing water content (ω), and the effect of ω on the external friction angle (φ′) is more significant. At positive temperature, the cohesion decreases with increasing ω, and the effect of ω on the external friction angle is not significant. When N < 5, the cohesion increases with the increase of N; when N = 5, c' reaches the maximum value; when N > 5, c' decreases with the increase of N. Moreover, regardless of the type of shear behavior, the first five freeze-thaw cycles have the greatest impact on the external friction angle. Compared with the sample that has not experienced freeze-thaw cycles, when N = 5, the total decrease in the external friction angle of the sample is 25.6 %.

Water Droplet Equilibration on Silicone Elastomer Substrates Containing Mobile Silicones.

Understanding interfacial behavior at the water/silicone elastomer interface is vital in many applications, including microfluidics, antibiofouling, and self-cleaning surfaces. Silicone elastomers are not always static systems, however. Unreacted silicone molecules within a substrate may change the water-wetting behavior compared to fully reacted substrates. To investigate the impact of free silicone species at the interface, we systematically studied water wettability as a function of contact time with various silicone elastomer substrates. One set of Sylgard 184 substrates was prepared from curing at optimal stoichiometry and included doses of silicone molecules of varying molecular weights. Another set of substrates was made by mixing Sylgard 184 in imbalanced ratios to provide incomplete cross-linking. In the absence of added silicone oils, we observe a linear decrease in contact angle with time due to the evaporation of water. However, within certain molecular weight and loading levels of additional inert oils, nonlinear wetting behavior occurs as oils migrate to the interface and the system stabilizes. Similar nonlinear wetting behavior occurs without including silicone oils by mixing pure Sylgard 184 in very imbalanced mixing ratios, resulting in incomplete cross-linking. Such substrates contain unbound mobile silicone species that diffuse to the water-substrate interface. We show how the water contact angle technique can elucidate the presence of unbound silicone oils in the substrate.

An efficient deep learning approach for ultimate bond strength estimations of corroded bar and concrete

Abstract The corrosion behavior of the reinforced concrete structure depends heavily on the interfacial bond behavior between steel and concrete. Over the years, the deterioration of integrated reinforced steel has weakened this bond and potentially led to structural problems. Conventional methods of bond strength evaluation, such as pullout and bond beam tests, is frequently intrusive and tedious. Therefore, there is a growing need for non-intrusive, effective, and reliable forecasting algorithms capable of assessing bond deterioration caused by corrosion. Traditional algorithms for predicting bond strength make it difficult to capture the complex nature of steel-concrete bonds. The present study proposes two different deep learning algorithms, i.e., convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM), for predicting maximum bond strength in the presence of corrosion. The predictive model is based on a comprehensive dataset comprising 218 datasets from previous studies encompassing diverse input and output variables for predicting the models. The models were trained and tested using the given data to improve early predictions of corrosion-induced bond degradations. The predictive model’s effectiveness was assessed by applying various performance metrics. From this study, the CNN model exhibits higher accuracy and efficiency with mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean absolute percentage error of 0.25, 0.28, and 95.72, respectively, for predicting ultimate bond strength estimations. The findings of this study provide an accurate and robust prediction model to improve the reliability and safety of the concrete structure by enhancing the residual load-bearing capacity of the concrete structure that has undergone corrosion.

Choline chloride-Urea based deep eutectic Solvent: Characterization, interfacial behavior and Synergism in binary (surfactant) systems

The paper focusses on the synthesis and characterization of choline chloride: urea (molar ratio 1:2) DES. The influence of the varying DES concentration on the surface and interfacial behavior of low-concentration commercial surfactant (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) was examined. The incorporation of DES into the surfactant solution resulted in an augmentation of electrophoretic mobility and absolute zeta potential values, indicative of enhanced surfactant adsorption at the interface. Sessile drop measurements demonstrated the capacity of binary mixture to modify the wettability of sandstone from intermediate-wet state to water-wet condition. In summary, physicochemical evaluation revealed the capability of DES to augment the self-assembly and wetting behavior of surfactant at low concentrations (below critical micelle concentration). The observed phenomenon in these solvents primarily finds utility in nanoscience, drug delivery systems, colloids, catalysis, and applications in many other fields.

Tuning the Interfacial Deformation of Gliadin-Flaxseed Gum Complex Particles for Improving the Foam Stability

Gliadin nanoparticle (GNP) is a promising foaming agent, but its application is hindered by the limited foam stability under low acidic conditions. Herein, we attempted to tune the foam stability of GNP by coating it with flaxseed gum (FG) and investigated the structure, interfacial behaviors, and foam functionality of gliadin-FG (GFG) particles at pH 4.5. Results showed that the formation of GFG complex particles was driven by an electrostatic interaction between positive charge patches on the surface of GNP (~17 mV) and negative charges in FG molecule (~−13 mV) at all tested ratios. The addition of appropriate amounts of FG (1:0.05) effectively improved the foam stability of GNP. This was because GFG with larger sizes and lower surface charge possessed higher rigidity after coating with FG. When they adsorbed at the air/water interface, their deformation process was slower than that of GNP, as indicated by interfacial dilatational rheology and cryo-SEM, and the covered particles seemed to be more closely distributed to form solid-like and dense interfacial films. Notably, the addition of FG at a higher ratio (1:0.3) promoted the foam stability of GNP by about five folds because the larger GFG with suitable flexibility and wettability could form a stiff interface layer with more significant elastic response, and the unabsorbed particles and FG could form a gel-like network structure in the continuous phase. These characteristics effectively prevented foam disproportionation and coalescence, as well as retard the drainage. Our findings demonstrate that coating GNPs with FG is an effective approach to improve their application in foamed foods.

Ni-based diamond composite coatings: preparation process, microstructure, properties and interfacial behavior

Ni-based diamond composite coatings: preparation process, microstructure, properties and interfacial behavior