Behavior Of Elderly People Research Articles

Acute blood pressure behavior in hypertensive elderly people after a strength training session under the superserie method: Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial

Background: Chronic degenerative diseases have increased significantly, among them, systemic arterial hypertension (AH) stands out. The treatment of hypertension includes, in addition to specific hypotensive drugs, regular physical exercise. However, even though it is strongly recommended in national and international guidelines, the acute and subacute effects of physical exercise on the regulation mechanisms of the blood pressure system in different types of exercises still require further studies, especially regarding strength training and its methods in elderly people, which at least to our knowledge, there are not many studies published to date on this topic. Strength training has metabolic characteristics related to moderate intensity, a safe factor when it is related to the elderly, and can be an important ally for controlling the blood pressure system in this group. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a strength training session on blood pressure behavior in elderly people with hypertension. Methods: This is a randomized crossover clinical trial protocol. The minimum sample size was determined based on a previous study published by our research group. The size of 30 individuals was estimated, using a significance level of 5%, power of 80%, and a difference of 5mmHg in systolic blood pressure, after being included in the study, they will undergo a battery of tests, in order to outline their physical-functional and metabolic profile, and will be allocated into two protocols: CP (control protocol) and EP (experimental protocol). Control session, without exercise, and the EP which consists of a strength training session, using a superserie method. The blood pressure will be measured before the protocols, immediately after (minute 0), and at minutes 15 , 30, 45 and 60 after. Individuals will perform the other protocol, featuring the crossover design. Expected results: It is expected that by carrying out this study, we will obtain the hypotensive effect as well as contribute to the understanding of the effects of strength training under the superserie method on blood pressure levels in elderly people with hypertension, and its real practical applicability.

Effect of Health Education on the Behavior of Elderly with Hypertension

Education is one way that can be used to increase one's knowledge. Education can be given in various fields, including health. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Health Education on increasing the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of elderly people with hypertension in the Pangkajene Health Center area in 2023. This type of research used a quantitative method with a pre-experimental design study with pre-test and post-test design treatment, while the population was patients 90 people who suffer from hypertension at the Pangkajene Health Center use total sampling. The results of this study used the Wilcoxon test analysis. Knowledge was -8.132 and a significant value was 0.000 (p<0.05), Attitude was -8165 and a significant value was 0.000 (p<0.05), and Behavior was -8267 and a significant value was 0.000 ( p<0.05), there was a significant difference in the results of the Health Education pretest and posttest on the attitudes of the elderly with hypertension in the Pangkajene Health Center area. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect of Health Education on the attitude of the elderly who experience hypertension in the Pangkajene Health Center area. The conclusion of the study showed that there was an effect of Health Education on the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of elderly people with hypertension in the Pangkajene Health Center area. it is expected that the puskesmas will carry out home care because elderly people with hypertension cannot carry out health checks because there is no family to take them to health services because they are busy with their daily activities.

The Key Criteria for Predicting Unusual Behavior in the Elderly With Deep Learning Models Under 5G Technology

Deep learning algorithms and technology based on 5G networks may be able to help identify unusual behavior in elderly people. Because 5G networks have a lower latency and a greater bandwidth, it is possible to use more complex algorithms and larger data sets for training and detection in a real-time. On top of that, real-time analysis of the data gathered through in-home monitoring of the elderly can become much simpler to carry out with the help of 5G’s potential to simplify the process. However, the system needs to be developed in a way that it considers the preferences of the most important criteria of elderly people, who have more requirements in terms of their living situation and the environment in which they live. Therefore, this study advocated using “Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory” (DEMATEL) to analyze the most crucial criteria (feature) required for creating a model for identifying odd behavior in elderly persons. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Long Short-Term Memories (LSTMs) are adopted in detecting unusual behavior in the elderly after the analysis key criteria for predicting unusual behavior in the elderly by DEMATEL. The research established a concept by linking the SIMADL dataset with the dimension of elderly people’s behavior and performed an experimental analysis using both CNN and LSTM. Performance evaluations show that the LSTM performs better in detecting unusual behavior in elderly persons with 96% accuracy. Depressive disorder is the most significant aspect of ageing that might lead to a typical unusual behavior in elderly persons, according to DEMATEL analysis.

FAMILY SUPPORT AND INCREASING HYPERTENSION DIET BEHAVIOR AMONG ELDERLY

Background: Hypertension is one of health problems that often occurs among elderly group. Complications caused by hypertension such as heart disease, kidney failure, diabetes mellitus, stroke and even death. The hypertension diet pattern is one of interventions to keep a normal blood pressure level, which also as a strategy to prevent related complications. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between family support and increasing hypertension diet behavior among the elderly in the village of Ngimbang, Tuban, East Java. Methods: The research design used a correlational analytic design with a cross sectional approach. This study was conducted at June 2022 in Ngimbang Village, Tuban-East Java, Indonesia. The population of this study was 23 elderlies in Ngimbang village who had hypertension, the sampling technique used total sampling and obtained a sample of 23 people. Data collection of both dependent data (family support) and independent data (diet behavior) used questionnaires and it was adopted from Utari (2017). Data analysis used Chi Square statistical test with (ρ < α = 0.05). Result: The result of this study showed that most of the elderly aged 60-70 years and the majority were women. The degree of hypertension was majority at 1st and 2nd. Moreover, half of the respondents have good family support and 78.3% of them were in good hypertension diet behavior. The results of statistical analysis tests showed that there was a relationship between family support and dietary behavior in elderly people with hypertension with ρ-value = 0.014 (ρ < α = 0.05). Conclusion: Collaboration between health workers and community leaders or cadres should be needed to provide counseling to the elderly and the families about good eating habits in the elderly who suffer from hypertension, so that with good eating habits it is hoped that blood pressure can be controlled and reduce the risk of complications.

Changing Dietary Behavior in Elderly with Hypertension through Hypertension Random Card Game

The main factor in the problems of hypertensive patients is lack of dietary compliance. Consumption of high sodium and high fat causes uncontrolled hypertension, leading to complications such as stroke. Efforts to treat hypertension with a dietary approach are the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH). DASH, which has been modified in the form of a hypertension random card game, is a method of improving the dietary patterns of the elderly. The implementation of community service to change dietary behavior in elderly people with hypertension uses a case series method where the number of respondents is 17 elderly people. After health education and playing the Hypertension Random Card Game, the elderly experienced an increase in dietary behavior changes, namely 14 elderly (82%) in the positive category or already on a hypertension diet and 2 elderly (18%) in the negative category or not yet on a hypertension diet. Health education with educational games is more fun than health education with conventional lecture and discussion methods. After the intervention, the hypertension diet behavior of the elderly in all aspects including cognitive aspects, affective aspects, and psychomotor aspects has increased. Recommendations that can be given are to conduct periodic evaluations on hypertension diet behavior through hypertension random card games so that a more detailed analysis picture is obtained.

Self-care behaviors in older adults suffering from knee osteoarthritis: Application of theory of planned behavior.

Osteoarthritis is one of the main reasons causing disablement. Educational intervention for self-care behaviors of patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis is important because its effect on quality of patient life decreases the economic burden of disorder on society and family. This study aimed to investigate the effect of educational intervention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on promoting self-care behaviors in elderly patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis. This quasi-experimental study was performed on 200 elderlies suffering from knee osteoarthritis in the rheumatology clinics of Shiraz, Iran, in 2019. The subjects were divided into two groups (100 experimental and 100 control). Before and after 4 months, both experimental and control groups filled a questionnaire. After administering a pre-test to both groups, only the experimental group was trained based on the TPB constructs on self-care behaviors in elderly people suffering from knee osteoarthritis in eight sessions by presenting educational films and images, power points, and group discussions for solving problems. The mean age of the experimental group was 67.25 ± 3.64, and the mean age of the control group was 66.12 ± 3.50. The average scores of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior before the educational intervention did not have significant differences in experimental and control groups, however, 4 months after the educational intervention, the paired t-test indicated significant enhancement in every construct in the experimental group, but no significant changes in the control group. According to the results, the educational intervention increased the self-care behaviors of patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis based on the theory of planned behavior. Therefore, the results of this study can be used in theory-based intervention strategies for self-care behaviors of patients suffering from knee osteoarthritis.

Evde Bakım Hizmeti Alan Yaşlı Bireylerin Öz Etkililik Algıları ve Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Some physical, mental, and social changes that occur with increasing age in elderly people reduce their functional capacities, increase their need for assistance, lengthen hospital stays, and impose a material and moral burden. The purpose of this study was to look into the relationship between self-efficacy perception and healthy lifestyle behavior in elderly people who are cared for at home. It is a descriptive investigation. The study's participants comprised of 258 elderly people. The information was gathered using the Patient Diagnosis Form, the Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Scale II, and the Self Efficacy-Sufficiency Scale.While the total point average obtained from the Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Scale-II was 123.08±22.86, the total point average of Self Efficacy-Sufficiency Scale was 72.37±15.16. The total point average of the healthy lifestyle behavior scale-II and the self-efficacy sufficiency scale were both positive, and a significant relationship at the middle level (r=.623 p=.000) was discovered. Given that self-efficacy sufficiency perception is a critical determinant of healthy lifestyle behavior, trainings that increase self-efficacy sufficiency perception while also providing sustainability may be suggested.

The Impact of Sedentary Behavior and Self-Rated Health on Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer among South Korean Elderly Persons Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2014-2018 Data.

Cardiovascular disease and cancer have increased the risk of mortality and morbidity in elderly persons worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of sedentary behavior and self-rated health with cardiovascular disease or cancer in elderly people. The data of 6785 elderly persons aged above 65 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2018 were examined. Binary logistic regression analyses assessed the association of sedentary behavior, self-rated health, and other risk factors with cardiovascular disease or cancer. Prolonged sedentary behavior in elderly people was associated with a high risk for cardiovascular disease (odds ratio (OR): 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.52). There was a high risk for cardiovascular disease (OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.85–3.01) or cancer (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.17–1.88) in elderly people who had poor self-rated health. This study identified the association between prolonged sedentary behavior and cardiovascular disease, and between poor self-rated health and cancer. Since prolonged sedentary behavior is related to cardiovascular disease, efforts are needed to reduce sedentary behavior hours and maintain good self-rated health.

Individualized education focusing on self‐management improved the knowledge and self‐management behaviour of elderly people with atrial fibrillation: A randomized controlled trial

This study examined the effect of an individualized educational intervention on the knowledge, attitudes and self-management ability after 12weeks for outpatients with atrial fibrillation. A randomized control-group pretest-post-test experimental design was used. Elderly outpatients with atrial fibrillation aged over 65years were recruited from a university hospital in Korea. The experimental group received a 50-min individualized education on self-management, one telephone counselling after 8weeks and maintenance of a self-management diary for 12weeks. Data were collected from November 2017 to April 2018 and analysed using SPSS 22.0 for descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing. The participants' mean age was 71.9 (4.6)years. Compared to the control group (n=29), the experimental group (n=31) showed a significantly greater improvement in knowledge regarding atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention (t=-2.27, p=.027) and self-management behaviours (t=-8.02, p<.001). There were no significant group differences in attitudes towards atrial fibrillation. The findings suggest that education for elderly people with atrial fibrillation should be individualized, focusing on self-management in daily life to prevent cardiovascular complications. Future research is needed to confirm the long-term effects of such education programmes.

Factor Structure of Coping Behavior in Elderly People Taking Geronto-Educational Programs

Research aimed at increasing the social adaptation and productivity of retirees is of theoretical and practical significance due to the growing share of elderly people in Russia’s total population. The relevance of this study is due to the contradiction between the theoretical and practical significance of the problem of coping behavior in elderly people and its insufficient development in gerontopsychology. The goal of this paper is a theoretical substantiation, identification, and discussion of the results of factor analysis of the structure of coping behavior in subjects of geronto-educational programs. Theoretical and empirical methods and psychodiagnostic techniques, such as Heim’s Coping Technique, Lazarus and Folkman’s Coping Questionnaire (adapted by T. Kryukova and E. Kuftyak), Maddi’s Hardiness Survey (adapted by D. Leontyev), and Vodopyanova and Stein’s Scale of Optimism and Activity, were used. The following methods of mathematical and statistical analysis were applied: descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-square test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and principal component analysis with Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization; the statistical software package StatSoft Statistica for Windows 10.0 and IBM SPSS Statistics 23 was also used. The empirical research was carried out at the University for Elderly, the regional branch of the National Nongovernmental Organization Znanie in Chelyabinsk, Russia. The sample comprised 101 individuals with an average age of 68.2 years. The factor analysis detected and verified a latent structure of coping behavior in the elderly consisting of seven key components classified by the degree of preference. The factor structure of coping behavior in the subjects is dominated by adaptive and relatively adaptive behavioral and cognitive coping styles (based on three of the seven factors) that are both problem- and self-preservation-oriented.

BEHAVIORS OF M-PATIENTS OVER 60 YEARS OF AGE

In the period of Internet expansion in all areas of human activity, the classic understanding of older ICT (information and communication technologies) users is evolving towards the emergence of new groups of health market entities which include e-patients and m-patients. The subject of consideration is the behaviour of elderly using mHealth as well as stating the specifics of their behaviour in the process of seeking, utilizing, generating information about their health. On the basis of the conducted survey, the article formulates a number of practical guidelines for ICT specialists regarding the behaviour of elderly people in the use of mobile systems. The presented applications might be a hint that should be taken into account while designing the e-health applications.

Effects of pony-assisted therapy on the behavior of older people with neurocognitive disorders living in nursing homes

Experienced in psychomotricity in two nursing homes, pony-assisted therapy shows first positive effects on psycho-behavioral symptoms. Recognized in the field of disability and psychiatry, this form of therapy is not developed in gerontology. To measure the effects of this therapy on the behavior of elderly people with neurocognitive disorders living in long-term care and especially on the involvement in this activity. Anxiety and apathy were chosen as the measurement criteria. An intervention study with an experimental cross-study design was conducted over two months for 23 subjects. An intervention group was studied during a period with TAP and a period without TAP. Another group without intervention was also studied. All participants were assessed before and after intervention with the NPI-R scale. The engagement during two TAP sessions and one animation time was also evaluated with the ECPAI scale. In the crossover study, positive engagement is more important in participant/pony interaction than in participant/facilitator interaction (p<0.01). The ECPAI score reflecting apathetic behavior was significantly decreased during interaction with the animal than in the interaction with the facilitator in patients undergoing therapy (p<0.01). The ECPAI score reflecting engagement is greater in pony interaction for participants in therapy than in the control group in facilitator interaction (p<0.01). There is no significant change in the scores for the anxiety and apathy items on the NPI-R scale. TAP participates in the positive engagement of the elderly people in the interaction with the animal. These results are consistent with the conclusions of the studies on animal mediation and confirm the clinical observations collected. TAP could work by improving self-esteem and valuing all of the person's preserved abilities.

A cyber-physical environment for detecting exceptional and dangerous human behavior in the home by sensors and its verification by computer simulation

Today aging of society is becoming increasingly important. Many people want to live at home as long as possible. Very often this leads to accidents at home, which are unnoticed for a long time and therefore cause severe complications. We propose a cyber-physical system consisting of sensors for motion, light, temperature, and so on, which monitors the behavior of elderly people but is non-invasive in the sense that the persons are not observed by a camera and must not wear certain sensors on their body. Unusual behavior or accidents are registered in-time by a change point detection algorithm based on Markov chains, which does not store any data with the exception of the last datum, so that also the integrity of the elderly people is preserved. For verification of this algorithm, a cyber-physical test environment has been programmed which allows to simulate human common and uncommon behavior in house during day and night. This simulation environment is based on behavior trees and decision theory. The verification results suggest that the implemented cyber-physical system for change point and anomaly detection could be successfully used in the real environment of elderly people to give them help in-time when an accident occurs.

Factors that Decrease Sedentary Behavior in Community-Dwelling Elderly People: A Longitudinal Study.

Background and objectives: This study was to clarify how the frequency of participation in a health class affected the reduction in sedentary behavior after two years, and whether decreases in sedentary behavior in elderly people who participated in a health class persisted two years after the end of an intervention. Materials and Methods: This study was longitudinal, and the results of a previous study conducted in 2017 were added to the findings of a different year. The participants were elderly health class members at a community dwelling in Japan who participated between 2016 and 2018. Of the 86 participants that were enrolled, the data of 80 were collected in 2016. A year later, in a 2017 follow-up, the number of participants was 80, and two years later, in a 2018 follow-up, there were 71 participants. Results: There was a significant difference with regards to the reduction of the sedentary behavior rate between two different groups (a health class participation rate of more than 75% and the other with less than 75%) two years later. However, no difference in sedentary behavior rate was found between the two groups (intervention group and control group) at a two-year follow-up, despite observing differences after one year. Conclusions: Continuous participation in a health class may help reduce sedentary behavior. After two years, “Active Guide” brochures and documents may not help in reducing sedentary behavior, despite seeing improvements after one year. Persistent social participation may have a more lasting effect than one-off interventions in reducing the sedentary behavior ratio.

What Predicts Different Kinds of Nonadherent Behavior in Elderly People With Parkinson's Disease?

Background: Detailed knowledge about nonadherence to medication could improve medical care in elderly patients. We aimed to explore patterns and reasons for nonadherence in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) aged 60 years and older.Methods: Detailed clinical data and adherence (German Stendal Adherence with Medication Score) were assessed in 230 patients with PD (without dementia). Descriptive statistics were used to study reasons for nonadherence in detail, and general linear models were used to study associations between clusters of nonadherence and clinical parameters.Results: Overall, 14.2% (n = 32) of the patients were fully adherent, 66.8% (n = 151) were moderately nonadherent, and 19.0% (n = 43) showed clinically meaningful nonadherence. In the multivariable analysis, nonadherence was associated with a lower education level, higher motor impairment in activities of daily living, higher number of medications per day, and motor complications of PD. Three clusters of nonadherence were observed: 59 (30.4%) patients reported intentional nonadherence by medication modification; in 72 (37.1%) patients, nonadherence was associated with forgetting to take medication; and 63 (32.5%) patients had poor knowledge about the prescribed medication. A lower education level was mainly associated with modification of medication and poorer knowledge about prescribed medication, but not with forgetting to take medication. Patients with motor complications, which frequently occur in those with advanced disease stages, tend to be intentionally nonadherent by modifying their prescribed medication. Increased motor problems and a higher total number of drugs per day were associated with less knowledge about the names, reasons, and dosages of their prescribed medication.Conclusions: Elderly patients with PD report many reasons for intentional and non-intentional nonadherence. Understanding the impact of clinical parameters on different patterns of nonadherence may facilitate tailoring of interventions and counseling to improve outcomes.

Can social support predict health-promoting behaviors among community-dwelling older adults?

Introduction: Because health-promoting behavior is one of the major determinants of health, this study was conducted to determine whether social support predicts health-promoting behaviors in elderly people living in Tabriz, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, 180 elderly people referring to the health complexes in Tabriz, Iran, were selected using a random cluster sampling method. Data were collected using demographic questionnaires, the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, and the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple linear regression models. Results: The mean age of 180 elderly people who participated in the study was 66.9 ± 5.74 years. The results of multiple regression indicated that education (B = 8.98, P

The Evolutionary Trends of Health Behaviors in Chinese Elderly and the Influencing Factors of These Trends: 2005⁻2014.

As China is now facing the severe challenge of rapid population ageing, the health behaviors in Chinese elderly people are of great significance for realizing the goal of “Healthy Ageing” and the construction of a “Healthy China”. Little is known about the evolutionary trends of health behaviors in the Chinese elderly and about the factors influencing these trends; thus, the purposes of this paper are: (1) To describe the classes and evolutionary trends of health behaviors in the Chinese elderly; and (2) to explore the factors that influence the changes in the health behaviors in the elderly in China. Latent class analysis (LCA) is applied in this study to analyze the classes of health behaviors in the Chinese elderly. Growth mixture modelling (GMM) is employed to describe the evolutionary trends of the health behaviors in elderly people in China. In addition, the Bivariate analysis model is adopted to identify the influencing factors of the evolution of health behaviors. The data were derived from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) from 2005 to 2014. The results reveal that the health behaviors in the Chinese elderly can be grouped into five classes: Negative, relatively negative, fair, relatively positive, and positive. Approximately 77.2% of the health behaviors in the Chinese elderly have the characteristics of “modified”, with a positive tendency. Moreover, approximately 22.8% of the health behaviors in Chinese elderly people have the characteristics of “non-modified”, with a negative tendency or remaining unchanged. The evolution of the health behaviors in the elderly in China is more affected by economic factors such as timely medical treatment during childhood, pension, occupations before the age of 60 and family income, as well as by self-rated health (SRH) and demographic characteristics such as household registration, age, and education level. Hence, various possible interventions should be made to improve the health behaviors in elderly people.

Associations between sedentary time, physical activity and bone health among older people using compositional data analysis.

IntroductionAging is associated with a progressive decrease in bone mass (BM), and being physical active is one of the main strategies to combat this continuous loss. Nonetheless, because daily time is limited, time spent on each movement behavior is co-dependent. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between BM and movement behaviors in elderly people using compositional data analysis.MethodsWe analyzed 871 older people [395 men (76.9±5.3y) and 476 women (76.7±4.7y)]. Time spent in sedentary behavior (SB), light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), was assessed using accelerometry. BM was determined by bone densitometry (DXA). The sample was divided according to sex and bone health indicators.ResultsThe combined effect of all movement behaviors (PA and SB) was significantly associated with whole body, leg and femoral region BM in the whole sample (p≤0.05), with leg and pelvic BM (p<0.05) in men and, with whole body, arm and leg BM (p<0.05) in women. In men, arm and pelvic BM were negatively associated with SB and whole body, pelvic and leg BM were positively associated with MVPA (p≤0.05). In women, whole body and leg BM were positively associated with SB. Arm and whole body BM were positively associated and leg BM was negatively associated with LPA and arm BM was negatively associated with MVPA (p≤0.05). Women without bone fractures spent less time in SB and more in LPA and MVPA than the subgroup with bone fractures.ConclusionWe identified that the positive effect of MVPA relative to the other behaviors on bone mass is the strongest overall effect in men. Furthermore, women might decrease bone fracture risk through PA increase and SB reduction, despite the fact that no clear benefits of PA for bone mass were found.

Long-term behavior change detection approach through objective technological observations toward better adaptation of services for elderly people

Behavior change is associated with important decrease of cognitive and physical capacities among elderly people. Therefore, a proactive detection of long-term behavior changes in early stages of their evolution is a keystone to improve elderly healthcare services. In fact, nowadays’ geriatric methods mainly rely on scales and questionnaires, and are inconvenient to investigate long-term changes on a daily basis. Therefore, our proposed approach for behavior change detection analyzes elderly people behavior over long periods via ambient technologies. In fact, employed technologies are unobtrusive, do not interfere with the natural behavior of elderly people and do not affect their privacy. Furthermore, our long-term behavior analysis is based on the identification of significant behavior change indicators (e.g., mobility, memory, nutrition and social life indicators significantly correlate with cognitive and physical diseases), and the application of efficient statistical techniques that differentiate long-term and short-term changes in analyzed behavior. In addition, our two-year deployment validates our objective technological observations through real correlations with medical observations of nursing-home team.

老年人孤独感及其影响因素的潜在转变分析 &amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;*&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;

<p id="C3">The high prevalence of loneliness and various accompanying adverse consequences (e.g., depression, higher blood pressure, insomnia, immune stress responses and worse cognition) are becoming serious public concerns. To provide insights on prevention and intervention programs, this study examines the properties and development of loneliness behaviors in elderly people. Taking a longitudinal perspective enables researchers to understand who is expected to transition to a higher risk status in the future, which will help to predict symptoms so that tailored interventions can be designed to protect the elderly from loneliness.<br/>Two-wave longitudinal data over 4 years were derived from the American Health and Retirement Study (HRS). A total of 3238 women and 2205 men in their 50s were recruited. Latent class and latent transition models were used to identify meaningful subgroups of the elderly with different symptoms (i.e., lack of companionship, being left out, isolation from others, lack of belonging, and withdrawn from society) to describe transitions between those classes over the study period and to examine the effects of covariates on the latent transition model. Six covariates, including gender, marital status, attitudes toward aging, life orientation, social support and daily activities, were examined as potential predictors of loneliness.<br/>Four loneliness subgroups were identified: <italic>Mild Loneliness</italic> (Class 1), <italic>Social Loneliness</italic> (Class 2), <italic>Emotional Loneliness</italic> (Class 3), and <italic>Severe Loneliness</italic> (Class 4). <italic>Mild Loneliness</italic> status was the most prevalent, barely showing any lonely behavior, while relatively serious loneliness occurred in <italic>Social Loneliness</italic>, <italic>Emotional Loneliness</italic> and <italic>Severe Loneliness</italic>. Specifically, individuals in <italic>Social Loneliness</italic> lacked social intercourse relation, individuals in <italic>Emotional Loneliness</italic> lacked a close relationship, and individuals in <italic>Severe Loneliness</italic> had a high probability of exhibiting all the above mentioned symptoms. Elderly people in <italic>Mild Loneliness</italic> and <italic>Severe Loneliness</italic> were highly stable, while <italic>Social Loneliness</italic> and <italic>Emotional Loneliness</italic> tended to change to other statuses rather than remaining in the original status. Particularly, the participants in <italic>Social Loneliness</italic> demonstrated a prominent trend to transition to a less problematic status (<italic>Social Loneliness</italic> to<italic> Mild Loneliness</italic>), and the participants in <italic>Emotional Loneliness</italic> tended to change to a more problematic status (<italic>Emotional Loneliness</italic> to <italic>Severe Loneliness</italic>). All participants in the four subgroups showed a strong willingness to communicate with others. Results of multinomial logistic regression revealed that elderly males were more likely to be in the <italic>Emotional Loneliness</italic> group. In addition, more social support as well as a positive attitude toward aging and optimistic life orientation were more likely to keep elderly people from entering more severe loneliness statuses, indicating an ameliorated trend of loneliness that was expected. <br/>This study demonstrated a transition pattern in elderly people loneliness with an individual-centered approach. Differential treatment effects were found across baseline loneliness classes, suggesting the benefits of tailoring intervention programs to yield good outcomes in elderly people.