Behavior In Social Situations Research Articles

On the Influence of Parental Psychological Control on Adolescents’ Internalized Problem Behavior

Adolescents’ internalized problem behavior refers to a common phenomenon that individuals associate with their own immature and inappropriate cognitions, emotions or behaviors in social situations, and this internalized problem behavior may be either a kind of bad cognitive and emotional experience of their own, or it may also be caused by the social situation they are in in their family life, such as bad relationship with parents and emotional deficits in their family life, and so on. Whereas there is a link between adolescents’ internalized problem behaviors and parental psychological control, this study attempts to examine the effects of parental psychological control on adolescents’ internalized problem behaviors in order to deepen our understanding of this important issue. It was found that: there is a positive correlation between parental psychological control and adolescents’ internalized problematic behaviors; parental psychological control causes adolescents to have bad emotions, which affects their normal learning; parental psychological control increases adolescents’ conflictiveness, which in turn causes their problematic behaviors; and there is an interaction between parental psychological control and adolescents’ internalized problematic behaviors.

To avoid or not to avoid: impact of self-compassion on safety behaviors in social situations

ABSTRACT Background/Objectives Safety behaviors are commonly used to decrease anxiety in social settings but maintain anxiety. Self-compassion has been shown to reduce anxiety and rumination, but the impact on safety behaviors has not been examined. For the present studies, it was hypothesized that inducing self-compassion would lead to lower safety behaviors compared to controls. Methods In Study 1 (N = 390), participants with elevated social anxiety recalled a distressing social situation, were randomly assigned to a self-compassionate (n = 186) or control (n = 204) writing exercise, and then reported predicted self-compassion and safety behaviors for a future situation. In Study 2 (N = 114), the impact of self-compassionate (n = 56) or control writing (n = 58) on safety behaviors was investigated during a Zoom interaction. Results/Conclusions In Study 1, as hypothesized, the self-compassion condition reported fewer expected avoidance behaviors compared to controls. In Study 2, state self-compassion and safety behaviors did not differ between conditions. In both studies, distress significantly mediated the relationship between condition and safety behaviors, such that the self-compassion condition reported significantly lower distress, which was associated with lower safety behaviors. Future research can examine whether reduced distress and safety behaviors allow for greater social connection.

Recognising the Rheumatological Needs of Neurodivergent Females: Commentary

We experience life and interact with others in a multitude of ways. The term ‘neurodivergence’ refers to variations from what is considered typical or normal. Neurodivergence influences an individual’s behaviour in social situations and is associated with atypical emotional responses. This can precipitate inequity and rejection. Neurodivergent females are especially prone to many physical and psychological health issues, and musculoskeletal disorders account for a significant proportion of these. Research and education into neurodivergent conditions in females should inform the reassessment of clinicians’ present approach to those who present with multiple unexplained symptoms. Obtaining official confirmation of a neurodivergent condition improves access to support services and helps them and their family better understand themselves and the challenges they face. This commentary highlights the increased risk of developing rheumatological disease for females with neurodivergent conditions and suggests how clinicians might increase their awareness of this.

PERSONALITY SELF-PRESENTATION AS A FLEXIBLE SKILL: THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODOLOGY

The article is devoted to the consideration of the phenomenon of self-presentation of the individual as a flexible human skill. Foreign studies that reveal the essence of this concept are theoretically analyzed. The leading functions of self-presentation are described, which include the nature of the social situation, the role function, receiving material and social rewards, and the identification function. The factors of self-presentation are determined: situational variables that influence the motivation to create an impression; familiarity with the audience, social acuity, behavioral skills. Several classifications of personality self-presentation are distinguished, such as tactical self-presentation, which aims to achieve short-term goals, and strategic self-presentation has a long course, respectively, aimed at achieving long-term goals. In the presented study, the standardization of the Ukrainian-language methodology “Self-monitoring of self-presentation and self-control of behavior in social situations” is proposed. Standardization of the methodology showed its high validity and reliability.

Seeking courage: how courage is linked with sensation seeking and morality

Introduction: Courageous behaviour could be determined by both genes (talent) and environment (upbringing). The purpose of this study is to describe the elationship between participants levels of declarative courage and the intensity of the sensation-seeking trait. For the purposes of the study, courage was defined as the willingness to take action in the face of risk (Woodard, 2007). Method: The study was conducted using a questionnaire method, the level of selected trait variables was measured using the Woodard Pury Courage Scale-23 (WPCS-23), Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS), Polish adaptation of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ-PL). The WPCS-23 and BSSS were translated into Polish for the purposes of the study in a backtranslation the authors of the original versions. Results: The general indicator of sensation seeking has been shown to be positively related to courage; moreover, experience seeking and adventure and excitement seeking have been shown related to courage stronger than susceptibility to boredom, disengagement. Experience-seeking, adventure-seeking and excitement-seeking are predictors of respondents levels of courage. The structure of morality has little relation to the courage of participants. No moral code is a predictor for courage. Conclusions: The study was conducted to explore the relation between sensation seeking and different categories of morality with courage and the nature of human behaviour in social situations. We were interested in the structure of sensationseeking among the respondents and what traits/values guide them when making decisions. This study has proven that sensation seeking is a predictor of courage. The participants morality has shown little relationship to courage. In further research, we suggest focusing on the social aspectsof courage versus sensation seeking and morality with a larger and representative sample.

Dark Triad, Impulsiveness and Honesty-Humility in the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game: The Moderating Role of Gender

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to investigate if the Dark Triad (DT)—which includes psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism—impulsiveness and Honesty-Humility (HH), can predict individuals’ intended behavior in a one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma Game (PDG) and whether this relationship is moderated by gender. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional correlational design was used, examining regression and moderation models. A total sample of 197 working adults from Greece (64% women, Mage = 35.13 years old) completed a one-shot, simulated PDG, the Dirty Dozen scale, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and the Honesty-Humility subscale from the HEXACO NEO-PI. (3) Results: Significant correlations between overall DT score, narcissism and psychopathy scores and impulsiveness and all three DT traits, as well as the overall DT score and honesty-humility, were identified. Overall DT scores were found to increase the odds of defecting, while gender significantly moderated the effects of Machiavellianism, HH and impulsiveness on the participants’ behavior in the one shot PDG, leading to different effects for men and women. (4) Conclusions: Gender moderates the relationship between certain personality traits and behavior in social situations involving interdependence and/or moral decision making, such as the PDG, leading to changes both in terms of the statistical significance and the direction of the effect. Simulated social situations could serve as situational judgment tests in an effort to develop a better understanding of the underpinning mechanisms between personality, gender and social behavior.

Taking gambles at face value: Effects of emotional expressions on risky decisions.

Emotional facial expressions are ubiquitous and potent social stimuli that can signal favorable and unfavorable conditions. Previous research demonstrates that emotional expressions influence preference judgments, basic approach-avoidance behaviors, and reward learning. We examined whether emotional expressions can influence decisions such as choices between gambles. Based on theories of affective cue processing, we predicted greater risk taking after positive than negative expressions. This hypothesis was tested in four experiments across tasks that varied in implementation of risks, payoffs, probabilities, and temporal decision requirements. Facial expressions were presented unobtrusively and were uninformative about the choice. In all experiments, the likelihood of a risky choice was greater after exposure to positive versus neutral or negative expressions. Similar effects on risky choice occurred after presentation of different negative expressions (e.g., anger, fear, sadness, and disgust), suggesting involvement of general positive and negative affect systems. These results suggest that incidental emotional cues exert a valence-specific influence of on decisions, which could shape risk-taking behavior in social situations.

Behavioral and Educational Characteristics of Students with Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Jordan

Objectives: The current study aims to identify behavioral and educational characteristics of students with behavioral and emotional disorders from the point of view of their parents.
 Methods: A descriptive approach was employed. The study sample consisted of (1298) students with behavioral and emotional disorders aged between (5-15) years, selected through teachers' assessments. A scale of behavioral and educational characteristics for students with disorders was built. Behavior and emotionality are made up of five dimensions: inability to learn, inappropriate behavior in social situations, relationship problems with colleagues and teachers, feelings of sadness and depression, and physical symptoms and fears.
 Results: The results show that the overall average of behavioral and educational characteristics scale for students with behavioral and emotional disorders was low. The results indicate that there are statistically significant differences in the total score of behavioral and educational characteristics scale due to gender in favor of males, and due to stage in favor of the upper school stage.
 Conclusions: The study finds that it is necessary to support families of children with behavioral and emotional disorders with information about the disorder and how to deal with it.

The relationship between medical students’ empathy, mental health, and burnout: A cross-sectional study

Objective To investigate how medical students’ empathy is related to their mental health and burnout. Methods This cross-sectional study included 886 medical students from curriculum years 1–6. The cognitive, affective, and behavioural dimensions of empathy were measured with self-report questionnaires and an emotion recognition test. Regressions were used to test the relationship between the empathy dimensions, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and burnout as well as the influence of curriculum year and gender. Results Cognitive and behavioural empathy were significantly related to less mental health issues and burnout, whereas affective empathy was related to more mental health issues and burnout. Students in later curriculum years reported less mental health issues and burnout than students in earlier years, whereas no systematic difference could be observed for empathy. Female students reported more mental health issues and burnout as well as higher empathy, except for behavioural empathy for which male students scored higher. Conclusions The cognitive, affective, and behavioural dimensions of empathy were differently related to the mental health and burnout of medical students. Students presenting mental health issues or burnout might have more difficulty to adapt their behaviour in social situations and keep a certain distance when taking others’ perspective.

Social problem solving and trait socioemotional abilities in ambulatory stroke patients

ABSTRACT Introduction Stroke has been associated with sociocognitive impairment, so far well documented for emotion recognition and Theory of Mind. However, more complex abilities, such as social problem solving, which directly facilitate appropriate behavior in social situations have been neglected in previous research. Method The present study aimed to address this gap by focusing on performance-based social problem solving abilities and self-reported socioemotional abilities (i.e., empathy and alexithymia) in outpatient stroke patients (n = 36) compared to a group of healthy controls (n = 36) equivalent on age, gender, and education. In further analyses, potential lateralization effects and correlations between social problem solving/socioemotional functioning and demographic and clinical data were investigated. Results In the main analyses, patients were impaired in their ability to freely generate appropriate solutions for challenging interpersonal situations depicted in written scenarios but performed on a comparable level as healthy controls when they had to choose the optimal solution presented amidst a range of less optimal options. While showing difficulty in identifying the awkward elements in the scenarios, the patient group nevertheless rated the degree of discomfort attributed to these elements on a level comparable to the control group. On the self-report measures, stroke patients reported overall higher degrees of alexithymia (i.e., an inability to describe and identify one’s own and other persons´ emotions) and more personal distress in response to other individuals´ emotional suffering as assessed by self-report. Conclusions The present results suggest that stroke is associated with a broad impact on socioemotional and social problem solving abilities. As difficulties in social problem solving might be associated with increased psychosocial burden they ought to be addressed in stroke rehabilitation.

Shy, Not Anti-Social: How to Include and Represent Shy Children in the Library

Shyness in children is a phenomenon often overlooked as a trait that every child will “grow out of” or stigmatized as an emotional or behavioral anomaly, by caregivers as well as teachers. Yet, academic research on supporting shy children in the context of library youth services is scarce.Unlike social anxiety or introversion, shyness is a lay term that is more difficult to pinpoint, yet inherently meaningful. Asendorpf defines the term broadly as, “various forms of modest, reserved, wary, inhibited, anxious, or withdrawn behaviors in social situations.” While this may serve as a functioning umbrella for a variety of behaviors, not all children who identify as being shy exemplify all of these behaviors.

Reality in a sphere: A direct comparison of social attention in the laboratory and the real world

Humans often show reduced social attention in real situations, a finding rarely replicated in controlled laboratory studies. Virtual reality is supposed to allow for ecologically valid and at the same time highly controlled experiments. This study aimed to provide initial insights into the reliability and validity of using spherical videos viewed via a head-mounted display (HMD) to assess social attention. We chose five public places in the city of Würzburg and measured eye movements of 44 participants for 30 s at each location twice: Once in a real environment with mobile eye-tracking glasses and once in a virtual environment playing a spherical video of the location in an HMD with an integrated eye tracker. As hypothesized, participants demonstrated reduced social attention with less exploration of passengers in the real environment as compared to the virtual one. This is in line with earlier studies showing social avoidance in interactive situations. Furthermore, we only observed consistent gaze proportions on passengers across locations in virtual environments. These findings highlight that the potential for social interactions and an adherence to social norms are essential modulators of viewing behavior in social situations and cannot be easily simulated in laboratory contexts. However, spherical videos might be helpful for supplementing the range of methods in social cognition research and other fields. Data and analysis scripts are available at https://osf.io/hktdu/.

Chinese children showed self‐deprecating modest behavior at ages of 7–8

AbstractChildren care about how others evaluate them. In East Asia, children aged 8 and up tend to downplay their own merit by actively concealing their good deeds. This has been regarded as modest behavior. As a way of self‐presentation, modest behavior may be triggeredby the presence of other people in young children. A child may show modesty through a display of self‐deprecating behavior at various levels, rather than in an all‐or‐nothing style. In this study, a new paradigm aimed at self‐deprecating behavior was designed with the purpose of measuring the development of modest behavior between the ages of 5 and 8 years in a sample of 40 children. Children's ratings of their own merit, i.e., the quality in which they completed the task of cleaning the floor, were compared between a public and a private scenario. Results revealed a significant transition from self‐promoting to self‐deprecating behavior between the 5–6‐year‐olds and the 7–8‐year‐olds. Our findings indicate that children in this age period gradually exhibit reputation‐managing behaviors in social situations, which is corroborated by the measurement of self‐presentation in the self‐introduction paradigm.

The Role of Safety Behaviors in the Relationship between Social Anxiety and Marijuana Use Problems

Background: Social anxiety has been associated with higher levels of and more problematic marijuana use. Research suggests that safety behaviors may play a role in the development and maintenance of marijuana problems. However, the safety behaviors that are most commonly associated with social anxiety have not been investigated, nor has the potential moderating role of gender on this relationship. Method: A diverse sample of regular marijuana users (N = 279) completed measures of social anxiety, safety behaviors related to social situations, and marijuana use problems. Results: Social anxiety and safety behavior use were both positively correlated with marijuana use problems. These relationships were stronger in men than in women. Among men only, tendencies to use safety behaviors to cope with social situations accounted for the relationship between social anxiety symptoms and marijuana-related problems. Discussion: The avoidant coping style that characterizes safety behaviors in social anxiety may also underlie problematic patterns of marijuana use, particularly for men. The present study is the first to report an association between safety behaviors in social situations and marijuana use problems and suggests the importance of examining the effect of reducing safety behaviors in social situations, in regular marijuana users with comorbid social anxiety.

Follow the leader: Identity leadership and moral behaviour in social situations among youth sport teammates

ObjectivesAlthough social identity has been linked to moral behaviour in past research, we know less about how the identity-enhancing behaviours of athlete leaders may relate to the experience of prosocial and antisocial behaviour between youth sport teammates. This study examined the relations between perceptions of athlete identity leadership and moral behaviour in social situations outside of training and competition. MethodsParticipants were 130 competitive male and female youth ice hockey players (Mage = 13.45 years, SD = 1.82, range = 10–17) from nine teams in a Northeastern Ontario city in Canada. Measures of identity leadership and moral behaviour were completed concurrently within the final three weeks of the regular season. ResultsUsing structural equation modeling, results demonstrated a significant positive association between identity leadership and both engaging in prosocial behaviour toward teammates (β = .37, p = .003) and receiving prosocial behaviour from teammates (β = 0.40, p < .006), accounting for 34% and 51% of the variance in each prosocial outcome, respectively. Although the relations with antisocial behaviour (engaged and received) were in the expected negative direction, the path estimates were not significant (ps > .23). ConclusionThese findings further our understanding of identity leadership in youth sport generally, offering insight into the relations between identity-enhancing athlete leader behaviours and moral behaviour. The findings also extend past moral behaviour research to consider the social situations in which teammates find themselves outside of training and competition.

Improving Social Performance Through Video-feedback with Cognitive Preparation in Children with Emotional Problems.

Anxious children report a more negative perception of their social performance and increased nervous behaviors. The video-feedback with cognitive preparation allows children to contrast and modify their negative social self-image, increasing their self-confidence and decreasing anxiety behaviors. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Super Skills for Life (SSL) program in improving social performance in a sample of children with emotional symptoms. Results indicated that both objective and subjective evaluation showed positive effects of the SSL program on the children's social performance, enhancing their social skills and reducing anxiety behaviors in social situations, both during the program and in the last session. Girls felt more comfortable and showed better speech and social performance than boys. Our findings increase the evidence about the short-term effects of the video-feedback with cognitive preparation of the SSL program and provide a useful transdiagnostic protocol for application in the clinical setting.

Diversified social cognition in temporal lobe epilepsy.

In an integrated model of social cognition (SC), the theory of mind (ToM), the recognition of behavior in social situations (RBSS), empathy, and sensitivity to moral and conventional rules (SMCR) cooperate in generating mental representations of the interpersonal relationships. The aim of this study was to extend our knowledge of the SC of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients by characterizing its various aspects and predictors. Fifty adult patients with TLE and 50 healthy controls were assessed using ToM, RBSS and SMCR neuropsychological tests, the Empathy Questionnaire, and the psychopathology Symptoms Check List 90R (SCL90-R). Patients and controls were similar in terms of occupation, income level, age, sex, marital status and the number of family members. Multivariate analysis of variance with demographic variables as the covariates showed that they were similar in SMCR and empathy. The patients, conversely, had lower ToM and RBSS scores, and higher scores on the SCL90-R psychoticism, depression, paranoid ideation, obsessive-compulsive, somatization and anxiety scales. Impaired RBSS was predicted by psychopathological symptoms, income level, schooling and the duration of epilepsy; ToM related to TLE laterality, seizure frequency and epilepsy duration. In adult patients with TLE, SC is simultaneously partially impaired and partially preserved, and the fact this is associated with clinical, demographic and psychological variables suggests that SC depends on the integrity of the temporal lobe and the interconnected brain regions, as well as psychosocial stimuli. This approach may contribute to clarify the neurobehavioural phenotype of TLE.

Nondiscounted Costs and Socially Discounted Benefits as Predictors of Cooperation in Prisoner’s Dilemma Games

Cooperation is commonly defined as an individual’s choice that benefits both themself and others, in contrast to selfishness, which benefits the individual only. Cooperative behavior is more likely to occur when the benefit to others, discounted as a function of social distance (i.e., social discounting), is higher than the nondiscounted cost of cooperation Rachlin, H. & Locey, M. L. (Behavioural Processes 87, 25-33, 2011). We tested five 2-player prisoner’s dilemma reward matrices with 117 participants, among which both nondiscounted cost and socially discounted benefit varied systematically. Costs and benefits were defined, respectively, as the amount the participant lost and the amount the other player won when the participant cooperated. In global terms, systematically increasing costs and decreasing benefits of cooperation decreased the percentage of participants who cooperated, as predicted. These results suggest that the balance of costs and benefits of cooperation is useful for predicting cooperative behavior in social situations, such as prisoner’s dilemma games.

The Effects of Characteristics of Personality Types on Adults' Behaviors in Social Situations among Gender in the State of Kuwait.

The Effects of Characteristics of Personality Types on Adults' Behaviors in Social Situations among Gender in the State of Kuwait.

Desafios na psicoterapia online: reflexões a partir de um relato de caso de uma paciente com ansiedade

&#x0D; Observa-se uma crescente demanda por serviços psicológicos online, como o uso para intervenções por programas computadorizados de terapia e de psicoterapia pela internet. Este artigo busca avaliar o estabelecimento do vínculo terapêutico online, na abordagem da Análise Clínica do Comportamento, considerando o caso de um cliente que apresenta comportamentos de fuga e esquiva em situações sociais. O recrutamento foi realizado a partir de prontuários na Clínica Escola e Serviços em Psicologia (CESP), por indivíduos, acima de 18 anos, que satisfizessem os critérios e pela divulgação da pesquisa em meios oficiais e redes sociais. Duas pessoas foram escolhidas. Foram realizadas duas sessões com uma paciente de 38 anos, nas quais ocorreram um total de nove travamentos, quatro quedas de conexão e três faltas, uma das sessões interrompida pela má qualidade de conexão. A paciente de 23 anos não participou devidos problemas técnicos. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que a presença de familiares no mesmo recinto em que a paciente se encontra durante os atendimentos online podem prejudicar o andamento da psicoterapia. Os elementos diferenciados de atendimentos online podem ser utilizados com recurso de fuga e esquiva. Por fim, nas condições apresentadas, não se pôde verificar a eficácia do atendimento psicoterapêutico online, fazendo-se necessário mais estudos.