Behavior In Later Life Research Articles

Exploring the moderating effect of family communication patterns on the family CEO characteristics – family firm internationalization relationship

This article explores the impact of family CEO characteristics on internationalization and how this relationship is moderated by family communication patterns. Drawing on family communication patterns theory, which states that family communication varies across two dimensions, i.e., family conversation orientation and family conformity orientation, we argue that early family communication shapes family CEOs’ behavior in later life and moderates the effect of family CEO characteristics on internationalization. Our results from a sample of 182 Belgian private family firms (FFs )show that family CEO education has a positive effect on the internationalization of FFs, but this effect decreases as the family conformity orientation increases. These findings make unprecedented and interesting contributions to upper echelon and family business research.

Brooding, reflection, and anger rumination in late life suicidal behavior

BackgroundCurrent literature on age-specific risk factors for suicide in older adulthood is lacking. One risk factor for younger-life suicide, rumination, has not been extensively studied in older adults, but from prior research, may be more relevant to late-life vs. early life suicide. The current study investigated how multiple subtypes of rumination (i.e., brooding, reflection, and anger rumination) relate to suicidal ideation and recent suicidal behavior in late life. Methods378 participants aged 50–90 (mean age 63.4, SD 7.5) were recruited into a case-control study examining suicide in older adults. Participants were recruited into three groups: 1) depressed adults who had made a recent (past two years) suicide attempt, 2) those with depression but no suicide attempt, and 3) a healthy comparison group. Among depressed groups, we examined relationships between rumination types, trait anger, depression, and suicidal ideation. Then, we conducted logistic regression to test which variables were related to having made a suicide attempt in the past two years among those with current suicidal ideation. ResultsAll forms of rumination were related to depression. Brooding was related to ideation severity, but only depression severity related to presence of ideation. Anger rumination and ideation severity each contributed unique variance in their prediction of recent suicide attempts. LimitationsOur cross-section design does not allow for causal claims; future studies should consider using ecological momentary assessment approaches. ConclusionsTreatments to decrease rumination without an intense cognitive component should be considered for late-life patients.

Social Factors Associated With Nutrition Risk in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in High-Income Countries: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

In high-income countries (HICs), between 65% and 70% of community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older are at high nutrition risk. Nutrition risk is the risk of poor dietary intake and nutritional status. Consequences of high nutrition risk include frailty, hospitalization, death, and reduced quality of life. Social factors (such as social support and commensality) are known to influence eating behavior in later life; however, to the authors' knowledge, no reviews have been conducted examining how these social factors are associated with nutrition risk specifically. The objective of this scoping review is to understand the extent and type of evidence concerning the relationship between social factors and nutrition risk among community-dwelling older adults in HICs and to identify social interventions that address nutrition risk in community-dwelling older adults in HICs. This review will follow the scoping review methodology as outlined by the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. The search will include MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. There will be no date limits placed on the search. However, only resources available in English will be included. EndNote (Clarivate Analytics) and Covidence (Veritas Health Innovation Ltd) will be used for reference management and removal of duplicate studies. Articles will be screened, and data will be extracted by at least 2 independent reviewers using Covidence. Data to be extracted will include study characteristics (country, methods, aims, design, and dates), participant characteristics (population description, inclusion and exclusion criteria, recruitment method, total number of participants, and demographics), how nutrition risk was measured (including the tool used to measure nutrition risk), social factors or interventions examined (including how these were measured or determined), the relationship between nutrition risk and the social factors examined, and the details of social interventions designed to address nutrition risk. The scoping review was started in October 2023 and will be finalized by August 2024. The findings will describe the social factors commonly examined in the nutrition risk literature, the relationship between these social factors and nutrition risk, the social factors that have an impact on nutrition risk, and social interventions designed to address nutrition risk. The results of the extracted data will be presented in the form of a narrative summary with accompanying tables. Given the high prevalence of nutrition risk in community-dwelling older adults in HICs and the negative consequences of nutrition risk, it is essential to understand the social factors associated with nutrition risk. The results of the review are anticipated to aid in identifying individuals who should be screened proactively for nutrition risk and inform programs, policies, and interventions designed to reduce the prevalence of nutrition risk. DERR1-10.2196/56714.

Understanding Childhood: A literature Review

A child’s identity can be explained by certain characteristics such as age, size, and physical developments and so on. Childrenare critical for the continuance of the human society. The journey through childhood determines individual personalities and the ability to handle the demands and responsibilities of adulthood. Every society is and should be interested in the well-being of the child. The concept of childhood consists of all the experiences happening within this period of life. The vulnerability of the child has not only prompted interest in the person of the child, but also makes it necessary to legalize laws and rights, enforce rules to protect and ensure its well-being by governing bodies, parents, cultural practices and so on. Different approaches and schools of thoughts have debated the main determinants and components of childhood, and the resulting behaviors in later life. This paper is based on the need to understand the background of human behavior which is ultimately traced to childhood components and experiences. This paper is theoretical in nature and has reviewed scholarly articles on the genetics, cultural, and anthropological components of childhood, carefully selected from credible and accredited databases. This paper also discusses, objectively, the criticisms facing these approaches to childhood, such as the child’s personality trait, people’s perception of who a child is, and the use of media to facilitate those perceptions. Lastly, the paper establishes the individualism of a child regardless of external factors, as a main contributor to the personality and behavior of the child, and later as an adult member of the society, making a huge impact on the success of that society.

Teaching life lessons: Providing the building blocks for change

We caught up with Abeda Pandor, early years teacher at Broussa Day Nursery & Nursery School to find out more about the Think Equal programme her school is involved in. This aims to provide support for the emotional and social development and wellbeing of children aged three to six, and so prevent harmful behaviours in later life.

Patterns of suicide intent disclosures among older adult decedents, 2016–2018: a qualitative analysis

Objective The aim of this work is to examine suicide intent disclosures to identify patterns to support an improved understanding of the impetus for suicidal behavior in late life, which may offer insight useful in aiding prevention efforts. Methods Using restricted access data from the National Violent Death Reporting System for years 2016–2018, we conducted qualitative content analysis of included narrative descriptions of 2,969 cases in which the decedent was aged 65 years or older and disclosed their intent to die by suicide. Results The majority of suicide intent disclosures were direct statements of intent to die by suicide (37.19%), followed by a smaller proportion of indirect (implied) statements (25.29%). When response of disclosure recipient was described, such disclosures were frequently dismissed as insincere. Uncontrolled or chronic pain was cited by 11.62% of decedents as the rationale for suicide. Conclusion Findings from this work suggest the content of suicide intent disclosures may vary considerably but demonstrate consistent patterns. Dismissal of such disclosures is a common response, likely due to inability to assess sincerity. Given the high rate of lethality among suicide attempts in late life, any intent disclosures should be critically evaluated.

Emotional eating behaviors in later life: Identifying key factors for healthy aging

Background: Pathological, physiological, and psychosocial factors could influence the eating behaviors of older adults in Egypt. Nurses and other healthcare professionals should understand this complex interaction to effectively address their nutritional issues. This study aimed to identify the predictors of emotional eating behaviors among older adults. Methods: The study followed a cross-sectional survey. A probability sampling technique was used to select the participants. Data was collected using the Emotional Eating Questionnaire and Perceived Stress Scales. Results: 98 % of the respondents were identified as moderate or severe emotional eaters. The study found a significant positive correlation between perceived stress and emotional eating behaviors (r = .436; p = .000). Multivariate analysis revealed that perceived stress, age, gender, marital status, and body mass index (BMI) have a significant positive relationship with emotional eating behaviors (p < .001), accounting for 39.3 % of the variation. Conclusion: Emotional eating is common among older adults and is influenced by factors such as age, gender, marital status, BMI, and perceived stress. Nurses can use these findings to develop nutritional plans to promote healthy eating habits of this population.

The relationships between wisdom, positive orientation and health-related behavior in older adults

The concept of healthy ageing, i.e. maintaining health in late life, is closely connected with the role of health behavior. Although health behavior is determined by personal factors, little is known about its relationships with wisdom and positive orientation. Therefore, the aim of the study was to establish relationships between sociodemographic and health factors, personal resources (wisdom and positive orientation) and health-related behavior in late life. The study included 353 Polish seniors aged 60–99 (M = 71.95; SD = 1.45). The respondents completed the Health-Related Questionnaire for Seniors, Three Dimensional Wisdom Scale, Positive Orientation Scale and a sociodemographic survey. Wisdom and positive orientation were associated with general health behavior and all of its factors. Among the sociodemographic variables, attendance in nonformal education courses had the strongest predictive role for health behavior. A hierarchical regression model demonstrated that personal resources significantly determined healthy lifestyle, after controlling for sociodemographic factors. Additionally, mediational analyses revealed that positive orientation acted as a partial mediator between wisdom and health behavior. Our findings extend knowledge about the factors enhancing healthy lifestyle in older adults, indicating that both wisdom and positive orientation may represent valuable personal resources for health-related behavior.

Does early-life migration experience determine health and health-risk behavior in later life? Evidence from elderly returns migrants in Kerala, India

Becoming elderly is an intrinsic part of life, and the burden of disease increases with age. However, the early life migration experience and occupational hazards at the destination can lead to serious health problems later in life. This study aims to understand the association between early life migration and the health and risky behavior of elderly return migrants using data from the Kerala Migration Survey in 2018. The results of bivariate and multivariate analyses show that the majority of migrants return due to retirement and ill health at the average age of 51 and suffer from poor health and multiple diseases. More than half (55%) of elderly returnees reported poor health, and among them, 70% have at least one chronic disease. The early life migration experience and injuries at the destination are the main determinants of poor self-rated health and chronic disease. Furthermore, elderly return migrants have high-risk health behaviours such as smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as less access to health schemes. Despite some shortcomings, this study identifies the most vulnerable groups among the elderly and their health characteristics. This will help to promote healthy aging in Kerala, India, or areas with increasing numbers of elderly and return migrants around the world.

Mild traumatic brain injury increases engagement in criminal behaviour 10 years later: a case-control study.

Sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been linked to increased criminal behaviour in later life. However, previous studies have not controlled for the number of injuries, gender, social deprivation, impact of past behaviour, or link to offence type. This study aims to determine if people who experienced a single or multiple mTBI have increased risk of criminal behaviour 10 years post-injury than matched orthopaedic controls. This was a case control study of adults (aged >16 years) who experienced a medically diagnosed mTBI and controls who experienced a lower limb fracture (with no TBI) over a 12-month period (01/01/2003-31/12/2003). Participants were identified within Stats New Zealand's Integrated Data Infrastructure (national database including health and justice records). Participants who experienced a subsequent TBI (post-2003), who were not resident in New Zealand, and who died by 2013 were excluded. Case and controls were matched by age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation index and pre-injury criminal history. The study included N = 6,606 mTBI cases and N = 15,771 matched trauma controls. In the 10 years after injury, people experiencing a single mTBI had significantly higher numbers of violent charges (0.26 versus 0.21, p < 0.01) and violent convictions (0.16 versus 0.13, p < 0.05) but not for all court charges and convictions. Analysis of those with a history of prior mTBIs yielded larger effects, with significantly higher numbers of violent charges (0.57 versus 0.24, p < 0.05) and violent convictions (0.34 versus 0.14, p < 0.05). For males, the single mTBI case group had a significantly higher number of violent charges (0.40 versus 0.31, p < 0.05) and violent convictions (0.24 versus 0.20, p < 0.05) but this was not observed for females or all offence types. Experiencing multiple mTBIs over the lifetime increases the number of subsequent violence-related charges and convictions but not for all offence types in males but not for females. These findings highlight the need for improved recognition and treatment of mTBI to prevent future engagement in antisocial behaviour.

Changes and Forms of Sexual Behaviour in old age: A Qualitative Study of Older People in Southeastern Nigeria

The misconceptions that old age is an asexual phase of human life has been challenged by increasing empirical evidence which shows that sexual activity persists in old age albeit in different forms and frequency. This study examined how a group of older people in southeastern Nigeria express their sexual behaviour. The semi-structured individual interviews with 14 older people (9 male, 5 female) aged 60?89 years were conducted using an exploratory qualitative approach. The data generated were analysed thematically, and two themes were conceptualised including diverse sexual behaviour and mutual understanding. These themes supported a pattern among the participants where there is a drop in the frequency of physical sexual behaviour but their sexual interests were described to be more stable. However, the sexual interest is channelled into more intimate sexual behaviour. Thus, sexual behaviours in later life in this study were not declining but showed diversity and modifications; most have adjusted to incorporate more emotional bonding and caring. More so, what forms of sexual behaviour constitute for these older partners are often linked to the presence of dynamic interplay of influencing factors ingrained on the level of the older partners mutuality in understanding and responding to theencroaching age-related changes in their sexual behaviour. Remarkably, these factors could be controlled, which signposts a potential premise and point of policy and practical intervention to promote healthy sexual behaviour in later life.

Early-Life Dietary Restriction and Diet Type Affect Juvenile Brain Morphology in Spadefoot Toads (Spea bombifrons)

Across a breadth of animal taxa, early-life environmental variation has been demonstrated to have lasting effects on later-life traits, including brain morphology. Here, we use Plains Spadefoot Toads (Spea bombifrons) to evaluate how larval diet type and amount influence later-stage, juvenile brain size and the relative sizes of brain regions. We specifically investigate whether developmental plasticity in brain morphology mirrors previously documented interspecific variation with relation to nutritional restriction and carnivory. Our findings demonstrate, contrary to expectation, that exposure to dietary restriction during the larval stage causes an increase in relative juvenile brain size. However, consistent with our predictions, consuming a prey-based shrimp diet during the larval stage results in relatively larger juvenile telencephalons, an intraspecific response that parallels an interspecific pattern in frogs where more-carnivorous species possess relatively larger telencephalons. Our results demonstrate that early-life dietary restriction and early-life diet type can generate changes in juvenile brain size and morphology in ways that may influence later-life behaviors and fitness. Further, our study suggests that intraspecific and environmentally induced changes in brain morphology can mirror interspecific divergence in brain morphology, supporting a role for developmental plasticity in promoting evolutionary change.

Social play experience in juvenile rats is indispensable for appropriate socio-sexual behavior in adulthood in males but not females.

Social play is a dynamic and rewarding behavior abundantly expressed by most mammals during the juvenile period. While its exact function is debated, various rodent studies on the effects of juvenile social isolation suggest that participating in play is essential to appropriate behavior and reproductive success in adulthood. However, the vast majority of these studies were conducted in one sex only, a critical concern given the fact that there are known sex differences in play's expression: across nearly all species that play, males play more frequently and intensely than females, and there are qualitative sex differences in play patterns. Further limiting our understanding of the importance of play is the use of total isolation to prevent interactions with other juveniles. Here, we employed a novel cage design to specifically prevent play in rats while allowing for other forms of social interaction. We find that play deprivation during the juvenile period results in enduring sex-specific effects on later-life behavior, primarily in males. Males prevented from playing as juveniles exhibited decreased sexual behavior, hypersociability, and increased aggressiveness in adulthood, with no effects on these measures in females. Importantly, play deprivation had no effect on anxiety-like behavior, object memory, sex preference, or social recognition in either sex, showing the specificity of the identified impairments, though there were overall sex differences in many of these measures. Additionally, acute play deprivation impaired performance on a test of prosocial behavior in both sexes, indicating a difference in the motivation and/or ability to acquire this empathy-driven task. Together, these findings provide novel insight into the importance and function of juvenile social play and how this differs in males and females.

CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IRISH OLDER ADULT SURVIVORS

Abstract Although childhood maltreatment can have lasting effects into later life, positive outcomes have also been observed, including an increased tendency towards prosocial behavior. However, little is known about the link between childhood maltreatment and later life prosocial behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to explore older adult’s experiences of childhood maltreatment and identify mechanisms linked to prosocial behavior in later life. The individual level, but also broader cultural and contextual mechanisms, were considered by comparing two adversity contexts and applying conceptual frameworks (socio-interpersonal framework model of trauma and recovery, motivational process model of altruism born of suffering). Semi-structured interviews (60-120 minutes) were conducted with 29 Irish (older) adult survivors of childhood maltreatment: 17 institutional (welfare care) abuse survivors (mean age: 61 years, range: 50-77), 12 familial abuse survivors (mean age: 58 years, range: 51-72). Interviews were analyzed using Framework Analysis. In both groups at the individual level, enhanced empathy, amelioration, and identity-related mechanisms were linked to prosocial behavior, with connections to caring roles and coping strategies from childhood. On a social contexts level, the limited resources or opportunities for help in childhood, and the social norms and beliefs of that time, influenced participants’ motivation to help others in later life. Group-specific mechanisms were also observed, such as compassion fatigue in the familial sample; and denouncing detrimental societal values in the institutional sample. The identification of individual, adversity-context, and culture-specific mechanisms linked to later-life prosocial behavior can promote a greater understanding of resilience and adaptability in older adult survivors of childhood maltreatment.

CHILDHOOD MALTREATMENT AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IRISH OLDER ADULT SURVIVORS

Abstract Although childhood maltreatment can have lasting effects into later life, positive outcomes have also been observed, including an increased tendency towards prosocial behavior. However, little is known about the link between childhood maltreatment and later life prosocial behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to explore older adult’s experiences of childhood maltreatment and identify mechanisms linked to prosocial behavior in later life. The individual level, but also broader cultural and contextual mechanisms, were considered by comparing two adversity contexts and applying conceptual frameworks (socio-interpersonal framework model of trauma and recovery, motivational process model of altruism born of suffering). Semi-structured interviews (60-120 minutes) were conducted with 29 Irish (older) adult survivors of childhood maltreatment: 17 institutional (welfare care) abuse survivors (mean age: 61 years, range: 50-77), 12 familial abuse survivors (mean age: 58 years, range: 51-72). Interviews were analyzed using Framework Analysis. In both groups at the individual level, enhanced empathy, amelioration, and identity-related mechanisms were linked to prosocial behavior, with connections to caring roles and coping strategies from childhood. On a social contexts level, the limited resources or opportunities for help in childhood, and the social norms and beliefs of that time, influenced participants’ motivation to help others in later life. Group-specific mechanisms were also observed, such as compassion fatigue in the familial sample; and denouncing detrimental societal values in the institutional sample. The identification of individual, adversity-context, and culture-specific mechanisms linked to later-life prosocial behavior can promote a greater understanding of resilience and adaptability in older adult survivors of childhood maltreatment.

Critical windows of early-life microbiota disruption on behaviour, neuroimmune function, and neurodevelopment

Numerous studies have emphasised the importance of the gut microbiota during early life and its role in modulating neurodevelopment and behaviour. Epidemiological studies have shown that early-life antibiotic exposure can increase an individual’s risk of developing immune and metabolic diseases. Moreover, preclinical studies have shown that long-term antibiotic-induced microbial disruption in early life can have enduring effects on physiology, brain function and behaviour. However, these studies have not investigated the impact of targeted antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion during critical developmental windows and how this may be related to neurodevelopmental outcomes. Here, we addressed this gap by administering a broad-spectrum oral antibiotic cocktail (ampicillin, gentamicin, vancomycin, and imipenem) to mice during one of three putative critical windows: the postnatal (PN; P2-9), pre-weaning (PreWean; P12-18), or post-weaning (Wean; P21-27) developmental periods and assessed the effects on physiology and behaviour in later life. Our results demonstrate that targeted microbiota disruption during early life has enduring effects into adolescence on the structure and function of the caecal microbiome, especially for antibiotic exposure during the weaning period. Further, we show that microbial disruption in early life selectively alters circulating immune cells and modifies neurophysiology in adolescence, including altered myelin-related gene expression in the prefrontal cortex and altered microglial morphology in the basolateral amygdala. We also observed sex and time-dependent effects of microbiota depletion on anxiety-related behavioural outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Antibiotic-induced microbial disruption had limited and subtle effects on social behaviour and did not have any significant effects on depressive-like behaviour, short-term working, or recognition memory. Overall, this study highlights the importance of the gut microbiota during critical windows of development and the subtle but long-term effects that microbiota-targeted perturbations can have on brain physiology and behaviour.

Increased temperature during incubation increases the sociality of male broilers in later life

Egg incubation through artificial means is a highly controlled process, where eggs are held at a fixed air temperature of 37.6 °C. Nevertheless, much research has been conducted on alternative temperature profiles to evaluate their influence on production and welfare traits. Most attention has been paid on increasing temperature as this has been shown to improve heat tolerance in later life. Limited research has been conducted on the effects on animal behavior, although the absence of negative emotions such as fearfulness and the presence of social expression is considered crucial for positive animal welfare as stated by the Welfare Quality® Protocol for Poultry. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of two heat tolerance improving thermal treatments: (T1, +1 °C and T2, +2 °C from embryonic day 15–20) on fearful and social behaviors in later life. A total of 12 pens (4 per treatment) containing 13–14 chickens was reared for 42 days. During this rearing period, post-hatch fearful and social behavior were quantified using seven behavioral tests: an emergence test, a social reinstatement test, an isolation test, a novel arena test, a novel object test, a human stationary and a human approach test. These tests were chosen based on a thorough literature study and repeated 2 or 3 times. The research results showed that social behaviors were affected by the interaction of treatment and gender. Whereas in standard incubation, males have a lower social reinstatement tendency, both treatments changed their behavior. T1 males vocalized more than females during isolation (males: 73 ± 4 calls versus females: 38 ± 2 calls, P < 0.001) and T2 males showed more social motivation during a social reinstatement test compared to C (T2: 121 ± 20 s versus C: 66 ± 25 s, P < 0.05) and T1 (57 ± 27 s, P < 0.05). Finally, an effect of age was found with older birds being less fearful of a novel object and novel environment, but more fearful of an approaching human. Also, they seem more socially driven to contact conspecifics. However, the validity of these age results is questionable as habituation, changing sensory and/or cognitive skills, variance between repeats and possible reduced mobility at an older age could affect the behavioral response over time. In conclusion, increased temperature during incubation conditions can improve heat tolerance in later life, however, sociality is also affected. Both T1 and T2 changed social behaviour. An increased tendency to reinstate contact with conspecifics is found in T2 males than females.

Associations between humiliation, shame, self-harm and suicidal behaviours among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review protocol.

Suicide is the second leading cause of death among young people worldwide and remains a major public health concern. Research indicates that negative social contexts involving familial and peer relationships, have far-reaching influences on levels of suicidal behaviours in later life. Previous systematic reviews have focused on evaluating associations between negative life events such as abuse and bullying in childhood and subsequent self-harm or suicidality. However, the association between adolescent experiences of humiliation and shame, and subsequent self-harm or suicidal behaviour among children and young adults has not been well examined. As such, this systematic review is conducted to examine the prevalence and association between humiliation and shame and self-harm, suicidal ideation, and death by suicide among adolescents and young adults. A systematic literature search in extant electronic databases including; MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Embase will be conducted to identify potential studies. Google Scholar, and the reference list of the retrieved articles and/or previous systematic reviews in this area, will also be scanned to identify further potential studies. ProQuest will be searched to identify relevant studies available within grey literature. There are no restrictions on the date of publications. Based on our initial review, the following terms were identified: Population: Adolescent (MESH), young adult (MESH), teen, teenage. Exposure: Humiliation, degradation, shame (MESH) or embarrassment (MESH), harassment victimisation, abasement. Outcome: Self-injurious behaviour (MESH), suicide (MESH), suicide attempted (MESH), suicide completed (MESH), self-harm, intentional self-injury, deliberate self-harm, overdose, deliberate self-poisoning, non-suicidal self-injury, self-mutilation, suicidal thought, suicidal ideation, suicidal intent, suicide. At least one term from each category will be used for conducting the literature search. All original quantitative studies published in the English language which examined the prevalence or association between humiliation or shame and self-harm and/or suicidal ideation and/or completed suicide will be included. The studies will be assessed for methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Narrative synthesis will be performed for all of the studies. If the studies are sufficiently homogenous, the results will be pooled for a meta-analysis. This systematic review protocol followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) [CRD42022289843]. This is the first review to synthesise evidence on the prevalence of, and associations between the experiences of humiliation and shame and subsequent self-harm and/or suicidal behaviours among adolescents and young adults. As there is growing evidence on increased self-harm among this age group, it is important to identify population-specific risk factors for self-harm and suicidality which will have significance in formulating tailored and effective treatment and therapeutic services for adolescents and young adults.

Working with hoarding disorder in older age: Using archetypal themes

Older people with hoarding disorder often find themselves in precarious social circumstances that can limit their access to health and social care. To maximise engagement and to reduce health inequalities, the authors propose a model using universal archetypal themes to formulate and intervene with complex hoarding behaviours in later life. This paper argues that the current clinical diagnosis of hoarding’ is a modern incarnation of an ancient human process; a way of managing loss and existential threat. It is proposed that a Jungian frame, and the archetypal themes present in story and myth, can guide formulation and intervention with this vulnerable group to facilitate positive change.

Effects of early-life experience on innovation and problem-solving in captive coyotes

Early-life experience often shapes behaviors like innovation and exploration. These behaviors are important to animals encountering novel food resources in diverse habitats, such as mesocarnivores in urban areas. To understand if early-life experiences impact later-life behavior, we examined how coyotes (Canis latrans) responded to a multi-access puzzle box at two life stages: pup (~ 7 weeks) and dispersal (~ 10 months). We first exposed pups, still living with their parents and littermates, to a baited puzzle box. At dispersal age, we again tested both these pups and an age-matched control group that was not exposed to the puzzle box as pups, both as individuals and with their pair-mate. We quantified problem-solving capability, latency to approach, and time spent in proximity to the puzzle box. Most pup litters solved two of the three access points, but no dispersal-age coyotes solved any access point. The amount of time dispersal-age coyotes spent near the box during pair-testing increased with (1) more time spent near the box during single-testing, (2) more time their pair-mate spent near the box during pair-testing, and (3) if their pair-mate came from a litter that previously solved the box. These results suggest that early-life experience and social interactions influence exploratory behavior at dispersal age, but coyotes exhibit increased avoidance behavior at this life stage, which corresponds with the life stage that overall survivorship decreases. Our study provides insight into how early-life experiences shape adult behavior in mesocarnivores. Exploratory behaviors, including risk-taking and problem-solving, are likely important characteristics for urban-dwelling species, such as coyotes, but how development and sociality influence these traits is poorly understood. Therefore, we presented coyotes with a puzzle box as pups with their littermates and again at dispersal age, both individually and with their pair-mate. Three of four litters solved the puzzle box when housed with their littermates, but no coyotes solved at dispersal age when housed alone or with their pair-mate. Notably, there was a general decrease in exploratory behavior and innovation from pup to dispersal age. However, we found that previous experiences during puzzle-box trials positively influenced the amount of time coyote pairs spent near the puzzle box at dispersal age. Our results suggest that pursuing food resources in novel situations may be constrained by developmental processes, possibly in response to prioritizing future opportunities to reproduce.