Behavioristic Framework Research Articles

A systematic characterization of food safety training interventions using the analyze, design, develop, implement, evaluate (ADDIE) instructional design framework

Food safety training designed systematically to impact the intended target audience is a vital part of maintaining a safe food system. The objective of this systematic review of peer-reviewed studies was to assess how current food safety training programs analyzed the needs of the target audience and how those trainings were designed, developed, implemented, and evaluated. The goal was to identify training design strategies that effectively impact safe food handling behaviors of food processors. Twenty-three peer reviewed studies evaluating the impact of food safety training on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of food handlers were identified and included in this study. Twenty-two (5/23) percent of the studies reported performing a needs analysis prior to developing training, mainly to gather demographic data on the target audience. The majority of the interventions were face-to-face (83%, 19/23), followed a behaviorist framework (52%, 12/23) and lasted less than 8 hours (43%, 10/23; 30%, 7/23 did not report length of training). Little information was reported on which tools were used to develop training. The evaluation design for the majority of the training programs followed an uncontrolled before and after design (65%, 15/23), 9% (2/23) were non-randomized controlled trials, and 26% (6/23) were randomized controlled trials. All of the studies included in this review evaluated one, two, or all three of the key learning outcomes, i.e., knowledge (83%, 19/23), attitudes (30%, 7/23), and behaviors (70%, 16/23). It was impossible to compare the effectiveness of the training interventions to each other due to high bias and the fact that not all were evaluated using the same methods. However, it appeared that training did have the greatest impact on knowledge and a lesser impact on attitudes and behaviors. Few studies reported performing follow-up testing to measure retention. The results of this study indicate that a systematic approach is not being taken in designing most food safety training. If food safety training programs are developed in a more systematic way, and evaluations are performed to at least Kirkpatrick Level 3, it appears there is potential for that training to become more impactful with regard to positive changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. A discussion and illustration of how training fits into the Food Safety Culture Maturity Model was provided.

SEO & enhancement of website for market

This paper explores the possibilities of using Bedny's activity theory as a framework for developing new online promotion channels, specifically in the context of Search Engine Optimization (SEO). The goal is to identify the constructs of a behavioristic framework for the elaboration of SEO promotion technique. The case study of Increase Visibility Inc. is used to demonstrate the potential application of activity theory to modern online promotion channels. The findings reveal new constructs and provide an initial understanding of their relationships to other constructs in the context of SEO. Practical implications for promotion managers are also discussed.

An Activity System As A Behavioristic Framework For The Elaboration Of Promotion Techniques

<span>In this paper, we intended to examine the possibility to investigate two (2) influential theories: a. Activity Theory and b. Transformative Learning Theory (TLT) in order to develop a new behavioristic framework that could be introduced to aid the design and analysis of promotion techniques by approaching major promotion events of particular interest and with strategic content, as critical cases. First, we attempted to do this by categorizing sixty-eight (68) identified empirical papers into conceptual categories in accordance to the conceptual and theoretical framework. Second, we provided eleven (11) summary points and ten (10) interpretive claims. Third, we examined three (3) ISP Award Winners as critical cases studies [2002, 2004 and 2006 from three (3) different award categories: (a) Promotional Communication Point of Purchase, b) The Most Effective Loyalty Campaign and c) Digital Communications]. This examination gave us valuable information on the potentiality of developing an activity system for the design and analysis of promotion techniques. Thus, the phenomenon studied, through our new proposed micro-model, became more visible with some interesting theoretical and practical implications.</span>

Incomplete preferences in disaster risk management

This paper addresses the phenomenon of incomplete preferences in disaster risk management. If an agent finds two options to be incomparable and thus has an incomplete preference ordering, i.e., neither prefers one option over the other nor finds them equally as good, it is not possible for the agent to perform a value tradeoff, necessary for an informed decision, between these two options. In this paper we suggest a way to model incomplete preference orderings by means of probabilistic preferences, and how to reveal an agent's incomplete preference ordering within a behaviorist framework.

Emergents and Rational Behaviorism

The rational behavioristic framework here advanced allows for cognitive operations and emergent phenomena that are, in measure, based on the syntheses of general life experiences and observations and also upon the learning induced by traditional respondent and operant conditioning. The framework is based on the assumption that notably the primate brains, and particularly those of the apes and humans, have evolved so as to be acutely sensitive to the detection and storage of predictive relationships. Memory systems store the knowledge thereby derived in a logical set of “files,” which allows the natural operations of the brain to formulate creative behavioral patterns and solutions to novel challenges. Metaphorically, their storage might be thought of in terms of chords which, in their interaction with other memory chords, can be synergistic through the natural physics known otherwise to be characteristic of chords (e.g., fundamentals, resonance, harmonics, overtones, etc.).

The production of ‘context’ in information seeking research: a metatheoretical view

Context is hot in information science as well as in numerous other disciplines, but what exactly does this mean in and for research? The paper discusses the differences between objectified and interpretative approaches to context. It is argued that in information needs and seeking research (INS), the former approach has thus far been more common. Contextual entities are usually described to provide a background for the study of individuals' or groups' information behavior, not in order to point out how contextual knowledge is. From a metatheoretical viewpoint, context is the site where a phenomenon is constituted as a research object. One way of understanding INS phenomena is to define them as patterns of behavior; another way is to understand them as phenomena mediated by social and cultural meanings and values. A large proportion of current theory and research in INS studies is located within the behaviorist framework which has become so familiar and taken-for-granted that it is rarely seen as a paradigm.

Behaviorist intelligence and the scaling problem

This paper argues that the strict computational behaviorist position for the modeling of intelligence does not scale to human-like problems and performance. This is accomplished by showing that the task of visual search can be viewed within the behaviorist framework and that the ability to search images (or any other sensory field) of the world to find stimuli on which to act is a necessary component of any behaving, intelligent agent. If targets are not explicitly known and used to help optimize search, the search problem is NP-hard. Knowledge of the target is of course explicitly forbidden in the strict interpretation of the published behaviorist dogma. Also, the paper summarizes the existing neurobiological and behavioral realities as they pertain to behaviorist claims. The conclusion is that there is very little support from biology for strict behaviorism. Strict adherence to the philosophy of the behaviorists means that efforts to demonstrate that the paradigm scales to humansize problems are certain to fail, as are attempts to evaluate it as a model of human intelligence. The strict position thus cannot be what the behaviorists really mean. It would benefit the research community if they could elucidate their terms, and provide theoretical arguments that support claims of scalability.

A Tentative Classification of “Neuroses” Based on Behavioristic Consideration of the Pathogenetic Mechanisms

Pathogenetic mechanisms of "neuroses" were reconsidered based on a behavioristic framework which includes not only the traditional stimulus-response learning theory but also the concept of conflict proposed by Lewin. Most of the subtypes of "neuroses"--with the exception of panic disorder--were divided into two categories: conditioned fear-related disorders and conflict-related disorders. Phobias have been suggested to be caused by an escape or avoidance behavior motivated by an unconditioned or conditioned fear and obsessive compulsive disorder by an avoidance behavior motivated by a conditioned fear, while such disorders as posttraumatic disorder or hypochondriasis (nosophobia) were considered to be direct manifestations of conditioned fear. Generalized anxiety and depersonalization disorders were suggested to be caused by conflicts, but these conflicts seemed to persist even after the appearance of the symptoms. In contrast, appearances of conversion, somatization, somatoform pain, psychogenic fugue, or psychogenic amnesia were suggested to result in a temporary attenuation of the causative conflicts.

On Changing the Framework of Psychology: Comparative Psychology is What General Psychology Should Be

When behaviorism became the dominant force in American psychology, many of the concerns of functionalism, including evolution, adaptation, and ontogenesis, were left behind. Contemporary psychology textbooks and curricula continue to perpetuate this behaviorist framework despite its atheoretical, nonbiological orientation. Even as these concepts begin to work their way back into textbooks and classrooms, they are treated unsystematically as appendages to the traditional behaviorist framework. Comparative psychology, the last bastion of the functionalist viewpoint, can solve this problem, but misconceptions about the field abound. Some of these misconceptions are discussed in this article, and I demonstrate how a comparative psychology course can provide the framework for reorganizing the focus of general psychology and integrating it into a neofunctionalist perspective.