Emotional Disorders Research Articles

The Role of Insecure Attachment in Emotional Disorders: From Children to the Elderly

Certain emotional disorders pose a significant societal concern due to their association with recurring suicidal tendencies and behaviors. Beyond the ongoing debate surrounding genetic and personality factors, this paper underscores the importance of considering attachment in the context of emotional disorders. Through a comprehensive review of literature in the fields of social and clinical psychology, this paper explores the connection between insecure attachment and emotional disorders. The exploration encompasses a concise historical overview and categozrization of attachment, followed by an in-depth analysis of the role of insecure attachment in emotional disorders across the lifespan, from childhood to old age. Additionally, potential mediator and moderator mechanisms are discussed. Notably, emotional regulation emerges as a predominant mediator during various life stages, serving this role in both childhood and adulthood, while self-esteem is identified as a sole mediating factor during adolescence. By elucidating the detrimental impacts of insecure attachment, this article emphasizes the crucial need to understand attachment dynamics throughout the human lifespan. Future research endeavors may focus on promoting heightened awareness among parents regarding the significance of sensitive early family interactions and encouraging individuals to identify and cultivate secure attachment figures.

Technology for teachers to overcome occupational burnout syndrome

Relevance. The activity of teachers is saturated with stressful factors, and therefore it requires from them strong resources of self-control and self-recovery. The destructive consequence of long-term stress overload is the syndrome of occupational burnout, which has a negative impact on the psycho-emotional state of both the teacher and other participants of the educational process. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to analyse the concept and manifestation of occupational burnout in secondary education teachers, to expand knowledge on counteracting it. Methodology. The study employed the methods of analysis and synthesis, systematisation, generalisation, comparison, modelling, and questionnaire survey. Results. The scientific study analysed the key definitions: occupational burnout syndrome, professional health, and its features. It was determined the structural components of professional health and factors influencing its state, leading to the development of occupational burnout syndrome. The study found an insufficient number of developed methods of educational institutions to prevent manifestations of occupational burnout syndrome. Based on the results of the survey, the level of burnout among teachers was revealed. Proceeding from this, a range of preventive techniques was recommended, including communication to analyse teachers� feelings and provide social support, conducting �time-outs�, forming the key role of friends in the team, analysing the results of pedagogical activity and achievements, etc. Conclusions. The study considered the specific features of psychological counteraction to occupational burnout of teachers, analysed the causes of pedagogical burnout, identified the key means of preventive assistance, and determined common effective technologies for overcoming professional stress states and emotional disorders. The practical significance of this study lies in the development of recommendations to counteract the development of occupational burnout syndrome in teachers and the possibility of their use in the preparation of educational plans for professional and psychological training of teaching staff. Keywords: exhaustion; stressfulness; emotional disorders; external factors; internal factors; psychological health

컬러테라피를 활용한 심리치료 관련 국내 학술지 연구동향 분석

The purpose of this study is to analyze research trends in domestic academic journals related to psychotherapy using color therapy as an alternative approach following the government's recent announcement of a mental health policy innovation plan and to suggest directions for follow-up research. For this purpose, 29 papers published from 2009 to 2023 were analyzed. The research results are as follows. First, research was conducted steadily from 2009 to 2023, and was highest in 2022 (17.24%). Second, it was presented at 18 domestic academic conferences, and ‘art therapy research’ was the most common (20.69%). Third, the study subjects had the highest proportion of adults, followed by college students, others (mixed), adolescents, children, and the elderly. Fourth, the types of research methods were quantitative research, literature research, qualitative research, and mixed research. Fifth, the type of study content had a positive effect on psychotherapy in the general subareas(ego, emotions/psychology, stress, maladjustment & problem behavior, interpersonal relationships) and diagnostic subareas(emotional disorders, childhood disorders, brain injury disorders). Based on the research results, it is suggested that psychotherapy using color therapy can be usefully applied in the field.

Loneliness and Emotional Levels of the Elderly: Correlation Study in Karang Werda Peer Group

Introduction: The elderly are a vulnerable group who experience the aging process, physical and psychological health problems. Prolonged loneliness results in decreased immunity, sleep disturbances, emotional mental disorders, depression, and even suicide. Purpose: This study was to analyze the correlation between loneliness and the emotional level of the elderly in Karang Werda, Balung District, Jember Regency. Methods: This study used quantitative research methods with a correlational descriptive approach and a cross sectional design. The sample is 108 elderly with the Stratified Random Sampling technique. Loneliness data collection using the UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 and emotional levels using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Results: It was found that (79%) of the elderly experienced mild loneliness and (79%) had a good emotional level. The correlation between loneliness and emotional level result obtained (p= 0,003, r= -0.202). Conclusion: There is a correlation between loneliness and the emotional level of the elderly in Karang Werda, Balung District, Jember Regency. It is hoped that the elderly can relate well to the surrounding environment and actively participate in group activities. Nurses must carry out routine psychological care for the elderly and provide appropriate interventions.

Family Support and Psychological Adaptation (Letting-Go) in Primipara Post-partum

During the recovery period, the post-partum mother will experience psychological changes proposed by several theories, which divides the period of psychological adjustment for the post-partum mother through three phases, namely the taking-in phase, taking-hold phase, and letting go. The moms' emotional, intellectual, and behavioral disorders are triggered by their awareness of their culpability. Mothers must adjust to their new positions as they deal with new families with babies. Inadequately adapting to the post-partum period, mothers should get support from the family. This study aimed to determine the relationship between family support and the process of psychological adaptation (letting go) in primiparous post-partum mothers. This study sampled 33 primiparous post-partum mothers using a proportional random sampling technique. These involved primiparous post-partum mothers who lived with their families for 10-42 days and were willing to be respondents. The research used a questionnaire to analyze data. Data analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov showed a p-value of 0.047 (p-value≤0.05). The results suggest that there is a relationship between family support and the process of psychological adaptation. Improving early screening for post-partum depression and increasing understanding of mothers and families can help reduce baby blues syndrome and post-partum depression in post-partum mothers.

Prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents in Bangladesh.

Emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents is a global concern. Previous studies conducted in Bangladesh have highlighted the importance to effectively prevent and address emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents to improve their psychological well-being. Despite these efforts, there remains limited research specifically addressing emotional and behavioral problems, conduct disorders, hyperactivity/attention disorders, and peer relationship problems among adolescents in Bangladesh in terms of age, gender, grade, and location. To address this knowledge gap, the present study aimed to comprehensively investigate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems among school-going adolescents in Bangladesh. The study employed a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique to recruit a total of 1496 participants. The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, such as age, gender, grade, location, birth order, family type, monthly family income, and parental education were collected. Emotional and behavioral problems were assessed using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ), while the chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the data with STATA software. The prevalence of emotional disorder was 9.09% (7.73 - 10.65%). The rate was 21.72% (19.70 - 23.88%) for conduct disorder, 6.21% (5.09 - 7.55%) for hyperactivity, and for peer-relationship problem, the rate was 15.10% (13.37 - 17.01%) among adolescents. Overall, gender, grade, location, monthly family income, and parental education were significantly associated with emotional and behavioral problems. More specifically, adolescent girls (OR = 2.90 for the emotional disorder), grade (8th: OR = 2.07, 9th: OR = 1.95, for the emotional disorder), urban residents (OR = 2.46, for conduct disorder; OR = 2.29, for hyperactivity; OR = 2.03, for peer-relationship problem), poor monthly family income (OR = 2.84, for peer-relationship problem) significantly increased the risk of psychiatric morbidity. The study highlights the need for school-based intervention programs to address adolescent emotional and behavioral problems. By targeting vulnerable individuals, these programs can effectively reduce mental health problems among adolescents.

State of the Science: The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders

Before the development of the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP), evidence-based treatment options for commonly co-occurring anxiety, mood, and related disorders consisted of numerous single-disorder protocols that shared many similarities, reflecting the overlap among these disorders themselves. The UP distilled common elements of cognitive behavioral protocols into a unified intervention directly targeting core temperamental features underlying these disorders of emotion, namely neuroticism and associated emotion dysregulation. The UP has since become a leading “transdiagnostic” treatment for emotional disorders, which is now available in several formats (e.g., individual, group, digital) and has accumulated a strong evidence base, leading to international implementation. There is now also research evidence that the UP can be flexibly applied to a range of clinical presentations, including borderline personality disorder, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, eating disorders, alcohol use disorder, and comorbid chronic physical health conditions. Yet additional research is needed to evaluate the UP in routine clinical settings, with more heterogeneous patient populations, and under circumstances that mirror actual clinical practice. Thus, we must also continue to explore the benefits of large-scale UP training initiatives and implementation in major healthcare systems.

Anxiety among youth with food allergy.

Anxiety is among the major psychological concerns for children living with food allergy (FA). Yet research exploring the variables driving anxiety symptoms in FA remains sparse, and most studies still utilize homogeneous samples to assess anxiety symptoms. The current study seeks to evaluate the rates of clinically significant anxiety symptoms among a diverse sample of youth with FA and examine whether a heightened risk perception of FA outcomes and FA burden (vs. FA medical history) is associated with anxiety in youth. 94 youth ages 10-14 and their parents were recruited from FA clinics at a mid-Atlantic children's hospital. Both youth and parents completed demographic and FA medical history questionnaires, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, and the Food Allergy Independent Measure as part of a longitudinal study about FA adjustment and adherence. Over a third (37%) of youth scored above clinical cut-offs for overall anxiety symptoms. At least 25% of youth reported clinically significant scores on panic disorder, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, separation anxiety, and school avoidance subscales. Perception of risk of adverse FA outcomes and burden-but not FA medical history-were associated with total anxiety, generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and school avoidance symptoms, but not social anxiety and separation anxiety. Having more FAs was associated with higher social anxiety scores but not with other anxiety subscales. Youth with FA might benefit from psychosocial interventions that address FA risk perception management and promote appropriate FA vigilance to cope with anxiety symptoms.

Factors associated with anxiety-related symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19 in Oman: a cross-sectional study.

Reports from different parts of the world suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic and the resultant lockdown and social distancing measures have heralded unprecedented mental health challenges among children and adolescents. To date, there is a dearth of studies emerging from the Arabian Gulf, where the majority of its population are children and adolescents. The study aims to examine the prevalence of anxiety-related symptoms and their covariates among children and adolescents in an Arabian Gulf country, Oman. This is a cross-sectional analytic study carried out over two weeks (1st to 15th of August 2020) during the COVID-19 pandemic across Oman. Parents were asked to complete the online survey, which consisted of the parent version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) instrument and questions regarding basic socio-demographic information. Logistic regression was used to identify the contributing variables associated with anxiety-related symptoms. A total of 790 valid responses were received. Among the 790 children, 33.3% (n = 263) were diagnosed with anxiety-related symptoms by the SCARED instrument. Logistic regression analysis suggested that anxiety-related symptoms in children and adolescents were significantly associated with three demographic variables. The model shows that children with divorced or separated parents were 1.9 times more likely to have anxiety-related symptoms than children of married couples (OR = 1.93, p = 0.035). Children living in families with an income below USD 1000/month, were 1.8 times more likely to have anxiety-related symptoms than a family with an income of USD 4000/month (OR = 1.833, p = 0.018). Children in grades 3-6 were 1.8 times more likely to have anxiety-related symptoms than those in grades 1-2 (OR = 1.79, p = 0.024). Anxiety-related symptoms are common among Omani children and adolescents. They are more likely to be reported in middle scholastic grade levels and children from families with marital discord and low socioeconomic status. It is not clear whether the presently observed rates of anxiety exceed the prevalence that would have been observed prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. More studies are therefore warranted using children and adolescents' self-reported scales.

Implementation of coaching methods to decrease the parenting stress levels among teenage mothers in Indonesia: A quasi-experimental study.

The high rate of early marriage, teenage pregnancy, and teenage mothers increases the prevalence of emotional and mental disorders, depression, parenting stress, and child stunting. Parenting coaching is among the effective ways to overcome parenting stress and improve parents' knowledge, skills, and behaviors, thereby avoiding child stunting. However, studies on parenting coaching are not widely conducted, particularly in Indonesia. This study aimed to present the current status of parenting stress among teenage mothers and assess whether parenting coaching effectively reduces parenting stress among teenage mothers. A quasi-experimental design was used. The participants were randomly selected into two groups: the intervention group receiving parenting coaching intervention and the control group receiving standard education using a leaflet. Data were collected in June 2021 in Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Statistical Program for Social Science version 21 (Armonk, NY, USA) was employed for all statistical analyses. The parenting coaching intervention had a significant effect on parenting stress (p <0.001), with significant positive changes in knowledge, attitude (p <0.001), behavior (p <0.001), self-efficacy (p <0.001), and maternal function (p <0.001). Additionally, a significant difference in the achievement of z-score values was observed between the intervention and control groups based on Body Weight/Age (BW/A) (p <0.001) and Body Length/Age (BL/A) (p <0.001). However, Body Weight/Body Length (BW/BL) did not show a significant difference in the achievement of z-score (p = 0.34) in the third month. Parenting coaching can reduce parenting stress among teenage mothers and improve their knowledge, attitudes, behavior, self-efficacy, and maternal function; hence, this intervention can be used as a reference in the nursing process to reduce parenting stress and prevent child stunting.

The assessment of transdiagnostic dimensions of emotional disorders: Validation of the Multidimensional Emotional Disorders Inventory (MEDI) in adolescents with subthreshold anxiety and depression

BackgroundThe transdiagnostic approach to psychopathology has emerged as an alternative to traditional taxonomic approaches. The Multidimensional Emotional Disorders Inventory (MEDI) is a specifically designed self-report to measure the transdiagnostic dimensions proposed by Brown and Barlow (2009). This study aims to analyse the psychometric properties of the MEDI scores in adolescents with subthreshold anxiety and depression. MethodThe sample consisted of a total of 476 students. The mean age was 13.77 years (SD = 1.43) (range 10 to 18 years), 73.9 % were females. Several questionnaires assessing positive affect, negative affect, mental health difficulties, and quality of life were used. ResultsThe original 9-factor structure of the MEDI was confirmed with good fit indices. Satisfactory levels of internal consistency were observed in most of the MEDI scores using McDonald's Omega, ranging from 0.58 to 0.87. The MEDI dimensions were associated with psychopathology, positive affect, negative affect, and quality of life. LimitationsReliance on self-reported data, a cross-sectional design limiting temporal assessment, and a 73.9 % female gender imbalance. ConclusionThe MEDI scores showed adequate psychometric properties among adolescents with subclinical emotional symptoms. The results found might have potential clinical implications for conceptualization, assessment, intervention, and prevention of emotional disorders at both clinical and research levels.

Dorsal dentate gyrus mediated enriched environment-induced anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in cortical infarcted mice

Anxiety and depression are the most common mental health disorders worldwide, each affecting around 30% stroke survivors. These complications not only affect the functional recovery and quality of life in stroke patients, but also are distressing for caregivers. However, effective treatments are still lacking. Enriched environment (EE), characterized with novel and multi-dimensional stimulation, has been reported to exert therapeutic effects on physical and cognitive function. In addition, EE also had potential positive effects on emotional disorders after ischemic stroke; however, the underling mechanisms have not been well elucidated. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of EE on emotional disorders after cerebral ischemia and its underling mechanism. Sensorimotor cortical infarction was induced by photothrombosis with stable infarct location and volume, resulting in motor dysfunction, anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice, with decreased ALFF and ReHo values and decreased c-fos expression in the infarction area and adjacent regions. Seven days' EE treatment significantly improved motor function of contralateral forelimb and exhibited anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in infarcted mice. Compared to the mice housing in a standard environment, those subjected to acute EE stimulation had significantly increased ALFF and ReHo values in the bilateral somatosensory cortex (S1, S2), dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG), dorsal CA1 of hippocampus (dCA1), lateral habenular nucleus (LHb), periaqueductal gray (PAG), ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), parietal association cortex (PtA), dorsal CA3 of hippocampus (dCA3), claustrum (Cl), ventral pallidum (VP), amygdala (Amy), and contralateral auditory cortex (Au). Some of, but not all, the ipsilateral brain regions mentioned above showed accompanying increases in c-fos expression with the most significant changes in the dDG. The number of FosB positive cells in the dDG, decreased in infarcted mice, was significantly increased after chronic EE treatment. Chemogenetic activation of dDG neurons reduced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in infarcted mice, while neuronal inhibition resulted in void of the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of EE. Altogether, these findings indicated that dDG neurons may mediate EE-triggered anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in cortical infarcted mice.

Oral health of people with emotional disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aims to determine the association between severe mental disorders and oral health among individuals over 18years of age. An electronic search was conducted in six electronic databases and gray literature. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on studies that met the inclusion criteria. The methodology of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool. A meta-analysis of proportions with a random effect was carried out. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE tool. After searching the databases, 5,734 references were retrieved, and twenty articles were selected for synthesis. Considering the DMFT index between the groups with mental disorders and the control group, the values of the DMFT index were higher among individuals with schizophrenia [MD = 5.27; 95% CI = 4.13 - 6.42; I2 = 35%] and bipolar disorder [MD = 1.90; 95% CI = 0.87 - 2.93]. Values were lower among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder [MD = -0.85; 95% CI = -1.46-0.24]. The risk of bias was considered low for 16 studies, and four were classified with a moderate risk of bias. The certainty of evidence was very low. Patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder exhibit increased frequency in the number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth. There was no effect in relation to periodontal probing depth, plaque index, and TMD, but the evidence is still uncertain for this outcome. These findings underscore the need for a comprehensive health approach.

A systematic review on the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and emotional disorder symptoms during Covid-19: unearthing the potential role of economic concerns and financial strain

BackgroundCovid-19 has disrupted the lives of many and resulted in high prevalence rates of mental disorders. Despite a vast amount of research into the social determinants of mental health during Covid-19, little is known about whether the results are consistent with the social gradient in mental health. Here we report a systematic review of studies that investigated how socioeconomic condition (SEC)—a multifaceted construct that measures a person’s socioeconomic standing in society, using indicators such as education and income, predicts emotional health (depression and anxiety) risk during the pandemic. Furthermore, we examined which classes of SEC indicators would best predict symptoms of emotional disorders.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, we conducted search over six databases, including Scopus, PubMed, etc., between November 4, 2021 and November 11, 2021 for studies that investigated how SEC indicators predict emotional health risks during Covid-19, after obtaining approval from PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021288508). Using Covidence as the platform, 362 articles (324 cross-sectional/repeated cross-sectional and 38 longitudinal) were included in this review according to the eligibility criteria. We categorized SEC indicators into ‘actual versus perceived’ and ‘static versus fluid’ classes to explore their differential effects on emotional health.ResultsOut of the 1479 SEC indicators used in these 362 studies, our results showed that 43.68% of the SEC indicators showed ‘expected’ results (i.e., higher SEC predicting better emotional health outcomes); 51.86% reported non-significant results and 4.46% reported the reverse. Economic concerns (67.16% expected results) and financial strains (64.16%) emerged as the best predictors while education (26.85%) and living conditions (30.14%) were the worst.ConclusionsThis review summarizes how different SEC indicators influenced emotional health risks across 98 countries, with a total of 5,677,007 participants, ranging from high to low-income countries. Our findings showed that not all SEC indicators were strongly predictive of emotional health risks. In fact, over half of the SEC indicators studied showed a null effect. We found that perceived and fluid SEC indicators, particularly economic concerns and financial strain could best predict depressive and anxiety symptoms. These findings have implications for policymakers to further understand how different SEC classes affect mental health during a pandemic in order to tackle associated social issues effectively.

Overview of Treatment Options for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Literature Review.

The incidence and prevalence of concussion, a type of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), have steadily increased among athletes, both students and professionals, across a wide variety of sports, including, but not limited to, swimming, tennis, football, and boxing. Recent data have demonstrated that sports are one of the leading causes of concussions among student athletes. While the exact mechanism of concussion onset has yet to be fully elucidated, data suggestthat the pathophysiology involves rotational acceleration and deceleration of the brain, leading to axon tearing and disturbance in the metabolic cascade of glucose. Concussive events can have debilitating effects on an athlete, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (gradual degeneration of brain tissue) that is related to personality changes, emotional disorders, and even dementia. Common symptoms associated with concussion include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and headaches. The physical assessment consists of a combination of tools involving the mental status examination, vital signs, cervical spine exam, eye exam, and neurological testing. The use of osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM), pharmacotherapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), aerobic exercise, balance, and/or vestibular therapy are many common treatment approaches for concussion and post-concussion sequelae. This literature review aims to provide insight into concussions, the current treatment options available, and the new developments in concussions per the Amsterdam 2022 International Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport published in 2023.

Exploring the Role of Resilience as a Mediator in Selective Preventive Transdiagnostic Intervention (PROCARE+) for Adolescents at Risk of Emotional Disorders

Abstract: Introduction: Psychological treatments are becoming an increasingly important component of medical healthcare, as a growing number of people seek treatment for a wide range of mental health problems. While these treatments are known to be effective, much remains to be understood about their mechanisms and reasons for effectiveness. The study of statistical mediators is crucial in psychological research, as it is fundamental to understanding how psychological factors influence health, well-being, and human behavior, and thus to designing effective psychological interventions. Aim: This study investigates the role of resilience as a treatment mediator in PROCARE+, a brief transdiagnostic, personalized protocol for the selective prevention of emotional disorders in adolescents. This approach has proven effective for young people at risk of developing emotional issues. Method: We used simple mediation models in a sample of 153 adolescents to assess the impact of interventions on resilience. Outcome variables included self-reported and parent-reported emotional risk, mood, anxiety symptoms, and quality of life. Discussion: The results of this study provide valuable information on how PROCARE+ works and how to improve its effectiveness, pointing to resilience as a key mediator in reducing the risk of developing emotional disorders and improving quality of life.

Self-esteem and body image satisfaction in women with PCOS in the Middle East: Cross-sectional social media study.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of childbearing age, associated with increased incidence of emotional disorders, anxiety and depression. The aim was of this study was to investigate whether those women reporting PCOS differed to women without PCOS in measures of psychological well-being including body-image satisfaction and self-esteem across a Middle Eastern population. An online survey link of 21 questions was shared and distributed across social media platforms (Instagram and WhatsApp). The main outcome measured was levels of self-esteem and body image satisfaction in association with symptoms experienced by the participants. 12,199 female subjects completed the survey of whom 3,329 respondents (27.3%) self-reported a diagnosis of PCOS. PCOS respondents felt less attractive compared to non-PCOS respondents (73.9% vs 80.5%, p<0.0001). More respondents with PCOS reported avoidance of their reflection in the mirror (61.7% vs 49.8%, p<0.001) and avoidance of social interactions (22.3% vs 32.3%, p<0.0001). More PCOS respondents wanted to lose weight (75.2% vs 68.5%, p<0.001) with increasing weight being associated with being less attractive (p<0.001). Fewer PCOS respondents felt satisfied/confident compared non-PCOS respondents (38.6% vs 50.7%, p<0.001). PCOS respondents reported significantly lower measures of self-esteem and body image satisfaction compared to non-PCOS respondents in this population.

Effectiveness of the heart technique (THT) therapy on students' emotional disorders

Students' emotional disorders are still a source of problems in the world of education. This emotional disorder will influence their future and their adolescence itself. The other researcher has been done some therapy, but it doesn’t work enough to pretend the teenager’s emotional disorder. This research aims to offer a solution to the problem of emotional disorders, especially depression, anxiety, and panic disorders. The solution in question is an emotional therapy called The Heart Technique, which is part of hypnotherapy. The method used is a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental approach. The subjects of this research were Class XI SOS students at RK Serdang Murni Lubuk Pakam Private High School. SOS 1 class is the experimental class and SOS 2 class is the control class. Data processing was carried out using Excel and SPSS applications. The results of data processing show that the heart technique therapy is effective in reducing students' emotional disorders.

Effects of a Math Single-Case Intervention on Word Problem-Solving in Students With Learning Disabilities and Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Word problem-solving is one major area in mathematics that has been identified as being particularly challenging for students, specifically for those with learning disabilities (LDs) and emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). This study aims at evaluating the effects of a strategic math intervention with concept maps on the ability to solve word problems (addition and subtraction problems, number range of thousand) among students with LDs and EBD from the eighth grade. A multiple-baseline design across participants ( N = 9) was applied to evaluate the intervention, which was held three times a week over a 6-week period. Overall, the results demonstrated a functional relation between the amount of correctly solved word problem tasks and the intervention. All nine students improved in word problem-solving, as evidenced by the fact that more tasks were solved, with a higher score in the intervention phase compared with the baseline (between-case standardized mean difference was 1.84; 95% confidence interval [1.24, 2.44]). The social validity data display that all students found the intervention helpful but also partly exhausting. The limitations and implications of this study are discussed.

Math anxiety in Peruvian students of regular basic education: A Descriptive Study

Introduction: math anxiety among secondary school students is a widely studied and recognized phenomenon in the educational community. This emotional disorder can hinder learning and affect students' emotional well-being. Objective: to describe the level of math anxiety in a sample of Peruvian regular basic education students. Methods: quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample consisted of 150 students of both sexes who were administered the Mathematics Anxiety Questionnaire, an instrument with adequate metric properties. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Results: the level of math anxiety for 63,3 % of students was moderate, for 26,7 % it was low, for 6 % it was high, for 3,3 % it was very low, and for 0,7 % it was very high. When evaluating the dimensions of attitudes, emotions, and beliefs, it was found that they were also predominantly rated at the moderate level. This means that the majority of students occasionally feel concern, nervousness, or tension when facing situations related to mathematics in the classroom. Conclusions: the level of math anxiety experienced by the majority of Peruvian regular basic education students is moderate. Therefore, it is suggested to implement emotional support programs that provide tools for managing anxiety, as well as teacher training to identify and support students so they can effectively cope with it.