Behavioral Therapy For Chronic Insomnia Research Articles

Yoga therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia (CBT-I) – A randomized equivalence trial, an interim analysis

Yoga therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia (CBT-I) – A randomized equivalence trial, an interim analysis

Components and Delivery Formats of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia in Adults

Chronic insomnia disorder is highly prevalent, disabling, and costly. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), comprising various educational, cognitive, and behavioral strategies delivered in various formats, is the recommended first-line treatment, but the effect of each component and delivery method remains unclear. To examine the association of each component and delivery format of CBT-I with outcomes. PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycInfo, and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from database inception to July 21, 2023. Published randomized clinical trials comparing any form of CBT-I against another or a control condition for chronic insomnia disorder in adults aged 18 years and older. Insomnia both with and without comorbidities was included. Concomitant treatments were allowed if equally distributed among arms. Two independent reviewers identified components, extracted data, and assessed trial quality. Random-effects component network meta-analyses were performed. The primary outcome was treatment efficacy (remission defined as reaching a satisfactory state) posttreatment. Secondary outcomes included all-cause dropout, self-reported sleep continuity, and long-term remission. A total of 241 trials were identified including 31 452 participants (mean [SD] age, 45.4 [16.6] years; 21 048 of 31 452 [67%] women). Results suggested that critical components of CBT-I are cognitive restructuring (remission incremental odds ratio [iOR], 1.68; 95% CI, 1.28-2.20) third-wave components (iOR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.10-2.03), sleep restriction (iOR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.04-2.13), and stimulus control (iOR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.00-2.05). Sleep hygiene education was not essential (iOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.77-1.32), and relaxation procedures were found to be potentially counterproductive(iOR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.64-1.02). In-person therapist-led programs were most beneficial (iOR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.19-2.81). Cognitive restructuring, third-wave components, and in-person delivery were mainly associated with improved subjective sleep quality. Sleep restriction was associated with improved subjective sleep quality, sleep efficiency, and wake after sleep onset, and stimulus control with improved subjective sleep quality, sleep efficiency, and sleep latency. The most efficacious combination-consisting of cognitive restructuring, third wave, sleep restriction, and stimulus control in the in-person format-compared with in-person psychoeducation, was associated with an increase in the remission rate by a risk difference of 0.33 (95% CI, 0.23-0.43) and a number needed to treat of 3.0 (95% CI, 2.3-4.3), given the median observed control event rate of 0.14. The findings suggest that beneficial CBT-I packages may include cognitive restructuring, third-wave components, sleep restriction, stimulus control, and in-person delivery but not relaxation. However, potential undetected interactions could undermine the conclusions. Further large-scale, well-designed trials are warranted to confirm the contribution of different treatment components in CBT-I.

The effectiveness of remote methods of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia and the possibilities of combined interventions

Chronic insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders in the world. The representation of chronic insomnia in the general population reaches 10-20% according to various sources. The most effective method of treating chronic insomnia with a sustained effect is cognitive behavioral therapy of insomnia (CBT-I). Among the disadvantages of CBT-I is its low availability (due to the lack of specialists) and high cost. Methods of delivered CBT-I are becoming increasingly relevant. The advantage of such type of CBT-I is the possibility of its use by a wide group of people. There are different ways of conducting delivered CBT, including those that do not require the direct participation of a specialist. The effectiveness of this method of treatment is comparable to full-time CBT-I.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia in Outpatients with Major Depression-A Randomised Controlled Trial.

The aim of this randomised controlled assessor-blinded trial was to examine the effect of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on sleep variables and depressive symptomatology in outpatients with comorbid insomnia and moderate to severe depression. Forty-seven participants were randomized to receive one weekly session in 6 weeks of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia or treatment as usual. The intervention was a hybrid between individual and group treatment. Sleep scheduling could be especially challenging in a group format as patients with depression may need more support to adhere to the treatment recommendations. The primary outcome measure was the Insomnia Severity Index. Secondary measures were sleep diary data, the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Questionnaire, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the World Health Organization Questionnaire for Quality of Life and polysomnography. Compared to treatment as usual, cognitive behavioural therapy significantly reduced the insomnia severity index (mean ISI 20.6 to 12.1, p = 0.001) and wake after sleep onset (mean 54.7 min to 19.0 min, p = 0.003) and increased sleep efficiency (mean SE 71.6 to 83.4, p = 0.006). Total sleep time and sleep onset latency were not significantly changed. The results were supported by analyses of the other rating scales and symptom dimensions. In conclusion, cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia as add-on to treatment as usual was effective for treating insomnia and depressive symptoms in a small sample of outpatients with insomnia and major depression. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02678702.

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the effectiveness of protocols for acceptance and commitment therapy for insomnia (ACT-I) and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) in adults. Method Participants were 37 adults (74.3% women; M = 43.7 years, SD = 10.7) with chronic insomnia who were randomized to 6 weekly group sessions consisting of ACT-I (n = 19) or CBT-I (n = 18). The primary outcome measures were based on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) total score, a measure of insomnia complaints, and included the proportions of treatment responders (defined as a change in score of 8 points or more) and remitters (defined as a final score below 8). Results Both treatment modalities significantly reduced insomnia severity. Post-treatment, the proportion of treatment responders was higher in the CBT-I than the ACT-I (64.7% vs. 50.0%, respectively) group and six months later, ACT-I made further improvements whereas CBT-I had a reduced treatment response (58.8% vs. 55.6%, respectively). CBT-I was associated with a higher proportion of insomnia remission at post treatment. Conclusions Both CBT-I and ACT-I are effective, with a higher proportion of insomnia remitters in CBT-I post-treatment. The different change trajectories for the two therapy groups provide insights into behavioral change via a cognitive versus contextual approach.

TIMELAPSE study\u2014efficacy of low-dose amitriptyline versus cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia in patients with medical comorbidity: study protocol of a randomized controlled multicenter non-inferiority trial

BackgroundInsomnia is common in people with long-term medical conditions and is related to increased mortality and morbidity. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is first choice treatment and effective for people with insomnia and comorbid long-term medical conditions. However, CBT-I has some limitations as it might not always be available or appeal to patients with medical conditions. Furthermore, a small proportion of patients do not respond to CBT-I. Preliminary evidence and clinical experience suggest that low-dose amitriptyline (AM) might be an effective alternative to treat insomnia in patients with medical comorbidity. In this randomized controlled trial, we will determine whether AM is non-inferior to the first choice treatment for insomnia, CBT-I.Methods/designThis study will test if treatment with low-dose amitriptyline for insomnia in patients with medical comorbidity is non-inferior to CBT-I in a multicenter randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Participants will be 190 adults with a long-term medical condition and insomnia. Participants will be randomly allocated to one of two intervention arms: 12 weeks AM (starting with 10 mg per day, and if ineffective at 3 weeks, doubling this dose) or 12 weeks of CBT-I consisting of 6 weekly sessions and a follow-up session 6 weeks later. The primary outcome is subjective insomnia severity, measured with the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The primary endpoint is at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes include sleep quality (e.g., sleep efficiency), questionnaires on daytime functioning (physical functioning and impairment of functioning), and symptoms (e.g., fatigue, pain, anxiety) at 12 weeks and 12 months post treatment and relapse of insomnia until 12 months after treatment.DiscussionIrrespective of the outcome, this study will be a much-needed contribution to evidence based clinical guidelines on the treatment of insomnia in patients with medical comorbidity.Trial registrationDutch Trial Register NTR NL7971. Registered on 18 August 2019

Assessing the feasibility and acceptability of a cluster-randomized study of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia in a primary care setting

BackgroundCognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia (CBT-i) is the treatment of choice for this condition but is underutilized in patients who attend primary care. The purpose of the present feasibility-pilot study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a cluster-randomized study of CBT-i in a primary care setting.MethodsThis study, performed at two primary health care centers in Majorca, Spain, was a mixed methods feasibility-pilot study of a parallel cluster-randomized design comparing CBT-i and usual care (UC). Patients were included if they were 18 to 65 years-old; had diagnoses of chronic insomnia according to the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI ≥ 8); had insomnia for more than 3 months. Twenty-five GPs and nurses and 32 patients were randomly allocated to two groups. The main outcome of the intervention was improvement of dimensions of sleep quality, measured using the Spanish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, at baseline and at 3 months after the intervention. Other primary outcomes of the study were the feasibility and applicability of the intervention, collected through nominal groups. A thematic analysis was performed to classify primary care provider (PCP) proposals. Additionally, we assessed the recruitment process, compliance with the intervention sessions, and patient retention.ResultsWe adapted the CBT-i approach of Morin to a primary care context. After intervention training, PCPs expressed the need for more extensive training in the different aspects of the therapy and the discussion of more cases. PCPs considered the intervention as adequate but wanted fewer but longer sessions as well as to discard the cognitive restructuring component. PCPs considered it crucial to prepare each session in advance and to establish a specific agenda for the CBT-i. Regular reminders given to PCPs and patients were suggested to improve study participation. Compared to the UC group, higher proportions of patients in the intervention group had short sleep latency, slept for longer than 5 h, and had fewer sleep disruptions.ConclusionsThis feasibility-pilot study identified several key issues that must be addressed before performing a CBT-i intervention in future clinical trial in a primary care setting.Trial registrationNCT04565223. (Clinical trials.gov) Registered 1 September 2020—Retrospectively registered.

Sleep Discrepancy in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Brief Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia in Older Adults

ABSTRACT Background/Objective: Some older adults with insomnia experience sleep discrepancy, often characterized by greater subjective sleep difficulties and shorter subjective sleep duration than the estimates derived from objective measures. The present study examined whether a brief behavioral therapy for insomnia (BBTi) is efficacious for reducing sleep discrepancy in older adults. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of BBTi for community dwelling older adults with chronic insomnia (N = 62). Thirty-two participants received BBTi, delivered in four individual face-to-face sessions. Thirty received the self-monitoring control (SMC). They all completed daily sleep diaries and wore an actigraph from baseline to posttreatment, and for 2 weeks at 3-month follow-up. Sleep discrepancy was calculated by subtracting diary from actigraphy estimates of sleep onset latency (SOL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and total sleep time (TST). Mixed modeling was used to analyze data. SOL discrepancy decreased significantly in BBTi participants compared to SMC participants. The decreases in SOL discrepancy were explained by changes in diary-assessed SOL and subjective sleep quality but not changes in actigraphy-assessed SOL. Although WASO discrepancy and TST discrepancy decreased from baseline to posttreatment and follow-up, the Time by Group interaction effects were not significant indicating that BBTi participants did not experience greater reductions in WASO discrepancy and TST discrepancy than SMC participants. In conclusion, BBTi is efficacious for reducing SOL discrepancy in older adults with chronic insomnia.

Presleep Cognitive Arousal and Insomnia Comorbid to Parkinson Disease: Evidence for a Serial Mediation Model of Sleep-Related Safety Behaviors and Dysfunctional Beliefs About Sleep.

Insomnia disorder (ID) is highly associated with Parkinson disease (PD) with great negative effect on health-related quality of life. Nonetheless, the relevance of psychological processes involved in the maintenance of insomnia is yet to be established in the context of this neurological condition. Our aim was to examine a serial meditation model of sleep-related safety behaviors and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep in association with presleep cognitive arousal and ID in patients with PD. A total of 68 patients with PD completed self-report measures including the Sleep-Related Behaviors Questionnaire (SRBQ-20), Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS-16), and the cognitive subscale of the Presleep Arousal Scale (PSAS-C). ID was assessed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria. Bootstrapped serial mediation analyses were conducted to test indirect effects. Overall, 55.6% of patients with PD met diagnostic criteria for ID. The association between presleep cognitive arousal (PSAS-C) and ID was serially mediated by sleep-related safety behaviors (SRBQ-20) and strong endorsement of dysfunctional beliefs about sleep (DBAS-16) (bias-corrected 95% confidence interval for the indirect effect = 0.013, 0.093). An alternate serial mediation model in which dysfunctional beliefs about sleep precede sleep-related safety behaviors was not statistically significant (bias-corrected 95% confidence interval for the indirect effect = -0.001, 0.046). ID comorbid to PD is associated with the classic psychological factors perpetuating ID in neurological disease-free individuals with insomnia. Target-oriented interventions for instance cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia should be considered as a treatment approach for ID comorbid to PD. Lebrun C, Gély-Nargeot M-C, Maudarbocus KH, Rossignol A, Geny C, Bayard S. Presleep cognitive arousal and insomnia comorbid to parkinson disease: evidence for a serial mediation model of sleep-related safety behaviors and dysfunctional beliefs about sleep. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(9):1217-1224.

Long-Term Effects of an Unguided Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia.

The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of fully automated Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) 18 months after the intervention period on sleep, daytime functioning, and beliefs about sleep for adults with chronic insomnia. Participants in this study had participated in a randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of unguided Internet CBT-I with web-based patient education. Participants who had received Internet CBT-I (n = 95) completed online questionnaires and online sleep diaries 18 months after the intervention period. We used linear mixed models to study changes from baseline to postassessment and to 18-month follow-up, and a separate mixed-models analysis to study changes from postassessment to 18-month follow-up. Mean age of the participants was 45.5 years (standard deviation = 12.6) and 64% were females. Sixty-six participants (70%) completed the 18-month follow-up assessment. There were significant improvements from baseline to 18-month follow-up on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) (Cohen d = 2.04 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.66-2.42]) and the Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS) (d = 1.64 [95% CI 1.30-1.98]), levels of daytime fatigue (d = 0.85 [95% CI 0.59-1.11]), psychological distress (d = 0.51 [95% CI 0.29-0.73]), and beliefs about sleep (d = 1.44 [95% CI 1.15-1.73]). Moderate to large effect size improvements were also shown on the diary-derived sleep variables. All improvements from baseline to postassessment were essentially maintained to 18-month follow-up. Unguided Internet CBT-I appears to have sustained effects on sleep, daytime functioning, and beliefs about sleep up to 18 months after the intervention period. This study presents long-term follow-up data of a previous clinical trial. Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov, Title: Internet-based Treatment for Insomnia in Norway, Identifier: NCT02261272, URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02261272.

Psychological processes associated with insomnia in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Despite the high comorbidity of insomnia disorder (ID) with multiple sclerosis (MS), the relevance of psychological processes involved in the maintenance of insomnia is yet to be established in this neurological disorder. This study aimed to ascertain to what extent the suggested emotional, cognitive, and behavioral processes maintaining insomnia are relevant in people with insomnia and MS. A between-subjects design was used to compare 26 patients with insomnia and MS, with 31 patients with MS only, and with 26 matched neurological disease-free individuals with insomnia. All patients participated in a standardized clinical interview and completed a battery of self-reported measures of cognitive and somatic presleep arousal experienced at bedtime, sleep- or insomnia-related unhelpful beliefs, and sleep-related safety behaviors. All patients with MS underwent a neurological examination. ID comorbid to MS was strongly associated with increased levels of cognitive and somatic arousal, higher endorsement of dysfunctional beliefs about the consequences of insomnia on daytime functioning, and worry about insomnia and more frequent engagement in sleep-related safety behaviors. Patients with MS with ID did not differ from neurological disease-free individuals with insomnia on these measures. No link was found between MS clinical peculiarities and ID diagnosis. ID comorbid to MS is associated with the classical psychological factors perpetuating ID in neurological disease-free individuals with insomnia. Primary care providers and neurologists should consider target-oriented therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia as a treatment approach for ID comorbid to MS.

노년기에 겪는 만성 불면증의 인지행동치료 효용성에 관한 소고

노년기에 겪는 만성 불면증의 인지행동치료 효용성에 관한 소고

Treat Chronic Insomnia With CBT-I, Says American College of Physicians

Treat Chronic Insomnia With CBT-I, Says American College of Physicians

Cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia: effective, long-lasting and safe

ABSTRACT FROM: Trauer JM, Qian MY, Doyle JS, et al . Cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015;163:191–204. Numerous well-conducted randomised controlled...

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia: State of the Science Versus Current Clinical Practices

In this issue, Trauer and colleagues report findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis of 20 randomized, controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of CBT for insomnia. The editorialist dis...

Medical team acceptance of online cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia at an integrated academic medical centre

Medical team acceptance of online cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia at an integrated academic medical centre

Randomized Controlled Trial of Telephone-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia

To compare the efficacy of telephone-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia to an information pamphlet control on sleep and daytime functioning at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 12-wk follow-up. Randomized controlled parallel trial. N/A. Thirty individuals with chronic insomnia (27 women, age 39.1 ± 14.4 years, insomnia duration 8.7 ± 10.7 years). Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) delivered in up to eight weekly telephone sessions (CBTI-Phone, n = 15) versus an information pamphlet control (IPC, n = 15). Sleep/wake diary, sleep-related questionnaires (Insomnia Severity Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, 16-item Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep), and daytime symptom assessments (fatigue, depression, anxiety, and quality of life) were completed at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 12-wk follow-up. Linear mixed models indicated that sleep/wake diary sleep efficiency and total sleep time improved significantly at posttreatment in both groups and remained stable at 12-wk follow-up. More CBTI-Phone than IPC patients showed posttreatment improvements in unhelpful sleep-related cognitions (P < 0.001) and were classified as "in remission" from insomnia at follow-up (P < 0.05). Posttreatment effect sizes on most daytime symptoms were large (Cohen d = 0.8-2.5) for CBTI-Phone patients and small to moderate (Cohen d = -0.1-0.6) for IPC patients. All CBTI-Phone patients completed posttreatment and 12-wk follow-up assessments, but three IPC patients discontinued the study. The findings provide preliminary support for telephone-delivered CBTI in the treatment of chronic insomnia. Future larger-scale studies with more diverse samples are warranted. Some individuals with insomnia may also benefit from pamphlet-delivered CBTI with brief telephone support. Arnedt JT; Cuddihy L; Swanson LM; Pickett S; Aikens J; Chervin RD. Randomized controlled trial of telephone-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia. SLEEP 2013;36(3):353-362.

Predictors of the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia comorbid with breast cancer.

Prior studies have supported the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for insomnia comorbid with cancer. This article reports secondary analyses that were performed on one of these studies to investigate the predictive role of changes in dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, adherence to behavioral strategies, and some nonspecific factors on sleep changes assessed subjectively and objectively. Fifty-seven women with chronic insomnia comorbid with breast cancer received CBT for insomnia. At posttreatment, subjective sleep improvements were best predicted by higher initial levels of treatment expectancies, but also by decreased dysfunctional beliefs about sleep; the most consistent predictors of polysomnography (PSG) assessed sleep improvements were reduced dysfunctional beliefs about sleep and a higher avoidance of day napping. At 6-month follow-up, subjectively assessed sleep improvements were best predicted by adherence to behavioral strategies, whereas none of the predictors was significantly associated with PSG-assessed sleep improvements. This study gives some support to the importance of targeting erroneous beliefs about sleep and poor sleep habits in the treatment of cancer-related insomnia, but also to the importance of enhancing patients' expectancies for improvement.

Sequential combinations of drug and cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic insomnia: An exploratory study

This study explores the efficacy of sequential treatments involving medication and cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) for primary insomnia. Seventeen participants took part in a multiple baseline design and were assigned to: (a) medication for 5 weeks, followed by combined medication plus CBT for 5 weeks; (b) combined treatment for 5 weeks, followed by CBT alone; or (c) CBT alone. Each treatment sequence produced significant sleep improvements, but at different points in time. For the first sequence, most of the sleep improvement was obtained after the introduction of CBT, while for the other sequence and CBT alone, improvement appeared during the first weeks. These results suggest that sleep improvement seems affected by the way treatments are combined. Also, a sequence beginning with a combined treatment followed by CBT alone seems to produce the best outcome. Additional research should be conducted with larger samples to determine the most effective sequence.