Behavioral Disorders Research Articles

The cage as an educational and therapeutic tool for dogs: Results of a dog’s owners questionnaire survey

IntroductionThe primary motivation for dog ownership is companionship, significantly enhancing the quality of life for both dogs and their owners. However, behavioral problems can strain this bond, leading many owners to resort to caging as a management strategy. This study aims to examine the frequency of cage use for educational and behavioral reasons, assess its efficacy in modifying behaviors, and explore potential welfare implications. Materials and methodsA 41-question survey was disseminated via social networks from January to June 2021, collecting data on various aspects related to dogs, including caging history, duration, type of cage, outcomes for training purposes, behavioral modification plans, and welfare impact. The survey, available in French, English, and Hebrew, gathered responses from 1305 dog owners across 23 countries. ResultsThe study found that 25.4 % of respondents used cages for their dogs. Neutered female dogs were more likely to be caged than their counterparts. The majority of caged dogs were puppies aged 6 months or younger, typically caged for training purposes. According to owners report, training goals were more easily achieved than behavioral goals, with dogs caged for behavioral conditions exhibiting more signs of distress. DiscussionThe findings highlight the prevalent use of caging for various purposes. If the study outcomes show an overall low level of discomfort for caged dogs, they also emphasize that signs of distress significantly increase when the cage is used for managing behavioral issues. The study underscores the need for enhanced education for veterinarians and trainers to reduce unnecessary caging and promote alternative management strategies. Future research should incorporate objective measures of behavior and welfare, explore the efficacy of alternative strategies, and investigate cultural factors influencing caging practices. ConclusionCrating can serve educational purposes with minimal welfare impact when used appropriately. However, it is ineffective and potentially detrimental when used for behavioral therapy in dogs with behavioral disorders. Owners should seek professional guidance and closely monitor their dogs for signs of distress when using crates. Using a crate as a personal and protected space can be beneficial if the dog retains control over its use.

Analysis of Indirect Costs of Absence Associated with Mental Disorders on the Basis of Social Security Data (2012-2023).

Mental and behavioral disorders significantly impair psychophysical functioning, leading to challenges in daily activities. The increasing recognition of the importance of mental health in global development goals has resulted in its inclusion in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. The burden of mental disorders has grown worldwide due to demographic changes, with substantial economic and social impacts. This study aimed to examine the indirect costs of mental disorders in Poland by analyzing the expenditures by the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) on work incapacity benefits and disability pensions from 2012 to 2023. The goal was to identify trends, dependencies, and the economic impact of policy changes. Data were collected from ZUS reports on annual expenditures for work incapacity benefits and disability pensions. Advanced statistical methods, including linear regression and Pearson correlation, were employed to analyze trends and relationships. Student's t-tests assessed the statistical significance of the observed trends. The expenditures on benefits for work incapacity due to mental disorders increased significantly over the past decade, particularly from 2020 to 2023, partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Short-term absenteeism due to mental disorders accounted for 10.5% of the total sick leave days. A strong positive correlation was found between years and benefit expenditures. Conversely, the disability pension expenditures exhibited a downward trend, potentially reflecting improvements in public health or policy changes. The significant increase in expenditures on benefits related to mental disorders may reflect greater awareness, improved diagnostics, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, the decline in disability pension expenditures could suggest improved mental health or effective policy measures. However, it is important to emphasize that the presented data are not the only factor influencing this situation. Multiple variables, including societal, economic, and healthcare system changes, contribute to these trends. Therefore, further research is necessary to fully understand the underlying causes and to guide effective policy development. Regular monitoring and continued investment in mental health are essential to managing indirect costs such as absenteeism and presenteeism efficiently.

Parkinson’s disease is associated with clonal hematopoiesis with TET2 mutation

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), a premalignant expansion of mutated hematopoietic stem cells, is linked to immune alterations. Given the role of neuroinflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD), we hypothesized a connection between CHIP and PD. We analyzed peripheral blood DNA from 341 PD, 92 isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) patients, and 5003 controls using targeted sequencing of 24 genes associated with hematologic neoplasms. PD cases were classified by clinical progression mode: fast, slow, and typical. Using multivariable logistic regression models, CHIP prevalence was assessed against controls with a 1.0% variant allele fraction threshold. CHIP with TET2 mutations was more prevalent in PD than controls (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11–2.77, p = 0.017), particularly in the fast motor progression subgroup (aOR 3.19, p = 0.004). No distinct associations were observed with iRBD. PD is linked to increased odds of CHIP with TET2 mutations, suggesting immune dysregulation in PD pathophysiology.

Do return-to-work trajectories differ by mental disorder diagnosis? A register study among 37 523 Dutch workers.

Return to work (RTW) of workers with mental disorders is often a process of gradually increasing work hours over time, resulting in a RTW trajectory. This study aimed to investigate 2-year RTW trajectories by mental disorder diagnosis, examining the distribution of age, sex and contracted work hours across the diagnosis-specific RTW trajectories. Sickness absence episodes diagnosed within the ICD-10 chapter V (mental and behavioral disorders) and ICD-10 Z73.0 (burnout) were retrieved from a Dutch occupational health service register, together with age, sex and contracted work hours. Sickness absence episodes due to adjustment disorders (N=25 075), anxiety disorders (N=1335), burnout (N=3644), mood disorders (N=5076), and post-traumatic stress disorders (N=2393) were most prevalent and included in latent class growth analysis (LCGA) to estimate 23-month RTW trajectories. Four main RTW trajectories were identified for all mental disorder diagnoses: fast full RTW [range 82.4% (mood disorders) to 92.0% (adjustment disorders) of the study population], slow full RTW [3.5% (burnout) to 6.1% (mood disorders)], slow partial RTW [0.6% (adjustment disorders) to 1.6% (mood disorders)] and no RTW [2.2% (adjustment disorders) to 9.7% (mood disorders)]. Trajectories with a late onset of fast full RTW included higher percentages of women and lower percentages of full-time workers. RTW trajectories were similar for different mental disorder diagnoses although the distribution differed across diagnoses, with more partial and no RTW trajectories among workers with mood disorders. To better guide workers back to work, more knowledge is needed of factors associated with late, partial, or no RTW.

The association among multiple-site chronic pain, sedentary behavior, and major depressive disorders: a mendelian randomization study.

Observational studies have reported that major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with sedentary behavior (SB) and multiple chronic pain (MCP), but their associations remain unclear. Mendelian randomization analysis was used to assess the association. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with MCP, SB [time spent watching television (Tel), using a computer (Com), or driving (Dri)], and MDD were collected from genome-wide association studies and screened as instrumental variants with a threshold of 1 × 10-5. Mendelian randomization was performed to examine their associations. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate robustness. MCP was associated with a higher risk of MDD [odds ratio (OR) inverse variance weighting (IVW) = 1.88; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.64-2.15; P = 4.26 × 10-8), and causally related to SB (Tel: ORIVW = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.19-1.26; P = 6.02 × 10-38) (Dri: ORIVW = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.08; P = 3.92 × 10-5). Causality of SB on MCP was detected for Tel (ORIVW = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.39-1.53; P = 1.40 × 10-54) and Com (ORIVW = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.83-0.93; P = 2.50 × 10-6). No association was observed for SB on MDD. There is currently insufficient evidence to support that leisure activities are a mediating factor in MCP-induced MDD. There are complex relationships among MCP, SB, and MDD. More research and learning about potential relationships and mechanisms among these phenotypes should be supplied.

Gut-induced alpha-Synuclein and Tau propagation initiate Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease co-pathology and behavior impairments

Tau interacts with α-Synuclein (α-Syn) and co-localizes with it in the Lewy bodies, influencing α-Syn pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, whether these biochemical events regulate α-Syn pathology spreading from the gut into the brain remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that α-Syn and Tau co-pathology is spread into the brain in gut-inducible SYN103+/- and/or TAU368+/- transgenic mouse models, eliciting behavioral defects. Gut pathology was initially observed, and α-Syn or Tau pathology was subsequently propagated into the DMV or NTS and then to other brain regions. Remarkably, more extensive spreading and widespread neuronal loss were found in double transgenic mice (Both) than in single transgenic mice. Truncal vagotomy and α-Syn deficiency significantly inhibited synucleinopathy or tauopathy spreading. The α-Syn PET tracer [18F]-F0502B detected α-Syn aggregates in the gut and brain. Thus, α-Syn and Tau co-pathology can propagate from the gut to the brain, triggering behavioral disorders.

Umbelliprenin attenuates comorbid behavioral disorders in acetic acid-induced colitis in mice: mechanistic insights into hippocampal oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often accompanied by psychiatric disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress contribute to the psychiatric symptoms associated with IBD. Umbelliprenin (UMB) possesses several pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of UMB on comorbid behavioral disorders in a mouse model of experimental colitis, focusing on its potential anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidant activities. After inducing colitis with acetic acid, male NMRI mice were treated for 7 consecutive days with UMB, saline, or dexamethasone. Behavioral assessments included the forced swimming test (FST), splash test, open field test (OFT), and elevated plus maze (EPM). Histopathological changes in the colon were evaluated, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the expression of inflammatory genes (TNFα, IL1β, and TLR4) were measured in the hippocampus. Colitis was associated with increased immobility time in the FST, reduced entries and time spent in the open arms of the EPM, decreased grooming behavior in the splash test, and reduced time spent in the central zone of the OFT. Colitis also resulted in a reduction in TAC and an increase in MDA levels and inflammatory gene expression in the hippocampus. UMB treatment mitigated the behavioral disorders associated with colitis, reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus, and alleviated histopathological alterations in the colon. In conclusion, UMB may reduce behavioral disorders induced by colitis by decreasing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus.

Genetic determinants of age at menarche: does the LIN28B gene play a role? A narrative review.

Menarche, the first menstrual period marking the onset of female reproduction, is a milestone of female puberty. The timing of menarche determines the timing of later phases of pubertal maturation in girls and has major implications for health later in life, including behavioral and psychosocial disorders during adolescence and fertility problems and increased risk for certain diseases in adulthood. Over the last few decades, a continuous decline in age at menarche has been noted, with environmental factors contributing to this change in the timing of menarche. However, a genetic component of age at menarche and pubertal onset has been strongly suggested by studies in families and twins wherein up to approximately 80% of the variance in puberty onset can be explained by heritability. Gene association studies have revealed several genetic loci involved in age at menarche, among which LIN28B has emerged as a key regulator of female growth and puberty. LIN28B, a human homolog of Lin28 of C. elegans, is a known RNA-binding protein that regulates let-7 microRNA biogenesis. Genome-wide association studies have identified the association of polymorphisms in the LIN28B gene with age at menarche in several population cohorts worldwide. In this paper, we review the genetic factors contributing to age of menarche, with particular focus on the identified polymorphisms in LIN28B gene.

Blunted tachycardia and cardiac sympathetic denervation in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

BackgroundIsolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) serves as a prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Blunted tachycardia (BT) during postural changes indicates neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, a marker of autonomic dysfunction. We aimed to investigate whether BT is associated with cardiac sympathetic neurogenic denervation. Additionally, we conducted a preliminary short-term follow-up to examine the potential prognostic significance of BT regarding phenoconversion and mortality.MethodsForty-three patients with iRBD at Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital underwent active standing tests to identify BT, defined by a specific ratio of decrease in systolic blood pressure to inadequate increase in heart rate after standing, and orthostatic hypotension. 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy (123I-MIBG) and dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography (DAT-SPECT) were performed. Participants were followed up for 3.4 ± 2.4 years for phenoconversion and 4.0 ± 2.3 years for mortality assessment, and the risk of events was analyzed using log-rank tests.ResultsAmong the 43 participants (mean age, 72.3 ± 7.9 years; 8 female), 17 met the BT criteria. We found no significant comorbidity-related differences in hypertension or diabetes between the BT(+) and BT(-) groups. Orthostatic hypotension was more prevalent in the BT(+) group than in the BT(-) group (47.1% vs 7.7%, p = 0.003). BT(+) patients were older with a lower early and delayed MIBG uptake; however, no significant differences were observed in DAT accumulation. Phenoconversion was observed in seven (41.2%) BT(+) and seven (26.9%) BT(-) patients. Three deaths were recorded in the BT(+) group (17.6%) and three in the BT(-) group (11.5%). No significant differences were observed in the risk of phenoconversion or mortality between the groups.ConclusionsWe have identified the possibility that BT reflects cardiac sympathetic neurogenic denervation in patients with iRBD. Future research is needed to elucidate the potential prognostic value of BT.

Melatonin attenuates affective disorders and cognitive deficits induced by perinatal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide via antioxidant pathway in adult male and female rats.

The massive use of herbicides, particularly glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), raises several worries, notably their neurotoxic effects. Several studies have explored the consequences of developmental exposure. Our work aims to determine the impact of maternal exposure to GBH on behavioral disorders and memory deficits, as well as the involvement of oxidative stress in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In addition, our study explores the neuroprotective properties of melatonin in male and female offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were injected with GBH 75 mg/kg during gestation and lactation. After weaning, the offspring were treated with melatonin (4mg/kg) from postnatal days 30-58. Our results show that GBH increases anxiety-like behavior levels in offspring, as well as depression-like behavior. GBH also impairs working memory in progeny. While markers of oxidative stress show a disturbance in lipid peroxidation and catalase activity, with a more pronounced effect in females, on the other hand, melatonin considerably attenuated the neurotoxic impact observed in the offspring, with higher efficacy in females. The oxidative stress results confirm the antioxidant power of melatonin to counteract the damaging effects of exposure to environmental contaminants such as glyphosate-based pesticides. It will then be interesting to further our work to fully understand the sex-dependent effect of melatonin.

Psychopathology in Infants, Toddlers, and Preschool Children with Nonsyndromic Clefts of the Lip and/or Palate: A Case-Control Study.

The aim of this study is to assess psychopathology and maternal interactions in infants, toddlers, and preschool children with nonsyndromic clefts of the lip and/or palate (NSCLP) and association of psychopathology with cleft-related factors and maternal interactions. Twenty-six children from 4 to 72 months of age with NSCLP, who were attending the Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department were included as the case group. Fifty-two healthy children who were matched on age and sex with the case group were taken as controls. Children were assessed in aspects of psychiatric diagnosis, articulation, and development. Speech and language disorders (SLD) (P<0.001), disorders of affect (DA) (P=0.005), feeding behavior disorder (P=0.002), sleep-behavior disorder (SBD) (P=0.038), and disordered mother-child relationship (P<0.001) were more prevalent in children with NSCLP. Dental alignment (P=0.024), number of operations (P=0.006), and type of operations (P=0.012) were associated with DA. The children in the case group, who had disordered relationship with their mothers had significantly more SLD (P=0.036) and SBD (P=0.039). Children with NSCLP are at risk of developing psychopathology, especially SLD and DA. Maternal interactions and the above cleft-related factors and may be the target of interventions to prevent and treat psychiatric disorders in these children.

The Relationship of Menstrual Hygiene Behavior with Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Female Prisoners: A Sequential Explanatory Analysis

Menstrual hygiene behaviors, such as using clean sanitary napkins, washing the body with soap, and disposing of used sanitary napkins properly, play an important role in preventing menstrual disorders. This quantitative study aims to examine the relationship between menstrual hygiene behavior and menstrual cycle disorders in female prisoners in class II B women's prison in Padang city. Qualitative research aims to explore more deeply the behavior of inmates who experience menstrual cycle disorders in class II B women's prison in Padang city. This research used a combination method with a sequential explanatory design from November 2023 to March 2024, the research sample consisted of 73 female prisoners selected by purposive sampling. Quantitative data analysis using the chi-square test showed a significant association (p-value &lt;0.001) between menstrual hygiene behavior and menstrual cycle disorders, while qualitative data through in-depth interviews identified two main themes: menstrual hygiene behavior and menstrual cycle disorders. In conclusion, poor menstrual hygiene behavior is associated with menstrual cycle disorders, so it is recommended that prison authorities increase supervision and provide better information on menstrual hygiene to prisoners.

A systematic review of suicide risk management strategies in primary care settings.

Suicide is a major public health concern. Recently, suicide rates have increased among traditionally low-risk groups (e.g., white, middle-aged males). Suicide risk assessments and prevention strategies should be tailored to specific at-risk populations. This systematic review examines suicide risk detection and management in primary care, focusing on treatments to reduce suicide rates and improve prevention efforts. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Literature was collected and analyzed using Boolean operators with relevant keywords in databases (e.g., PubMed, Google Scholar, PsycINFO) to identify randomized and non-randomized studies focusing on suicide risk factors and management strategies in primary care, published in the past 10 years. The risk of bias 2.0 and Newcastle Ottawa scale was used to assess risk of bias, and data from moderate-quality studies were synthesized. Thirteen moderate-quality studies were reviewed. Key findings include the need for assessing modifiable risk factors like substance use and mental health. General practitioner (GP) engagement post-suicide attempt (SA) improves outcomes and reduces repeat SAs. Effective strategies include comprehensive risk assessments, collaborative treatment, and enhanced GP support. Barriers to effective suicide prevention include insufficient information, judgmental communication, lack of positive therapeutic relationships, and inadequate holistic assessments. These findings highlight the need for tailored suicide prevention strategies in primary care. However, the evidence sample size is small with reduced statistical power that limits generalizability. The included studies were also regional examinations, which restrict their broader relevance. Significant risk factors, barriers, and effective strategies for suicide prevention were identified. For children aged 12 or younger, preexisting psychiatric, developmental, or behavioral disorders, impulsive behaviors, aggressiveness, and significant stressful life events within the family were critical. For adults, loneliness, gaps in depression treatment, and social factors are significant. Barriers to suicide prevention included insufficient information, judgmental communication, lack of positive therapeutic relationships, inadequate holistic risk assessments, lack of individualized care, insufficient tangible support and resources, inconsistent follow-up procedures, variability in risk assessment, poor communication, stigma, and negative attitudes. Effective methods include the Postvention Assisting Bereaved by Suicide training program, continued education, comprehensive clinical assessments, individualized care, and community-based interventions like the SUPRANET program. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier CRD42024550904.

Acetyl-DL-leucine in two individuals with REM sleep behavior disorder improves symptoms, reverses loss of striatal dopamine-transporter binding and stabilizes pathological metabolic brain pattern—case reports

Isolated REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (iRBD) is considered a prodrome of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We investigate whether the potentially disease-modifying compound acetyl-DL-leucine (ADLL; 5 g/d) has an effect on prodromal PD progression in 2 iRBD-patients. Outcome parameters are RBD-severity sum-score (RBD-SS-3), dopamine-transporter single-photon emission computerized tomography (DAT-SPECT) and metabolic “Parkinson-Disease-related-Pattern (PDRP)”-z-score in 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). After 3 weeks ADLL-treatment, the RBD-SS-3 drops markedly in both patients and remains reduced for >18 months of ADLL-treatment. In patient 1 (female), the DAT-SPECT putaminal binding ratio (PBR) decreases in the 5 years pretreatment from normal (1.88) to pathological (1.22) and the patient’s FDG-PET-PDRP-z-score rises from 1.72 to 3.28 (pathological). After 22 months of ADLL-treatment, the DAT-SPECT-PBR increases to 1.67 and the FDG-PET-PDRP-z-score stabilizes at 3.18. Similar results are seen in patient 2 (male): his DAT-SPECT-PBR rises from a pretreatment value of 1.42 to 1.72 (close to normal) and the FDG-PET-PDRP-z-score decreases from 1.02 to 0.30 after 18 months of ADLL-treatment. These results support exploration of whether ADLL may have disease-modifying properties in prodromal PD.

Functional and free-water imaging in rapid eye movement behaviour disorder and Parkinson's disease.

It is established that one of the best predictors of a future diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is a current diagnosis of rapid eye movement behaviour disorder (RBD). In such patients, this provides a unique opportunity to study brain physiology and behavioural motor features of RBD that may precede early-stage Parkinson's disease. Based on prior work in early-stage Parkinson's disease, we aim to determine if the function of corticostriatal and cerebellar regions are impaired in RBD using task-based functional MRI and if structural changes can be detected within the caudate, putamen and substantia nigra in RBD using free-water imaging. To assess motor function, we measured performance on the Purdue Pegboard Test, which is affected in patients with RBD and Parkinson's disease. A cohort of 24 RBD, 39 early-stage Parkinson's disease and 25 controls were investigated. All participants were imaged at 3 Telsa. Individuals performed a unimanual grip force task during functional imaging. Participants also completed scales to assess cognition, sleep and motor symptoms. We found decreased functional activity in both RBD and Parkinson's disease within the motor cortex, caudate, putamen and thalamus compared with controls. There was elevated free-water-corrected fractional anisotropy in the putamen in RBD and Parkinson's disease and elevated free-water in the putamen and posterior substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease compared with controls. Participants with RBD and Parkinson's disease performed significantly worse on all tasks of the Purdue Pegboard Test compared with controls. The both hands task of the Purdue Pegboard Test was most sensitive in distinguishing between groups. A subgroup analysis of early-stage RBD (<2 years diagnosis) confirmed similar findings as those in the larger RBD group. These findings provide new evidence that the putamen is affected in early-stage RBD using both functional and free-water imaging. We also found evidence that the striatum, thalamus and motor cortex have reduced functional activity in early-stage RBD and Parkinson's disease. While the substantia nigra shows elevated free-water in Parkinson's disease, we did not observe this effect in early-stage RBD. These findings point to the corticostriatal and thalamocortical circuits being impaired in RBD patients.

Passive smoker exposure as a risk factor of otitis media with effusion in children

Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a middle ear disorder often found in children and can cause hearing loss, delayed language acquisition, and behavioral disorders. Cigarette smoke exposure is one of the environmental factors that may raise the incidence of OME. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of OME and the risk of cigarette smoke to OME using urinary cotinine level examination, along with the characteristics of smoking history in the family. This cross-sectional study included 398 children aged 0-14 who underwent history taking, questionnaire completion, ear/nose/throat (ENT) examination, and tympanometry. OME patients based on ENT and tympanometry examination underwent urinary cotinine examination using lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay technique. Of the 398 children, five children were diagnosed with OME. The prevalence rate of OME was 1.3%. No OME patients were exposed to cigarette smoke based on urine cotinine levels of &amp;gt;200 ng/mL. However, based on history taking, one of five patients with OME is a passive smoker, with characteristics of active smoking history in the family one person (the father). In conclusion, there was no proportion of positive urinary cotinine levels in children with OME.

Relationship between parents’ anxiety, stress, depression and their children’s health-related quality of life and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran

BackgroundIn late 2019, a new respiratory illness was detected in Wuhan, China and was later designated as COVID-19 by the WHO. Despite international efforts to impose restrictions and quarantine measures,...

Assessment of emotion knowledge in a bilingual context and its relationship with adaptive behavior in early childhood education

Multiple education organizations and experts, including the recent education law in Spain, emphasize the significance of nurturing emotional skills from childhood to prevent the development of emotional and behavioral disorders. One of these skills is emotion knowledge (EK), which is closely linked to personal and social adjustment from early years, and later psychosocial adaptation. The present study aims to provide an assessment tool for EK in the bilingual context of the Basque Country and to provide evidence about the relationship between EK and various behavioral outcomes in early childhood education. The research involved 455 children between 3 and 6 years of old. The Emotion Matching Task, which measures the EK, was adapted to the bilingual context of the Basque Country has shown good psychometric properties and appropriate factor fit. The study also revealed the factor invariance of the Spanish and Basque versions, as well as invariance by sex. The results demonstrated that girls have higher EK than boys. Additionally, EK was associated with fewer externalizing, internalizing, and attention problems, as well as with lower atypicality and withdrawal, while higher EK was linked to greater adaptive skills. These findings support the need for interventions focused on the development of emotional skills and the suitable tools to assess their effectiveness.

Approche historique du trouble déficit de l’attention hyperactivité et de sa prise en charge

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 5% of children and nearly 3% of adults. This frequent disorder, often associated with comorbidities, is part of a developmental trajectory from childhood to adulthood, and can have repercussions in various areas of individual functioning. We present a non-exhaustive narrative review, focusing on the evolution of the concept of ADHD and its management in children and adolescents. On the 18th century, the first European clinical descriptions, by Melchior A. Wiekard and Cornelius A. Kloekhof and later Alexander Crichton, focus on attention deficit using the term of “attentio volubilis”. A century later, Désiré Magloire Bourneville introduced the concept of “mental instability”; he formalized his models of education and advocated the creation of “special classes” in ordinary schools. By the beginning of the 20th century, Alfred Binet writes “Le portrait de l’instable” (The portrait of the unstable) and already highlights the value of positive reinforcement in the school context. Then, Georges Still, a pediatrician, described the syndrome of “loss of moral control”, in children with no impairment of “general intelligence”, with no identifiable somatic cause; which he associated with “Minimal Brain Damage” referring to minor brain lesions. This theory is taken up in studies on Van Economo-Cruchet encephalitis, which in its hyperkinetic form is similar to ADHD as we know it today. American psychiatrist Charles Bradley publishes his first study on the administration of benzedrine sulfate. Bradley supports a multi-factorial model of behavioural disorders and insists on a global management strategy, combining a psychological and a biological dimension. In 1963, Conners and Eisenberg published the first article on the effect of methylphenidate on children's behaviour and learning. Efficacity of treatements on ADHD symptoms both attested of the neurological underpinnings of this behavioral disorder. Then, two theoretical currents evolved: a neuroanatomical and neurobiological approach on the one hand, and a psychoanalytical current on the other. Polemics about the recognition of the disorder and its causality emerged, contributing to poor identification, delayed access to diagnosis and specific care in France. Wood et al., published a preliminary study on the evolution of “Minimal Brain Dysfunction” in adulthood, representing the beginnings of the developmental perspective of ADHD. Over the last forty years, the contribution of neuroscience (cognition, imaging, electrophysiology, genetics, epigenetics, etc.) has enabled us to develop integrative theoretical models of understanding that describe the complexity of the disorder: a multi-path model was proposed by Sonuga-Barke and Fairchild in 2012. Taken together, these empirical data aim to establish a model for understanding ADHD, and neuroscientists agree that multimodal approaches and “big data” analyses that integrate genetic, imaging and phenotypic data are particularly important for advancing a comprehensive model of understanding, and also for approaching the clinical heterogeneity of this disorder. The international classifications are first clinical categorizations based on predominantly behavioral criteria – initially focusing on inattention (DSM 3), then reintegrating hyperactivity (DSM-3R) introducing the term “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder”, defining ADHD subtypes: inattentive, impulsive/hyperactive, combined (DSM 4). This neuroscientific research has enabled classifications to evolve from a categorical approach to a dimensional and neurodevelopmental approach (DSM-5 and CIM 11), positioning ADHD within a model of etiological understanding. Nowadays, ADHD is the subject of an international consensus statement. The publication of the French 2023–2027 National Strategy for Neurodevelopmental Disorders demonstrates the public authorities’ commitment to this disorder. 2024 is the founding year of the French ADHD Society. Federating scientific investigations based on big data will allow us to improve our understanding of this disorder, improve treatments, understand specific clinical features and their specific trajectories, promote early intervention. ADHD has been identified for centuries, under a variety of names, and has been the subject of theoretical and societal controversy at various times. It is definitely not a contemporary disorder; the future looks promising for the benefit of patients.

ADHS bei Erwachsenen in der osteopathischen Praxis

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of the brain caused by a change in a gene sequence that is responsible for the dopamine balance. This can be acquired or, as in most cases, inherited. Affected people show a behavioral disorder that is accompanied by concentration difficulty, motor hyperactivity, and increased excitability. Despite a high incidence rate of 3,9 %, ADHD is underrecognized and undertreated in children and adults. In childhood, symptoms of ADHD include hyperactivity, difficulty concentrating or impatience. This also applies to adults, but the symptoms change as the brain develops. ADHD in adults often has a more heterogeneous clinical presentation.To date, no osteopathic study on this topic has been found. However, there are studies on some aspects that enable a possible evidence-based osteopathic treatment approach. This includes the treatment of the vegetative as well as the hormonal and fascial systems. Due to the high incidence, the complex symptom picture, the good treatment options and the resulting increased quality of life for those affected, it is important to familiarize yourself with ADHD in osteopathic practice.