Behavioral Decision-making Processes Research Articles

Stochastic Evolutionary Analysis of an Aerial Attack–Defense Game in Uncertain Environments

Aiming at the problem of random environment interference in the process of strategy interaction and the behavioral evolution of an aerial attack–defense game, this paper considers the influence of the difference in the performance and value between both game players in terms of strategy evolution; explores the randomness of the complex battlefield environment, the uncertainty of the behavioral state of game players, and the limitations of the emergent situation; constructs a mathematical model of the stochastic evolution of an aerial-coordinated attack–defense game in uncertain environments; and studies the stability of the strategy interaction and behavioral decision-making process of both players of the aerial attack–defense game. Simulation results show that many factors of the performance and value between both game players have a greater impact on the strategy evolution trend in both game players, which not only causes changes in the results of the strategy selection but also affects the rate of strategy evolution for the game players. In addition, random environmental factors cause a certain degree of interference to the strategy evolution process of the game players, which usually accelerates the game players’ strategy evolution rate and greatly affects the evolution process of the game players’ strategy. This study can provide a theoretical basis and feasible reference for improving mission decision-making, response mechanisms, and system modeling of an aerial attack–defense game, which has important theoretical value and practical significance.

Sports Participants' Intentions to Use Digital Technology for Sports Participation: A Behavioral Reasoning Theory Perspective

The use of digital technology in sport is an inevitable trend, but the behavioral decision-making process of sport participants using digital technology for sport participation is unclear. This study used behavioral reasoning theory to develop and validate a theoretical model that analyses participants’ behavioral cognitive decision-making by considering both reasons for adoption and against adoption and in doing so, explains sport participants’ behavioral decision-making in using digital technology for sport participation, which is a theoretical extension of existing innovation frameworks in sport management and marketing. The study found that respondents’ reasons against adoption the use of digital technology for sport participation had a greater influence on their attitudes and behavioral intentions, with perceived hedonism and barriers to use being the dominant factors in the reason for adoption and against adoption, respectively, and participants’ values significantly influencing the reasons for adoption and against adoption the use of digital technology for sport participation. This study provides unique insights for developers and related marketing promoters of digital technology applications in sport, and in expanding the impacts associated with the use of digital technology in sport, it is necessary to clarify the reasons for adoption and against adoption, and to consider the values of the participants, so that the combination of digital technology and sport can better meet the actual needs of the participants.

行为决策过程对免疫–疾病双层网络耦合的影响研究

行为决策过程对免疫–疾病双层网络耦合的影响研究

Factors that influence general chemistry students’ decision making in study strategies

This qualitative study delves into the intricate landscape of general chemistry students' study strategy decision-making processes, examining the guiding factors that shape their choices. Past work in chemistry education has shown that students’ study behaviors are dynamic in nature. Employing self-regulation theory, the study aims to provide a deeper understanding of how students decide to maintain or change their study behaviors. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to capture the study processes of nine students enrolled in first-semester general chemistry classroom. The results indicated these students’ study behavior decision-making process was either driven by metacognition or affect. Students who adopted metacognitive decision-making showed evidence of enactment of declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge which could be influenced by either the nature of the content studied (content-driven), or the time-efficiency of the strategies employed (time-driven) during their self-regulation. On the contrary, students who adopted affective decision-making based their choices regarding their study behaviors on the emotional aspects and the value they attribute to the study strategies (intrinsic-value or instrumental-value driven). The findings of the study are foundational yet highlight the nuanced nature of changes and constancy within the study strategy decision-making process. This suggests a one-size-fits-all approach to improve student study behaviors may not yield fruitful outcomes and therefore, distinct methods should be devised to reach students with different decision-making processes.

Understanding Medication Nonadherence in Crohn's Disease Patients: A Qualitative Evaluation.

Immune-modifying medications are widely available and recognized as valuable by most gastroenterologists. However, approximately 40% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) do not comply with regimens using these medications, resulting in complications, hospitalization, and surgeries. We sought to identify factors that motivate adherence or nonadherence with medication recommendations for CD. We conducted qualitative interviews with patients living with CD who were identified as adherent or nonadherent to immune-modifying medication recommendations by their treating gastroenterologist. Semistructured interview guides were developed based on an established framework for understanding health behaviors. We conducted content analysis of the resulting qualitative data using an inductive-deductive approach to identify emergent themes that influence medication decision-making. Twenty-five patients with CD completed interviews for this study. Interviews were independently coded and analyzed for thematic content. Two broad domains emerged comprising (1) themes reflected in the Theoretical Domains Framework and (2) novel themes specific to medication decision-making in CD. Adherent patients conveyed a sense of trust in science and healthcare provider expertise, while nonadherent patients were more likely to express beliefs in their ability to self-manage CD, concern about risks associated with medication, and a general ambivalence to treatment. There are clear cognitive, behavioral, and relational factors that guide patients' medication-related decision-making. Several of the factors share features of other behavioral change and decision-making processes, while others are specific to the experience of patients with CD. A fuller understanding of these factors is essential to developing effective behavioral interventions to improve adherence to evidence-based treatment recommendations.

THE RATIONALITY OF URBAN FINANCIAL NETWORK LAYOUT BASED ON POI DATA

Abstract. Financial outlets are branches or business outlets of financial institutions such as banks, investment and finance companies and insurance companies in cities, which are used to provide a variety of financial services and businesses. The location of financial outlets is usually determined on the basis of factors such as population density, commercial areas, residential areas and transportation convenience. As an important carrier of urban financial services, the rationality of the layout of financial outlets can reflect the financial needs and behavioral patterns of people in the city. Urban functional area is a product after urbanization, different from urban land use type which focuses on the classification of urban land use through natural conditions, urban functional area mainly analyzes the internal spatial structure of the city, focusing on the discernment of the dominant functions within the built-up area of the city. By categorizing urban functions such as residence, commercial service and industry, the spatial distribution of urban functions can be grasped to provide support for urban planning and development. Urban functional areas can reveal human behavior patterns, needs and preferences in different areas. The current research on financial outlets mainly focuses on the accessibility and coverage of financial outlets, and researchers treat financial outlets as spatially undifferentiated points, ignoring the problem of spatial heterogeneity of financial outlets within different functional zones. When studying the rationality of the layout of urban financial outlets, considering different functional zones within the city can better meet the financial needs of residents, enterprises and institutions in the region and improve the accessibility and convenience of financial services. Analyzing the comprehensive service capacity of financial outlets within different functional areas is obviously insufficient in the current study, which is not conducive to the configuration planning of financial outlets and the promotion of the accessibility of urban financial services. The wide application of Point of Interest (POI) data in spatial analysis provides a new perspective for the study of urban financial outlets, for this reason, this paper analyzes and researches the current situation and rationality of the spatial layout of financial outlets based on POI data, under the perspective of the functional areas of the city, and combined with the population travel vitality index. The Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) algorithm is used to process the POI data to generate the urban functional area, on the basis of which the travel vitality index in the city is calculated by combining the population coverage and road network density, so as to judge the reasonableness of the layout of urban financial outlets. This helps us to better understand the behavioral decision-making process and social interaction of human beings about financial life in the city, and provides guidance and decision-making support for urban financial layout planning, financial public services and financial policies.

A Study on the Impact of Chinese Domestic Tourists’ Participation on Their Post-Travel Behaviors in Traditional Chinese Villages

According to attitude–behavior theory, the emotions generated by tourists’ travel experiences can influence their subsequent behavioral intentions. This quantitative study analyzed 398 survey questionnaires using a structural equation model to explore the multiple chain mediating effects between tourists’ participation, perceived value, place attachment, and loyalty. The results show that the innovation and interaction dimensions of tourist participation significantly influence the generation of perceived value and place attachment, which is far greater than that of the information exchange dimension. Perceived value significantly affects the formation of place attachment, and the self-enhancement dimension of perceived value significantly influences tourists’ recommendations. Compared to ordinary perceived value, the emotional connection between tourists and the destination is more profound and important, and place attachment plays a crucial role in the formation of tourists’ loyalty. This study confirms the relevance of the attitude–behavior theory in the context of traditional village tourism and extends the theory’s application to encompass the emotional connection between individuals and places. It thoroughly investigates the mechanisms through which tourists’ participation, perceived value, and place attachment impact customer loyalty. The findings of this research hold significant importance in comprehending tourists’ behavioral intention and decision-making processes within destination settings, providing a theoretical basis for exploring and expanding diverse value activities in traditional village tourism.

Analysing the Behaviour of Financial Risk Management and Its Impact on Success of Project

In this financial oriented business world, the risk and risk measuring activities such as identifying the issues, analysing and modifying of ambiguity in the credit creation and investment behavioural decision making. (Kishk et. al. 2008) Basically, the risk management process comes when a stakeholder of a corporation or the fund allocator decides on the basis of analysis and attempts to evaluate the probable losses in any investment. To avoid this kind of risk or technically termed as the moral hazard problem, the investor has to take certain necessary action for gaining better profitability or minimize the risk of loss. The risk management strategies are termed as behavior of the financial risk (Moles, 2016). The present paper aims to study the various behavioral decision-making process of the manager or the investor of the corporation towards the profitability. It also aims to emphasizes the impact of this strategic behavior of the firm or corporation’s decision on the successful growth and establishment. The study is significant with respect to evaluate the cause and effect through the strategies implemented by the investors. It also attempted to reveal the project success story by implementing the risk averse practices. The project victory criteria are a measurable or quantifiable term of expected outcome of the running project which must be accepted by the stakeholder. Financial risk measurement is always being an implicit proportion of the management in the firm or industry. The present study adopts the descriptive research method and uses the secondary data sources published in the company’s websites and annual statements. The collected data have been analyzed by an appropriate statistical and econometrical tool to evolve the relationship between the behavioural aspects of risk management strategies and its influence on the project success of the firm. The risk management of credit on commercial bank is most essential for the benefit and stop suffering from the losses on the project. Prevention and controlling the risk of loans and advances is a tough and very challenging target for the business project. It is statistically evidence that there is an association between the profit and credit loss expense. On the whole, the present study explores the profitability and the success of the financial organization.

Coevolution modeling of group behavior and opinion based on public opinion perception

It is important to study the evolution mechanism of group behavior for the prevention and control of harmful group behavior on social networks. Most researchers focus on the study of group behavior evolution in a deterministic environment, ignoring the influence of the uncertain environment formed by the randomness of behavioral decision-making, the incompleteness of public opinion information, and the instability of behavioral states. Therefore, this paper starts with the behavior decision-making process of individuals in an uncertain environment, defines the perception of public opinion, and builds a coevolution model of group behavior and opinion. First, considering the impact of public opinion information on group behavior evolution, this paper defines emotional resonance and topic popularity to quantify public opinion perception and designs an uncertain behavior decision-making model based on public opinion perception. Then, for the influence of the instability of the behavioral state on the opinion evolution process, this paper designs an opinion evolution model for perception based on the unstable behavioral state. Finally, we design the behavior state evolution mechanism based on the instability of the behavior state and fuse it with the behavior decision-making model and opinion evolution model to construct a coevolution model of group behavior and opinion. Compared with the experimental results of other models and real group behavior evolution, our model is effective.

The Effect of Uncertainty of Risks on Farmers’ Contractual Choice Behavior for Agricultural Productive Services: An Empirical Analysis from the Black Soil in Northeast China

Regulating farmers’ choice of agricultural production service (APS) contracts can help maintain the stability of transactions, enhance agricultural production efficiency, protect farmers’ rights and welfare, stimulate the healthy and sustainable development of service organizations, and promote the economic benefits of agriculture. Under the uncertainty of risk (RU), farmers’ willingness to sign a regulated service contract after purchasing APS is a key factor in reaching an efficient and high-quality partnership. Based on the survey data of the black soil area in northeastern China, this study uses the Heckman two-stage model and analyzes it under the logical framework of APS purchases and contractual choice behavior (CCB) under the role of RU. The main findings are as follows. First, the RU has a significant “inducing” effect on farmers’ CCB, and the higher the RU, the more farmers tend to make formal written contracts; among them, each unit increase in business risk increases farmers’ choice of written contracts by 0.797 units, which is an important factor affecting CCB. Second, farmers’ personal trust level played a positive moderating role in influencing CCB. Compared to the low trust level group, farmers in the high trust level group had a diminished degree of influence on CCB, but the intensity was relatively weak. Third, farmers’ personal, family, and social characteristics all influence their behavioral decision-making processes. In order to reduce the risk level of cooperation between farmers and service providers, which can promote the standardization of cooperation contracts, this study suggests that the government should use the publication of manuals and other forms to carry out legal literacy, promote labor market information transparency, reduce service risks, and enhance the effectiveness of the linkage between farmers and service providers.

Why do employees commit fraud? Theory, measurement, and validation.

Previous research on corporate governance has extensively explored the motives of corporate fraud. However, this research has paid little attention to employees, the real executors of fraud, resulting in the psychological and behavioral decision-making process of employees who commit fraud in enterprises becoming a “black box” that has not yet been opened. Based on the theory of planned behavior, our study integrates the existing research findings on driving factors of employee fraud and anti-fraud practical experience, extracts the key factors of employee fraud motive, and develops a multidimensional scale of employee fraud motive. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) generates three subscales, comprising 14 items, measuring attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control of employee fraud motive. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supports the reliability, discriminant validity and convergent validity of the new scale. The multiple regression results show that the score of employee fraud motive is positively correlated with the amount of employee fraud occurrence, indicating that the predictive validity of the scale holds. Overall, the scale developed in our study displays good reliability and validity, and is worth spreading.

A three-way decision approach with a probability dominance relation based on prospect theory for incomplete information systems

The processing scheme of typical incomplete information systems has been widely explored nowadays, however most of these approaches may change the original data information and can not guarantee the integrity of original information systems. Meanwhile, psychological behaviors of decision makers usually have an influence on the decision-making results. In light of these facts, the paper explores a new three-way decision approach by using prospect theory for an incomplete information system, which handles the default information of an incomplete information system by virtue of a probability dominance relation. First, a probability dominance relation of an incomplete information system is defined to process a binary relation between evaluation values, and the way for calculating the relative value function in the behavior decision-making process is also given. Moreover, the conditional probability with a decision attribute in an incomplete decision information system is put forward, and an objective weight function via prospect theory is further obtained. On this basis, a prospect-theory-based three-way decision approach with a probability dominance relation for an incomplete information system is proposed. Finally, the stability, effectiveness and superiority of the presented approach are validated via corresponding experimental studies and comparative analysis with two realistic cases.

Understanding the Geography of Rape through the Integration of Data: Case Study of a Prolific, Mobile Serial Stranger Rapist Identified through Rape Kits.

Environmental criminological research on rape series is an understudied field due largely to deficiencies in official and publicly available data. Additionally, little is known about the spatial patterns of rapists with a large number of stranger rapes. With a unique integration and application of spatial, temporal, behavioral, forensic, investigative, and personal history data, we explore the geography of rape of a prolific, mobile serial stranger rapist identified through initiatives to address thousands of previously untested rape kits in two U.S. urban, neighboring jurisdictions. Rape kit data provide the opportunity for a more complete and comprehensive understanding of stranger rape series by linking crimes that likely never would have been linked if not for the DNA evidence. This study fills a knowledge gap by exploring the spatial offending patterns of extremely prolific serial stranger rapists. Through the lens of routine activities theory, we explore the motivated offender, the lack of capable guardianship (e.g., built environment), and the targeted victims. The findings have important implications for gaining practical and useful insight into rapists’ use of space and behavioral decision-making processes, effective public health interventions and prevention approaches, and urban planning strategies in communities subjected to repeat targeting by violent offenders.

The Household Consumption Decision of Staple Food Purchase in the Midst the Covid-19 Pandemic

Covid-19 has brought surprising changes in the household behavior pattern and decision-making process in consuming food. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) identify household consumption pattern and purchase behavior due to the dynamics of supply shock during the Covid-19 pandemic and (2) analyze factors that influence household consumption decisions on food purchase during the Covid-19 pandemic. One hundred participants from Kaliwates and Sumbersari District, Jember Regency, had recruited by the cluster sampling technique. These districts were purposively selected as the study locations. Data were analyzed using logit analysis. Findings reported that variable of price, income, age, and residence dummy had significantly influenced the household consumption decision on food purchase during the pandemic at the level of=20%. Secure staple food stock is required, recalling the evidence that no significant change in the food consumption patterns documented in this study

Pregnant Smokers' Intention to Switch From Cigarettes to E-Cigarettes: A Reasoned Action Approach.

This study used the reasoned action approach (RAA) to examine 1) factors associated with pregnant smokers' intention to switch from cigarettes to e-cigarettes and 2) the influence that intention to switch had on future expectations to resume cigarette use postpartum. U.S. pregnant women (N=267) who reported past 30-day use of cigarettes completed an online cross-sectional survey between November and December 2019. A 30-item scale measured RAA constructs (intention, instrumental attitudes, experiential attitudes, injunctive norms, descriptive norms, perceived autonomy, and perceived capacity). A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed and structural equation modeling tested the RAA constructs' association with intention to switch and the relationship between intention to switch and future expectations to resume smoking after pregnancy. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the seven-factor measurement model. Structural equation modeling found instrumental attitudes (β=0.43; p<.001) and descriptive norms (β=0.53; p<.001) were associated with intention to switch from cigarettes to e-cigarettes. However, there were differences between the constructs' relationships with intention between those who did and did not use e-cigarettes in the past 30days. Intention to switch was inversely related with future expectations to resume smoking postpartum (β=-0.13; p<.001). This study examined multiple facets of behavioral decision-making that may influence pregnant smokers' intention to switch to e-cigarettes during pregnancy. In this sample, pregnant people who believed switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes was important and that other smokers commonly switched during pregnancy reported greater intention to switch. Novel theories, such as the RAA, may provide an optimal lens to understand pregnant smokers' behavioral decision-making process as they consider switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes.

Understanding the Health Behavior Decision-Making Process with Situational Theory of Problem Solving in Online Health Communities: The Effects of Health Beliefs, Message Credibility, and Communication Behaviors on Health Behavioral Intention.

Online health communities (OHCs) offer users the opportunity to share and seek health information through these platforms, which in turn influence users’ health decisions. Understanding what factors influence people’s health decision-making process is essential for not only the design of the OHC, but also for commercial health business who are promoting their products to patients. Previous studies explored the health decision-making process from many factors, but lacked a comprehensive model with a theoretical model. The aim of this paper is to propose a research model from the situational theory of problem solving in relation to forecasting health behaviors in OHCs. An online questionnaire was developed to collect data from 321 members of online health communities (HPV Tieba and HPV vaccina Tieba) who have not received an HPV vaccination. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method was employed for the data analysis. Findings showed that information selection and acquisition is able to forecast HPV vaccination intentions, perceived seriousness and perceived susceptibility can directly impact HPV vaccination intention and have an indirect impact by information selection and acquisition, and perceived message credibility indirectly affected HPV vaccination intention via information selection. The current paper supports health motivations analysis in OHCs, with potential to assist users’ health-related decision-making.

Social impacts on hazard perception of construction workers: A system dynamics model analysis

The hazard perception of construction workers plays a predominant role in their behavioral decision-making process under risk environment. However, the evolution mechanisms of hazard perception are still unclear, not only because it is hard to observe and measure, but also because the hazard perception is influenced by multiple social factors and workers have different personalities as well. Interactions between individual and social environment is the root cause of hazard perception’s adjustment. Therefore, understanding how these social factors interact and drive hazard perception is important for managers to understand how unsafe behavior is fostered. The study analyzed the interaction and causality between the social factors and individual’s hazard perception and categorized multiple feedback loops. Hence a system dynamics model was established and a series of experiments were conducted to simulate how the hazard perception evolves under different group environment. The results indicated that (1) dangerous situation tend to result in high level of hazard perception, but the hazard perception would fluctuate inevitably which explains why fatal injury rate stays high for years. And there is a marginal decreasing effect on safety supervision investment, which means when the investment is over optimal value, even the cost of safety supervision increases, but the effect is not noticeable. (2) The unsafe behaviors which is unlikely to cause serious accident are most difficult to regular. Applying both strict safety supervision and regular safety education may achieve an acceptable result. The result also suggested that the plain and simple but regular education is more effective on contrast to in-depth and systematic but long interval learning of safety knowledge.

College students’ underlying beliefs about using e-cigarettes: an application of the reasoned action approach

Background. The purpose of this study was to explore the underlying behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs about e-cigarette use among college students using the Reasoned Action Approach. Methods. This study used a sequential mixed-methods design over 3 Phases. During Phase 1, salient beliefs were elicited via an online survey (n = 58); chi-square analyses were conducted to examine differences between e-cigarette users and non-users. Using data from Phase 1, we developed survey items and assessed initial factor loadings via a principal component analysis (n = 49) in Phase 2. In Phase 3, the survey was administered to a larger sample of college students (n = 499) to explore the association between participants’ underlying beliefs and the RAA constructs. Results. During Phase 1, no significant differences in salient beliefs were found between e-cigarettes users and non-users; thus, both groups were included in all phases. During Phase 2, 148 items were developed, piloted to test factor loadings, and reduced to 60 items, which loaded onto eight factors (two factors per construct). In Phase 3, we found underlying beliefs, such as believing e-cigarettes would help relieve stress or one’s mentors would not approve of their use, were related to global RAA measures–attitude and injunctive norms, respectively. Conclusions. Overall, our sample of college students endorsed negative beliefs associated with e-cigarette use and did not identify with those who they believed to use these products. Parents were important referents for this sample, whose opinions may influence college students’ behavioral decision-making process.

Tourists’ pro-environmental behavior decision-making process: Application of norm activation model(NAM) and moderating effect of age

전 세계적으로 관광객은 비약적으로 발전해왔으며, 그에 따라 관광산업 또한 활성화되어왔다. 하지만 그로 인한 지구환경에 미치는 부정적인 영향은 지속적으로 해결되지 않는 문제로 남아있으며, 관광객들은 이러한 문제인식을 통해 친환경 행동을 해야 할 책임이 있음이 강조되고 있다. 본 연구는 환경 친화적 행동과 관련된 연구들에서 오랫동안 연구되어온 규범 활성화 모형(norm activation model, NAM)을 적용하여 관광객의 친환경행동에 대한 의사결정 과정을 탐색하고자 하였다. 또한 관광객의 개인적 규범에 따라 친환경 행동의도에 미치는 영향의 관계에서, 남아있는 여생이 긴 세대와 짧은 세대 간 어떻게 달리 나타나는지 확인하고자, 관광객 연령을 조절변수로 선택하여 그 효과를 검정하였다. 본 연구에서 제안한 모형을 실증분석하기 위해, 관광 경험이 있는 사람들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문조사는 웹기반의 설문조사가 수행되었고, 402명의 관광객으로부터 수집한 자료를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 규범 활성화 모형은 관광객에게도 잘 적용되는 모형임이 확인되었다. 또한, 40세 이상에 비해 20대와 30대 연령의 관광객들에게 있어, 개인적 규범이 관광지에서의 친환경행동의도에 미치는 효과가 보다 강하게 나타났다. 분석결과를 바탕으로, 학문적인 기여도 및 실무적 시사점을 제시하였다.

Critical factors in the sport consumption decision making process of millennial fans: a revised model of goal-directed behavior

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the millennial fans decision-making process in connection with various sport consumption behaviors (i.e. game attendance, TV viewing, participation in online activities, and participation in social media activities) using a modified model of goal-directed behavior (i.e. Sport Fan MGB).Design/methodology/approachWe collected data using Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 222) to test the hypothesized model. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the psychometric properties of the measurement model, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the hypotheses.FindingsSport Fan MGB was found have good psychometric properties. In addition, the findings indicate that the Sport Fan MGB explained various millennial fan behaviors (i.e., event attendance, TV viewing, online activity participation, and social media activity participation).Originality/valueThis paper examined the validity of the Sport Fan MGB and improved the predictability of the millennial fans' sport consumption behavior decision-making process.