Behavior Of Various Groups Research Articles

Спрессованное время пандемии

The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of changes in the perceptions and behavior of various groups in the education system during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors analyzed the results of two focus groups conducted in the summer of 2021. Interns of the Scientific and Educational Regional Center for Monitoring Research, Gagarin SSTU. As a result, differences in the perception of social isolation by students living with families and single people were found. It became possible to bring together the lessons of the pandemic for civil society and various social cohorts, including families raising children with disabilities. Regardless of the development of the situation, with an optimistic attitude and the support of loved ones, you can cope with the difficulties that have arisen. The pandemic exacerbated inequality and social problems, but at the same time acted as a catalyst for positive changes in social reality.

THE EFFECT OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ATTRIBUTES ON WALKING BEHAVIOUR OF RESIDENTS IN SHAH ALAM CITY, MALAYSIA

Walking is the most common form of physical activity people engages in. However, people walk for different purposes, which most times are influenced by environmental, and socio-economic factors operational within a particular setting. Literature on walking behaviour is dominated by physical environment factors with little mention of socio-demographic factors. Therefore, this study examined the influence of socio-demographic attributes on two categories of walking behaviour: the utilitarian and recreational walking. Through an online survey, 320 copies of the questionnaire were purposefully administered to adults of 18 years old and above in Shah Alam City, Malaysia. A multiple linear regression analysis technique was adopted in identifying the predictors (sociodemographic attributes) that significantly influenced the utilitarian and recreational walking behaviour of respondents. Findings revealed that monthly income (β=-.350, p<0.05), educational qualification (β=.187, p<0.05), and age (β=-.126, p<0.05) have a negative association with utilitarian walking. In contrast, educational qualification (β=.295, p<0.05) and age (β= .240, p<0.05) have a positive association with recreational walking. The findings also revealed that male respondents engaged more in recreational walking while the unmarried walking behaviour varied. Thus, in formulating policies and actions that promote walking, the identified differences in walking behaviour of various groups must be taken into consideration.

СТВОРЕННЯ ПОЛІТИКО-ПРАВОВОГО МЕХАНІЗМУ ВРЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ВНУТРІШНЬОГО ЗБРОЙНОГО КОНФЛІКТУ ТА ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ШЛЯХІВ ЙОГО РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The issue of resolving internal armed conflicts is one of the important topics discussed in many countries around the world. The practice of the first two decades of the XXI century has shown that the settlement of internal armed conflict is possible only by creating a mechanism to influence the behavior of various groups and members of illegal armed groups. There are two main areas of research to resolve internal armed conflict. The first develops within the framework of legal disciplines and aims to determine the legal norms of conflict resolution. The second direction is focused on finding mutually acceptable agreement between the parties to the conflict by political means. The above allows the political and legal mechanism for resolving internal armed conflict to understand the activities of law enforcement agencies and authorities at various levels, which aims to eliminate undesirable developments and create conditions for conflict resolution. The political and legal mechanism for resolving internal armed conflict is proposed to include: subjects (participants, parties) of the conflict and the subject of its settlement; political and legal basis for the activities of entities to resolve internal armed conflict; ways, means, and forces of conflict resolution. The main ways to implement the mechanism for resolving internal armed conflict should be identified: recovery and assistance to local authorities; work with the local population; disarmament of members of illegal armed groups formations and organization of their entry into peaceful life; reconstruction of destroyed facilities during hostilities. The mechanism for resolving internal armed conflict may include the following ways to resolve it: - elimination of contradictions; - conflict containment (crisis prevention); - rehabilitation and assistance to local authorities; - work with the local population; - elimination of the conflict (which, in turn, includes its termination and in particular elimination); - disarmament of members of illegal armed groups and organization of their entry into peaceful life; - reconstruction of destroyed facilities during hostilities. It is possible to resolve the internal armed conflict only if an effective mechanism is created through which the behavior of various groups of the population and members of illegal armed groups could be influenced. The concept of mechanism is widely used in various humanitarian fields, including the military, which means the use of certain tools using selected methods to achieve goals. For the effective functioning of the political and legal mechanism for resolving internal armed conflict, it is proposed to include the following main components: subjects (participants, parties) of the conflict and the subject of its settlement; the political basis of the activities of the entities for the settlement of internal armed conflict; the legal basis for the activities of entities to resolve internal armed conflict; ways, means, and forces of conflict resolution. The main ways to implement the mechanism for resolving internal armed conflict should be identified: recovery and assistance to local authorities; work with the local population; disarmament of NPF participants and organization of their entry into peaceful life; reconstruction of destroyed facilities during hostilities. The implementation of political, social and economic measures in combination with measures to eliminate illegal armed groups is an important condition for resolving internal armed conflicts.

SEARCH FOR OPTIMAL FUNCTIONS OF FUZZY SYSTEMS BASED ON BIOINSPIRED EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS

Contemporary research in the field of creation and development of intelligent systems based on fuzzy logic is carried out mainly in the direction of developing highly efficient methods for their synthesis and structural-parametric optimization. In recent years, due to the intensive development of information technologies and computer hardware, bioinspired intelligent techniques of global search are quite promising for solving problems of synthesis and optimization of fuzzy systems, which include evolutionary and swarm methods, that simulate the processes of natural selection, as well as collective behavior of various groups of social animals, insects and microorganisms in nature. This paper is devoted to the development and study of a method of optimal membership functions search for fuzzy systems based on bioinspired evolutionary algorithms of global optimization. The obtained method allows finding the optimal membership functions of linguistic terms at solving the compromise problems of multicriteria structural optimization of various fuzzy systems in order to increase their efficiency, as well as to reduce the degree of complexity of further parametric optimization. In the proposed method for finding the global optimum of the problem being solved, the iterative procedures are carried out on the basis of combination of several different bioinspired evolutionary algorithms with subsequent analysis of the results obtained and the choice of the best variant of the membership function vector. The paper outlines the theoretical foundations and information model for the implementation of the computational step-by-step method for structural optimization of fuzzy systems, as well as presents various options for carrying out its search procedures. In particular, the features of the application and adaptation to the search problem to be solved of such bioinspired evolutionary algorithms as genetic, artificial immune systems and biogeographic are discussed.

Репродуктивное поведение женщин-предпринимателей России

Research in the field of fertility often focuses on peculiarities of reproductive behaviour of various groups of population different in socio-economic status, material and moral needs and reproductive attitudes. Comprehension of these features is important when shaping a pro-birth policy, since different groups of the population may respond differently to the proposed measures. In the article women entrepreneurs are presented as one of the groups of the Russian population with specific reproductive behaviour. The features of demographic profile and reproductive behaviour are analyzed on the basis of results of the All-Russian population census of 2002 and 2010 and a sample survey of the population reproductive plans of 2017.

Participatory action research as a means of achieving ecological wisdom within climate change resiliency planning

The impacts of recent extreme weather events as well as the evidence of our changing climate has sparked a new sense of urgency in resiliency planning in the Northeast U.S. Vulnerability to climate change impacts is not limited to the built environment, but rather extends to the sociotechnical systems that include the perceptions, values, preferences and patterns of behavior of various groups of human stakeholders. To more fully incorporate the human dimension into resiliency planning we must elicit and apply the ecological wisdom (EW) of local residents and stakeholders. The complexity of EW has yet to be fully described; this paper does not develop a new definition, but rather, expands the definition of EW to include local knowledge of urban dwellers that can be tapped to more effectively inform resiliency planning. We present a recent example that demonstrates how participatory action research (PAR) methods can be used to gather EW that would not ordinarily be obtained by more traditional vulnerability assessment methods. Our case study is based upon the Alewife Disaster Preparedness and Community Resiliency Planning Initiative of the City of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Despite the limited scope of this PAR project, a surprising number of useful observations and recommendations were obtained, which could serve to enhance the ongoing resiliency planning of the City of Cambridge. Local stakeholders also suggested a number of what W.F. Whyte described as “social inventions” for strengthening the quality of disaster preparedness and community resiliency within the Alewife community. We highlight the need to give more attention to the human dimension of resiliency planning by better understanding how a variety of local stakeholders’ experience climate-related disasters, perceive the effectiveness of alternative disaster preparedness and community resiliency strategies, and determine their willingness to contribute to ongoing resiliency planning taking place within their community.

The Logic of Directed Development in Postcolonial India

It has been presumed that an increase in economic growth rates automatically intensifies inflation processes, which provoke sensitivity among mass layers of the population. However, manifestations of interdependence between growth and inflation are different in different economic systems. Of importance are the degree of the maturity of the economic organism, its historical experience, and the sociopolitical context. Financial instability is a fundamental qualitative characteristic of the capitalist economy with its complex branched system of institutions. The suppression of inflation implies disciplinary actions from above, regulating the economic behavior of various groups of society. Rigid control over inflationary processes is characteristic of “late start” societies and, even more so, of states of the third wave of modernization, particularly India. Inflation in its acute forms turned out to be a result of the administration’s policy intended to form a middle class. The author of this article holds that the approach of India’s authorities to inflation problems is based on three strategic principles: measures to normalize circulation, to protect the poorest layers of the population from the consequences of inflation, and to find additional resources of the effectiveness of the country’s economic mechanism.

Impact of the sitagliptin alert on prescription of oral antihyperglycemic drugs in Japan

Sitagliptin, the first of a new class of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)-inhibitory oral antihyperglycemic drugs (OHDs), was introduced in Japan in December 2009. In April 2010 a safety alert was issued regarding the risk of serious hypoglycemic events when the drug is used in combination with high-dose sulfonylureas (SUs). To investigate trends in prescription of OHDs before and after the launch of sitagliptin, and before and after the safety alert, in order to evaluate changes in the prescribing behavior of various groups of physicians in response to the safety alert. Japan. Prescription data from 6,500 institutions, randomly collected from 300 Japanese pharmacies were used. A cohort of 87,678 patients with 813,374 prescriptions for OHDs, among which 464,079 included SUs (glimepiride: 317,423), was collected from August 2009 to 31 December 2010. Logistic regression analysis was conducted. Prescription trends for sitagliptin and SUs, stratified by age, gender, types of prescribers and institutions. The safety alert recommending a reduction of SU dosing was well reflected in prescriptions issued after the alert (glimepiride dose reduction from 2.78 ± 1.86 mg to 2.32 ± 1.68), especially in prescriptions issued by diabetes specialists (from 2.27 ± 1.81 mg to 1.87 ± 1.47 mg). The dose of background SUs in patients who started sitagliptin early was higher (before alert: 2.70 ± 1.80 mg, after alert: 2.51 ± 1.74 mg) than in patients without experience of sitagliptin (2.12 ± 1.57 mg). This may indicate that patients receiving high-dose SUs were selected for sitagliptin, and this might be a factor in the high frequency of hypoglycemia in the early launch phase of sitagliptin. The sitagliptin safety alert had a clear impact on prescribing behavior, but the impact appeared to depend on prescribers' backgrounds. Our findings should be helpful for developing a safer drug launching strategy for new classes of drugs in established categories.

Emotional design II: Affective information behavior research with adult and child populations

Abstract“;Emotions, we now know, change the way the human mind solves problems—the emotional system changes how the cognitive system operates.” (Norman, 2004: 18). Affective variables drive cognitive information behavior through a person's interests, motivation, feelings, and persistence. Recent research suggests that uncertainty contributes to cognitive load and negatively affects success, while optimism positively affects it (Nahl, 2004; 2005). Therefore, a focus on the interaction of affect and cognition, particularly studies examining the varieties of affect that arise in different situations and their impact on cognition, is necessary to understanding the information behavior of various groups. The research presented includes international data, both child and adult populations, and a variety of information settings. The research domains of the presenters include affective load in information tasks (Nahl), emotion in international children's use of cross‐cultural interfaces (Bilal), emotional metadata of children (Druin), and information behavior in everyday life (Fisher). The panelists present findings from their current research on affective information behavior (AIB) that illustrates its determining effect on thinking and action, and provide a review of research in the affective domain from related fields.

Předčasné volby 1998. Volební chování různých skupin voličů

Předčasné volby 1998. Volební chování různých skupin voličů

Corrosion phenomena in electron, proton and synchrotron X-ray microprobe analysis of Roman glass from Qumran, Jordan

A series of 89 glass fragments of Roman glass are studied using electron, proton and synchrotron radiation induced X-ray emission from microscopic areas on the sample surface. The glass originates from Qumran, Jordan and was buried for 1900 years. The weathering layers that result from the extended contact with ground water have been studied, next to the trace composition of the original glass of these pieces. The latter information indicates that at Qumran, large quantities of glass objects were being used in Ancient times. Cross-sectional profiles of the glass show a complex migration behaviour of various groups of major and trace elements.

A study of blocking and other response variables in psychotic, brain-damaged and personality-disturbed patients

An experiment was conducted on the hypothesis that the differences in personality and behaviour of various groups of psychiatric patients would be reflected in a serial visuo-motor task. The patients' errors, blocks and RT variability were ascertained and significant differences emerged between the groups. All of the experimental groups—chronic schizophrenic, brain-injured psychotics, brain-injured non-psychotics—differed from the disturbed, non-psychotic control group on all of the variables tested. A group of paranoid schizophrenic patients, however, differed from the controls in only two respects, i.e. variability and number of responses per minute. The paranoid schizophrenic group produced a strikingly different performance from that of the chronic schizophrenic group. The latter group exceeded all other groups in both the frequency and duration of blocks.