Peasant Behavior Research Articles

Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Perilaku Petani Padi dalam Penggunaan Pestisida di Desa Muara, Cilamaya Wetan Kabupaten Karawang

Unwise use of pesticides can cause residues that are harmful to human health and have a negative impact on the environment. Factors related to farmers' behavior can be one of the key determinants of how far they understand and implement safe, sustainable pesticide use practices. The study aims to analyze the factors associated with the behavior of peasants in Muara village, Cilamaya Wetan district, Karawang district. Behavior includes knowledge, attitudes, and actions consisting of aspects of pesticide type, dosage, time, spray frequency, self-protection, pesticides application techniques, and compliance with instructions for use. The research was conducted from September to October 2023. Sampling proportionate stratified random sampling obtained 85 respondents. Data collection techniques include observations, tests, questionnaires, and interviews. The study used a survey method using Spearman Rank analysis. Data were analyzed using validity tests, reliability tests, quantitative descriptive analysis, and Spearman Rank correlation tests. The results of the research showed that the factors associated with the behavior of wildfish farmers in the use of pesticides were land area (X3) with a correlation of 0.239, farming experience (X4) with the correlations of 0.258, and perception of pests and plant diseases (X7) with a correlation of 0,233. Whereas education (X1), income (X2), social involvement (X5), as well as the role of the farmer (X6) had no significant correlation with farmers' behaviour in pesticide use.

Українське селянство 19 ст. у матеріалах повітового суду: мікроісторичний вимір у контексті повсякдення

The object of the article is to systematically highlight the materials of the court archive of one of the largest districts of Kyiv province, namely Uman district, in particular the court cases in which peasants were involved. These materials complement the concept of everyday Ukrainian peasantry in the 19th century. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific principles of historicism, objectivity and a systematic approach in the analysis of historical sources, which are used in this article. Such special historical methods as descriptive, problem-chronological, historical-systemic and heuristic ones have proven to be effective. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the materials of the judicial and investigative practice of Uman County Court were used to highlight such an aspect of everyday Ukrainian peasantry as crimes and punishments. Chronological and thematic systematization of court cases in which peasants were involved showed a quantitative superiority of cases about abuse of peasants, peculiar forms of peasant protest in the form of escapes from serf owners and deviant acts in the pre-reform years. Dissatisfaction with the agrarian reform of 1861 created the basis for the deviant behavior of peasants in the everyday life of the post-reform years. Conclusions. During the functioning of Uman County Court (1800-1872), 1,817 cases were postponed in its archive, 269 of which are the materials of court proceedings on the claims of peasants or their prosecution. Most of the court cases date back to the pre-reform years and contain evidence of social tension in the villages. But the agrarian reform of 1861, despite its positive aspects, did not eliminate the reasons for such tension even in the post-reform era. In the everyday life of the peasantry of the first half of the 19th century, there was abuse of landowners, housekeepers and estate managers, which served as a reason for peasants to run away, commit suicide, commit crimes, and deviant behavior in everyday life. The materials of the district court’s judicial and investigative practice show that wealthy peasants appealed to the court regarding the purchase of land plots. The abolition of serfdom and the gaining of personal freedom by the peasants did not relieve social tension, and in the everyday life of the peasantry, illegal actions took place as a manifestation of despair, rudeness and violence.

Social Status and the Behavior of Palm Farmers in Community Life

Social status is a level or the position of a person in a society as derived from the level of education, level of employment, level of income and wealth and expenses. Social status is often directly proportional to the behavior of rice farmers. For instance, The spread of agricultural innovations in the countryside depends on the nature of the innovation and the type of societal decision-making. If individual innovation decision-making is more dominant, the positive relationship between social status and the rice field farmer’s behavior is acceptable, but if collective decision-making is more dominant, the spread of innovation depends on the suitability of the rice field farmer’s innovations for village communities. This study aims to look at the determinants of social status and observe the relationship between social status and the behavior of rice farmers in their social liveslife in Taman Fajar Village, Purbolinggo District, East Lampung Regency. This study used a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. The population were rice farmers in this area. Data collection was done using observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant influence on the social status and behavior of rice farmers in society. This means that the higher the yields the rice farmers obtain, the more positive impact they can have on society, one of which is giving alms to people in need.
 Keywords: Social Status, Peasant Behavior, Community.

Changing trend of peasant behavior in Russia during Stolypin's agrarian reform

In this article, the authors aim to differentiate various categories of the peasantry according to the views on property to develop an optimal research approach that will allow for an objective and comprehensive analysis of the attitudes and behavior of the peasant population of Russia during the Stolypin course of agrarian policy pursued by the autocracy. The study shows the validity of using the peasantry's attitude to property as one of the key criteria for assessing the degree of efficiency of the Stolypin reform. The selected criterion allows one to show the evolution of this attitude depending on the social characteristics of a particular category of peasants. Any reform should be assessed from the standpoint of those whose interests are affected first. Property is one of the main guidelines that determine the position of a person in society and the world. Aimed at creating the stratum of steady owners in the village, P.A. Stolypin's reform frees the peasants from the petty fiscal and bureaucratic oversight of the state. As the peasantry realizes the seriousness of the government's intentions and possible prospects for the development of the economy, their attitude to the reform also changes. This change takes place along with the peasantry's realization that the state is interested in steady owners in the village. Those who can and want to be one, accept the reform with enthusiasm, others ultimately see in the reform an opportunity to shift the blame for their failure to the state.

The Effect of Peasants Differentiation on Peasants’ Willingness and Behavior Transformation of Land Transfer: Evidence from Sichuan Province, China

Based on the survey data of 540 peasants in Sichuan Province, the probit and unordered multi-classification logistic model regression models were used to explore peasants’ differentiation on the transformation of willingness and behavior of land transfer and to provide a theoretical and empirical basis for promoting land intensification and large-scale management. The results show the following: (1) There is a significant negative correlation between the intention and behavior of part-time peasants, multiple occupations peasants, and non-agricultural peasants. (2) Part-time peasants and non-agricultural peasants promoted the change in willingness and behavior of land transfer out; part-time peasants, multiple occupations peasants, and non-agricultural peasants all promoted the willingness and behavior transformation of land transfer in. (3) The heterogeneity analysis results show that different household heads ages, the proportion of labor force in the total population of the household, and the terrain of cultivated land significantly impact peasants’ willingness and behavior of land transfer. Peasants’ non-agricultural differentiation is an important way to promote the rapid development of land transfer. The government should strengthen skills training and guidance services, broaden the channels for peasants to increase income, optimize the market environment of land transfer, and improve the social security system related to land transfer in order to promote the industrialization and large-scale development of agriculture.

Influence of social capital on rural household garbage sorting and recycling behavior: The moderating effect of class identity

Based on the literature review, this paper analyzes how social capital and class identity influence peasants' behavior in household garbage sorting and recycling. We carried out field study in Shaanxi Province, China and collected 686 valid questionnaires as basic data for this study. The empirical results of Logit regression model indicate that social network, social prestige and social engagement are all positively correlated with household garbage sorting and recycling behavior of peasants, and class identity is also positively correlated with household garbage sorting and recycling behavior of peasants. The results also show that smaller families are more likely to carry out garbage sorting and recycling. In addition, we also found that class identity moderates the relationship between social trust and household garbage sorting and recycling behavior of peasants. Finally, the theoretical and practical significance, limitations of the study, and future directions are discussed.

Плановое сельскохозяйственное переселение в Челябинскую об-ласть накануне и в годы Великой Отечественной войны

Based on materials from the Chelyabinsk region, for the first time in regional historiography, this article attempts to study the planned agricultural resettlement in 1939–1945. The study was based mainly archive materials stored in the United State Archive of the Chelyabinsk Region. In accordance with the hypothesis of Soviet society as a society of a mobilization type, the authors consider the development and implementation of a model of planned agrarian migration of the population as an integral part of the mobilization processes in the Soviet Union on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. The model of agricultural resettlement itself is seen as ensuring the viability and development of Soviet civilization. The topic is revealed through state policy measures, collective farm support and migratory behavior of migrant peasants. The study of regulatory, directive, office work, accounting and statistical documents, ego-materials enabled the dynamics of migration flows overthe years to be established. The problems faced by the migrants were shown and individual migration trajectories identified. The study also drew a main conclusion: voluntary planned agricultural resettlement initiated by the Soviet authorities was an objectively necessary event in the specific historical conditions of the turn of the 1930s–1940s. The direction of immigrants to the Chelyabinsk region was dictated by an acute shortage of labor in the South Ural collective farms. The state allocated significant material and financial resources to the oblast, provided the settlers and host collective farms with serious benefits. A key problem throughout the entire period under review was «reversal». In 1943–1945 the settlement of pre-war settlers was carried out

Крестьянский пессимизм в годы коллективизации 1920-1930-х гг.: антисоветская риторика поколения «революционного перелома»

The Soviet policy of collectivization, which sought to forcibly bring the regime of agriculture functioning in accordance with general political course on total control and authorities dictate, could not but cause discontent among the peasant population leaning to balanced autonomy. The article examines the phenomenon of peasant anti-Soviet pessimism, expressed in anti-collectivist rhetoric of the agrarian class representatives. A number of studies on the problems of public sentiments of peasants in the days of collectivization have analyzed various aspects of this problem, however, its rhetorical aspect remains poorly studied, although it significantly complements fragmented socio-psychological portrait of the Soviet village during the collectivization. The study is to eliminate this gap in scientific knowledge. It is built on the principles of historicism and objectivity, uses historical-comparative, deductive and retrospective methods. Its object is peasants of the “revolutionary turning point” generation, born in late 19th century, who took an active part in social and political life in the 1905-1930s (following Yu. A. Levada’s classification). The study is based on a wide array of both published and newly introduced archival materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI), the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), and the State Archive of Socio-Political History of the Tambov Region (GASPITO). It focuses on the analysis of letters and complaints of peasants of the “revolutionary turning point” generation and on the study of reports of the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) on the sentiments of the Soviet village during collectivization. The authors underscore the need to create a classification of rhetoric by its content, reflecting passive dissatisfaction of the peasants with the collectivization policy. Primarily, there was nostalgic rhetoric associated with patriarchal roots of the Russian peasantry, in whose historical memory paternalistic autocracy looked better than foreign and alienating Soviet power. Secondly, there was comparative rhetoric drawing parallels between the policy of collectivization and “war communism,” based on point-blank rejection of the actions of Soviet government and their comparison with banditry. Thirdly, there was rhetoric of doom in absence of any satisfactory historical prospect for peasant life, meaning its socio-economic autonomy, as well as survival. Fourthly, there were elements of introspection explaining the behavior of peasants forced to make concessions to the Soviet government contrary to their own interests. Analysis of sources suggests that rhetorically peasants’ protest against the collectivization was reduced to passive forms of resistance. Nothing remained to the exsanguinated peasantry, but nostalgic complaints; rare bold statements about leaving kolkhozes were drowned in humility, traditional for the Russian peasant culture, and bemoaning the growing sense of doom and defeatist recognition of the need to obey the authorities’ initiatives.

Our Social Conquests Will Be Respected: Peasants and Military Dictatorship in Cochabamba, Bolivia

Abstract Peasant support was a crucial factor in the Bolivian military's assault on labor and the Left in the 1960s and 1970s. Analysts have offered diverse explanations for the so-called Military-Peasant Pact, ranging from the bribery of peasant leaders to rank-and-file conservatism. These interpretations tend to be methodologically superficial and often reflect elitist prejudices about peasant behavior. Archival evidence and oral histories from Cochabamba suggest that the pact did enjoy substantial rank-and-file support. The military maintained that support by protecting peasant land rights and expanding rural access to public goods while imposing high costs on peasants who dissented. However, the Military-Peasant Pact was also more tenuous than most scholarship implies. Attempts to institute a new tax on land, to disarm peasants, and to impose austerity measures engendered major opposition by the 1970s, leading to a military massacre in 1974. This trajectory reveals both the foundations and limits of the military's power.

Vseobshchij i rannij brak: brachnye predstavleniya i povedenie russkih krest'yan XVIII—XIX vv.

The typical idea of marriage among Russian peasants of the 18th-19th centuries was that every person should get married and get married as early as possible. Therefore, they had a low age at first marriage and a high marriage rate. On the one hand, the Orthodox concept of marriage, the need of peasant families for labor force, the central position of the family in the material and spiritual life of the peasants demanded that the peasants should marry without exception. On the other hand, the patriarchal tradition gave parents control over the marriage of their children, and parents forced them to marry as soon as possible, based on family interests; and moral public opinion in the village commune created an atmosphere in which celibacy was considered unfortunate and late marriage a disgrace.

Новое исследование по истории российского крестьянства периода Гражданской войны

The review presents an analysis of V. V. Kondrashin’s textbook, which, on the basis of a large complex of archival and published documentary materials and scientific literature, recreated a panorama of the relationship of the Russian peasantry with the opposing power structures that appeared and functioned in Russia during the Great Russian Revolution – the Bolshevik government and its political opponents that arose during the Civil War, white and other regimes. It is noted that the author paid special attention to the conceptual views of Soviet, Russian and foreign historians, which made it possible to gain new knowledge about the practices of the behavior of peasants in various regions of Russia during social conflicts – uprisings and other protest actions and to trace their attitude to the agrarian policy of the Soviet government, as well as the governments and leaders of the white movement. Factors that influenced the choice of the Russian peasantry were identified – support for the Soviet government, which ensured its victory during the Civil War.

Mitrofan Ivanovich Retivov: Russian emigrant doctor about the life of a Bulgarian village in the 1920s

The article discusses the memoirs of Mitrofan Ivanovich Retivov about his life in the 1920s in Bulgaria. The unpublished memoirs were written shortly after moving out of the country. They tell about the fate of the Russian emigration, its difficult life and gradual decomposition. All this the author observed while working in Russian hospitals in Nessebar and Lyaskovets. The memoirs also contain interesting information about the life of Bulgarian peasants, which Retivov studied well — he served as a doctor in several villages (Mericleri, Sushitsa, Archara). The author notes the craving for the achievements of scientific medicine along with the preservation of traditions in the behavior of peasants (collective visits to the doctor, unwillingness to undress, faith in healers) and their everyday life (poor conditions in homes and diet, lack of interest in art). At the same time, Retivov had to face difficulties caused by local bureaucracy and competition from Bulgarian colleagues. The fate of the author of the memoirs is quite significant for Russian doctors-emigrants in Bulgaria — by the end of the 1920s, most of them moved from villages to cities or left the country. Therefore, the article reconstructs the life path of M. I. Retivov, who was born in Don stanitsa and then lived in exile in Bulgaria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Paraguay and found his last shelter in Argentina.

Політична культура селянства в контексті революційних та державотворчих процесів у 1917-1921 рр.

Introduction. The great role of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917-1921 in national history, itsimpact on modernity, actualizes a comprehensive study of conscious factors that determined the behavior of themasses, namely political culture, the content of the Ukrainian peasantry in the period of major socio-politicaltransformations and confl icts.Purpose. The aim of the article is to try to fi nd out how the revolutionary and state-building processes of theperiod 1917-1921 were determined by the dominants of the political culture of Ukrainian rural society. The mainobjectives of the article are to highlight and analyze the features of the political consciousness of the peasantryand the forms of social behavior of peasants and their struggle for the realization of their socio-political ideals.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the socio-cultural approach, which allows us to explainhow the political culture of the Ukrainian peasantry determined the socio-political processes in 1917-1921.Results. It is determined that the principles of political culture of the Ukrainian peasantry, concentrated inthe socio-political formula «Land and Freedom», accumulated peasant ideals of ownership or lifelong use of land,freedom, democratic representation, equality, fair society, priority of labor.In the process of socio-political transformations, the peasants really felt that they could play a leading rolein political life and embody their interests. This was demonstrated by examples of joint voting of peasants invarious forums, and especially the practice of self-organization of numerous self-defense units and insurgentgroups. However, along with the positive aspects of solving socio-political problems, the self-organization of thepeasants was often directed not against the organization and support of the state and government, but against thegovernment.Conclusion. The article notes that the political culture of the peasants was closely connected with thesocial and veche, Cossack in spirit ideas of the state and power, which were characterized by egalitarianism anddemocracy. However, it was a democracy of a traditional society with patriarchal veche elements, which was notfocused on the reproduction of the entire state and social vertical of power, but focused mainly on the lower, rurallevel of administrative-territorial division. Democratic self-government was understood by the peasants as selfgovernment of the rural community in the form of the east, as the embodiment of democracy in the form of Soviets.The type of democracy seen by the peasants as a system of relations based on participation in decision-making byall members of the rural community or persons delegated to it can be described as agrarian democracy

Politik pemberdayaan kelompok tani sawit swadaya di Kampung Sialang Palas, kecamatan Lubuk Dalam, Siak

This service activity is set in the context of Sialang Palas Village, Lubuk Dalam District, Siak Regency. This area consists of 90% of oil palm plantations but land-use patterns, information and communication technology, decreased purchasing power of farmers, low nutritional status of farmer households. Meanwhile, the influence of local leadership is getting weaker, and Gapoktan institutions are not functioning. In this condition, there was a change in the political behavior of peasants which was initially critical, dynamic, and weakened, eroded by the narrower structure of the local democratic space, and the impact of changes in the national political economy. Therefore, farmer participation in group management needs to be increased. This activity aims to increase the capacity of independent smallholders in managing farmer groups and making decisions through the application of "my palm oil:" and a model of political empowerment. This activity was carried out in Sialang Palas Village, Lubuk Dalam, Siak Regency, and this service took the theme "Community Empowerment in the New-Normal Era". The problem is how to increase the capacity of poktan farmers in decision making and group management in Sialang Palas? The methods used are: First, preparation and socialization of the program to Karya Bersama farmer groups in Sialang Palas Village. Second, conducting lectures and discussing materials (1) leadership; (2) group management; (3) decision-making process; (4) strategic issues; (5) processing local potential (3) discussing the model of "empowerment politics" and issues of development and governance in Lubuk Dalam; (6) Village Assistance and Assistance. The results of the community service activities include: First, published scientific articles. Second, video activities and knowledge about group decision making. Third, knowledge and skills in processing palm oil waste and knowledge about family nutrition.

Osobennosti deviantnogo povedeniya krestian v 1920-e gg. (na materialakh Bryanskoy. Smolenskoy i Gomelskoy guberniy)

Osobennosti deviantnogo povedeniya krestian v 1920-e gg. (na materialakh Bryanskoy. Smolenskoy i Gomelskoy guberniy)

Conflicts of peasants in March-October 1917 (based on materials from the Vladimir province)

This paper presents an analysis of the social behavior of peasants in the Vladimir province in March-October 1917 for their conflicts and highlights the main directions of confrontation. The characteristic of the elaboration of the problem by both Soviet and modern historical science is given. The limited use of statistics on the selected region is explained and the methodological basis of the study is determined. The author considers the conflicts of peasants not only from the side of statistics, but also from the standpoint of individual plots that better reveal everyday behavioral practices. The work describes in detail and group the clash of interests of peasants with the surrounding social reality. The conclusion is drawn about the baselessness of the thesis of the Soviet historiography that the main enemies for peasants were landlords, kulaks and the bourgeois Provisional Government. The analysis of sources revealed that the peasant commune in March-October 1917, solving its pressing issues of food and land-use, was against all. Its conflicts took place on several directions at once: city - village, commune - private owners, commune - commune and intra-commune disputes. There were also conflicts with the state, but they were not political.

Социально-политическая активность крестьян Воронежской губернии в 1917 г.: сотрудничество с властью и география пониженной конфликтности

The research is based on data on acts of cooperation of various peasant population categories with the revolutionary authorities. The relevance of the problem lies in the minimal study of these issues, since historiography studied mainly the conflict behavior of peasants. We point to the presence of a large number of forms of interaction between peasants both with the February and October authorities in 1917. Using the methods of textual analysis we givethe analysis of the wel-coming telegrams to the State Duma. An intermediate conclusion was made that the desire of the peasants to interact with the authorities did not lead directly to a decrease in the social conflict de-gree. Attention is drawn to the presence in 1905–1907 and 1917 so-called “zones of low activity” of peasant revolts. Asking the question about the reasons for the existence of such zones, we turn to the comparative analysis of the situation at the county-volost level (using the example of Ostrogozhsky and Bogucharsky districts), concluding that the traditional explanation of the existence of such zones with a small share of private land ownership does not fully explain the situation. An explanation of the emerging situation is offered by a more complex of socio-economic, socio-political and socio-everyday factors, as well as source problems.

Impacts of land expropriation on the entrepreneurial decision-making behavior of land-lost peasants: An agent-based simulation

The rapid urbanization of China results in a large number of land-lost peasants and relevant social problems that impede sustainable development. Land-lost peasants are encouraged to venture into entrepreneurship to improve their survival and development. However, a few studies have investigated the dynamic process of the entrepreneurial decision-making behavior of land-lost peasants. Therefore, how to effectively promote entrepreneurship among land-lost peasants remains unknown. This study revises the Todaro model by considering the characteristics of land-lost peasants and land expropriation scenarios to describe the decision-making behavior of land-lost peasants. An agent-based simulation model is further developed based on the revised Todaro model to simulate the impacts of land expropriation on the entrepreneurial decision-making behavior of land-lost peasants. Relevant measures are also proposed to provide effective guidance for promoting entrepreneurship to land-lost peasants based on the simulation results. The findings can provide references for local governments to promote entrepreneurship among land-lost peasants in China and other regions.

Study on Agricultural Recycling Economy and Farmers' Ecological Behavior

In this paper, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to establish the index system of agricultural circular economy in Jinan City. Evaluation of the Development Level of Agricultural Circular Economy in Jinan City from the Perspective of Development Potential, Development Demands and Development Behaviors of Agricultural Circular Economy, and discuss the influence of each factor on the development of agricultural circular economy. Based on the investigation of ecological behavior of rural farmers in Jinan, this paper analyzes the ecological behavior of peasants from two aspects: cognition of peasants in Jinan City and psychology of peasants, according to the results of the evaluation of the development level of agricultural cycle and the analysis of the farmers' ecological behavior in Jinan, the corresponding countermeasures are put forward.

История экономики и экономика истории Репортаж с XVIII Апрельской международной научной конференции по проблемам развития экономики и общества, 11–14 апреля 2017 г., Москва, Россия

The XVIIIth April International Academic Conference on Economic and Social Development took place on 11-14 April 2017 at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (Moscow). A section on “Economic History” was organized in the conference and chaired by M. A. Davydov, professor of the School of Historical Sciences at the HSE. A wide range of topics was discussed, including economic nationalism in Europe, the saving behavior of peasants, soviet industrialization, and German emigration from Russia. Most presenters used of two approaches-either the historical study of economy or economic study of history. While the former tries to reveal how certain economic phenomena have resulted from the historical processes, the latter suggests looking more closely at various historical situations and exploring them in depth. Combinations of these two methods proves to be highly productive.The main speakers in this section were M. N. Baryshnikov (Herzen University, St. Petersburg), M. A. Davydov (HSE, Moscow), M. G. Fiveyskaya (RANEPA, Moscow), A. Magliulo (UNINT, Rome), A. V. Mamayev (Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow), D. V. Maslov (MSRU, Moscow), N. Nenovski (Universite de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens), S. A. Salomatina (MSU, Moscow), D. E. Shestakov (Bank of Russia, Moscow). S. B. Ulianova (St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg), T. Y. Valetov (MSU, Moscow), and A. Y. Volodin (MSU, Moscow).