Behavior Of Diversity Research Articles

Cultural Intelligence Profile of Junior High School Counsellors and Its Implication on Multicultural Counseling

The diversity of ethnicities, religions, and races that exist in Indonesia contribute to the country's characterization as a nation with a multitude of cultures. In the context of the relationship between counselor and counselee, cultural diversity is a significant concern. The comprehension, awareness, and work behavior of the counselee's cultural diversity is indicative of the counselor's cultural intelligence. The concept of cultural intelligence is a crucial aspect that counselors must consider when providing multicultural counseling services. The objectives of this research are to determine the description of counselors' cultural intelligence and its application in multicultural counseling. The research employed a quantitative research survey design for junior high school counselors in Malang Regency. For the research instrument, this study employed an intelligence scale adapted from Early and Ang. The data were analyzed descriptively in order to describe the counselor's cultural intelligence profile. The results indicated that metacognitive indicators exhibited the highest proportion, with 40% falling within the very high category, while behavioral indicators exhibited the lowest proportion, with 5% falling within the deficient category. The results of the study indicate that there is a need for counseling assistance in the behavioral aspect of cultural intelligence in order to facilitate the implementation of multicultural counseling. In essence, cultural intelligence represents a form of counselor multicultural competence that is necessary for the implementation of multicultural counseling. An increase in cultural intelligence thus supports an increase in multicultural counseling.

Can Digitalization Foster Sustainable Financial Inclusion? Opportunities for Both Banks and Vulnerable Groups

Financial inclusion is a crucial link in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Strengthening the capability of financial institutions to provide inclusive financial services can help to narrow the inequality gap and increase access to opportunities. Digitalization, with its competitive advantages and rapid growth, may be a powerful tool to foster financial inclusion and sustainable development. This paper examines the effects of bank digitalization on sustainable financial inclusion and explores two underlying incentive mechanisms in banks: profit driven and risk aversion. We construct a basic model and a mechanism model and exploit a nonlinear attempt, heterogeneous estimation as well as supplementary variable and instrument variable methods for a robustness test. The results of the basic model demonstrate that bank digitalization has significant positive effects on financial inclusion and the current financial inclusive effects are sustainable. The mechanism models designed as the mediation effect panel model suggest that digitalization enables banks to expand the business probability frontier of profit-driven behavior and pursuit of credit portfolio diversity in risk aversion behavior, thereby promoting sustainable financial inclusion. As a result of digitalization, vulnerable groups can benefit from sustainable financial inclusion, while financial inclusion feeds back into banks’ sustainable development. This paper conforms to the trend of the development of digitalization and provides theoretical and empirical support for banks to build digitalization and realize sustainable financial inclusion, which contributes to the “triple-win” financial ecology for improving banks’ performance, increasing the rights of vulnerable groups and promoting sustainable development throughout society.

Studies on Ulama’s Flow in The Modern Era from an Islamic Perspective

In the social life of the community, there must be norms that apply as a form of firmness in obeying the rules, so that it creates a sense of security for community members in the social life of the community. These norms are noble values that serve as benchmarks for social behavior. If the behavior that exists in the community is in accordance with the prevailing norms, then the behavior will be well received by the community. And if it applies otherwise, then the behavior is not accepted by the community, because it is deemed to deviate from the prevailing norms, but in fact, even though the times have evolved in this modern era, the existence of local beliefs such as belief in dynamism and animism is still developing. In the life of religious communities, such deviations are often seen in the form of deviant behavior of diversity. Moreover, there is an occult flow that is still developing in modern society. If it continues into the future, then it can change the thinking patterns of modern society into those who are still primitive Kejawen. So that this can lead to deviations from an Islamic perspective.

Pharmacological and phytochemicals potential of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. as parasite and its some host plants: A review

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. (Dodder) is a twinning angiospermic parasite on the various types of host plants but its loves to grow on spinous trees, shrubs and herbs. Stems and seeds of this plant are reported to have very high medicinal value. In vitro studies showed that antimicrobial compounds of this plant are effective in the treatment of several infectious diseases due to their selective toxicity and reported to have the ability to injure or kill or suppress an invading micro-organism without harming the cells of the host plants. Several studies on phytochemistry have also confirmed the presence of various types of phytochemicals in this plant such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, steroids, carbohydrates, glycosides which have pharmacological values for biological activities such as antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antiulcer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancerous activities. It also affects the behavior of pollinators, seed vectors and diversity of host plant. This magic plant also affects the economy of farmer due to spread into the crop field and growth and yield of agricultural crops. Soil quality of the field is also affected by Cuscuta sps. as it decreases the aerable surface, results in loss of quantitative and qualitative crop protection and represents a vector concerning the transmission of diseases through viruses and mycoplasmas to host plant. Its impact on the diversity determines the degradation of landscapes decoration aspect. Monitoring of Cuscuta sps. and their spreading tendencies and their prevention and therapy generates positive and immediate protection system of cultures. In many countries this genus has been targeted to control and quarantine measures are settled without ignoring the fact that some species of Cuscuta may be endangered or even threatened with extinction. Since this genus has tremendous pharmacological values present in phytochemicals extracted from these elite plants, therefore, it is an urgent need to preserve this plant by adopting appropriate techniques. In this direction plant tissue culture techniques may be a suitable approach not only to preserve this wonderful plant but also to evaluate its own pharmacological values and also of host plant. Another line of futuristic research might be to know its parasitic effect on pharmacological and phytochemicals potential of host plant and on Cuscuta itself.

Species perceived to be dangerous are more likely to have distinctive local names

BackgroundSpecies with direct uses, such as sources of food, shelter, building material and medicine tend to have more specific local names. But could the same apply for species that people fear?MethodsTo address this question, here we explore the behavior and perception of species diversity and dangerousness through a survey of 1037 households in nine villages in Cabo Delgado, northern Mozambique. We compare people’s knowledge of snakes with that of lizards and amphibians.ResultsWe find that northern Mozambicans know four to five times more local names for snakes than for lizards and frogs, despite the local species richness of snakes being comparable to the diversity of lizards and frogs. We further find that local knowledge was on par with the academic literature regarding snakebite symptoms.ConclusionsOur results suggest that fear can increase the level of specificity in naming species among indigenous communities, which could lead to biases in the mapping and protection of species that include data from citizen reports.

Species diversity of woody vegetation along altitudinal gradient of the Western Himalayas

The phytosociological attributes of woody species were investigated along an altitudinal gradient in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary. Detailed sampling was carried out in five altitudinal zones (from 1550 to 3550 m asl). A total of 81 woody species, including 33 trees (28 genera and 22 families) and 48 shrub species (39 genera and 24 families) were reported. Density ranged from 150 ± 19 trees/ha (Zone V, 3350–3550 m asl) to 530 ± 36 trees ha−1 (Zone I, 1550–1750 m asl) and 3.83 ± 0.31 shrubs 25 m-2 (Zone-I 1550–1750 m) to 12.3 ± 0.45 shrubs 25 m-2 (Zone-III 2900–3100 m). Total Basal Cover (TBC) fluctuated between 2.91 ± 0.74 m2 ha−1 (Zone-V) to 37.96 ± 2.95 m2 ha−1 (Zone-I). The diversity index (H̅) of trees varied from 2.097 (Zone-V) to 3.373 (Zone-I) and of shrubs ranged from 2.624 (Zone-V) to 4.209 (Zone-I). The correlation (Carl Pearson) test indicated that species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, β-diversity, and TBC declined sharply with increase in altitude. The average maturity index for trees varied from 16.36 to 33.57 and 11.59 to 32.67 for shrubs. The diversity of woody plants declined as altitude increased, indicating that environmental filtering acts as a key factor in shaping the woody vegetation at high altitudes. In lower altitudinal zones, most of the species exhibited a lognormal curve while species of higher altitudes followed geometric curves. The present study could prove beneficial for the foresters, policy-makers to understand the altitudinal behavior of species diversity and its degeneration patterns so that strategic conservation plan could be implemented in the coming future. Thus, the study is expected to provide information to understand the current status, ecology as well as conservational efforts required for this protected area.

Quantifying Structural Diversity of CNG Trinucleotide Repeats using Diagrammatic Algorithms

Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders (TREDs) exhibit complex mechanisms of pathogenesis, some of which have been attributed to RNA transcripts of overexpanded CNG repeats, resulting in possibly a gain-of-function. In this paper, we aim to probe the structures of these expanded transcript by analyzing the structural diversity of their conformational ensembles. We used graphs to catalog the structures of an NG-(CNG)16-CN oligomer and grouped them into subensembles based on their characters and calculated the structural diversity and thermodynamic stability for these ensembles using a previously described graph factorization scheme. Our findings show that the generally assumed structure for CNG repeats--a series of canonical helices connected by two-way junctions and capped with a hairpin loop--may not be the most thermodynamically favorable, and the ensembles are characterized by largely open and less structured conformations. Furthermore, a length-dependence is observed for the behavior of the ensembles9 diversity as higher-order diagrams are included, suggesting that further studies of CNG repeats are needed at the length scale of TREDs onset to properly understand their structural diversity and how this might relate to their functions.

Behavior of genetic diversity in F1 crosses of selected accessions of J. curcas

Distinguishing accessions by their similarity is important for genetic improvement, given their usefulness for increasing and preserving the genetic diversity of crops. Some studies have assessed the similarity between accessions of Jatropha curcas from different regions or origins, but it is not yet clear how the similarity between accessions behaves in crosses, when different accessions are selected as maternal or paternal parents. Thus, this work used ISSR molecular markers to evaluate accessions resulting from the crossing of six parents of different origins. Of the 15 crosses studied, 7 (46%) had greater similarity with their paternal parent, 2 (13%) had greater similarity with the maternal parent and 6 (41%) showed no close similarity to any parent. These results suggest that the similarity between accessions derived from crossings is similar to that found in species such as Gossypium hirsutum, and several cycles of retro-crossing would be needed to maintain the characteristics of a maternal parent.

Relative species abundance of replicator dynamics with sparse interactions

A theory of relative species abundance on sparsely-connected networks is presented by investigating the replicator dynamics with symmetric interactions. Sparseness of a network involves difficulty in analyzing the fixed points of the equation, and we avoid this problem by treating large self interaction u, which allows us to construct a perturbative expansion. Based on this perturbation, we find that the nature of the interactions is directly connected to the abundance distribution, and some characteristic behaviors, such as multiple peaks in the abundance distribution and all species coexistence at moderate values of u, are discovered in a wide class of the distribution of the interactions. The all species coexistence collapses at a critical value of u, uc, and this collapsing is regarded as a phase transition. To get more quantitative information, we also construct a non-perturbative theory on random graphs based on techniques of statistical mechanics. The result shows those characteristic behaviors are sustained well even for not large u. For even smaller values of u, extinct species start to appear and the abundance distribution becomes rounded and closer to a standard functional form. Another interesting finding is the non-monotonic behavior of diversity, which quantifies the number of coexisting species, when changing the ratio of mutualistic relations . These results are examined by numerical simulations, which show that our theory is exact for the case without extinct species, but becomes less and less precise as the proportion of extinct species grows.

Making Large-Scale Systems Observable - Another Inescapable Step Towards Exascale

The effective mastering of extremely parallel HPC system is impossible without deep understanding of all internal processes and behavior of the whole diversity of the components: computing processors and nodes, memory usage, interconnect, storage, whole software stack, cooling and so forth in detail. There are numerous visualization tools that provide information on certain components and system as a whole, but most of them have severe issues that limit appliance in real life, thus becoming inacceptable for the future system scales. Predefined monitoring systems and data sources, lack of dynamic on-the-fly reconfiguration, inflexible visualization and screening options are among the most popular issues.The proposed approach to monitoring data processing resolves the majority of known problems, providing a scalable and flexible solution based on any available monitoring systems and other data sources. The approach implementation is successfully used in every-day practice of the largest in Russia supercomputer center of Moscow State University.

Species richness and diversity in shrub savanna using ordinary kriging

Abstract: The objective of this work was to analyze the spatial distribution and the behavior of species richness and diversity in a shrub savanna fragment, in 2003 and 2014, using ordinary kriging, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In both evaluation years, the measurements were performed in a fragment with 236.85 hectares, in which individual trees were measured and identified across 40 plots (1,000 m2). Species richness was determined by the total number of species in each plot, and diversity by the Shannon diversity index. For the variogram study, spatial models were fitted and selected. Then, ordinary kriging was applied and the spatial distribution of the assessed variables was described. A strong spatial dependence was observed between species richness and diversity by the Shannon diversity index (<25% spatial dependence degree). Areas of low and high species diversity and richness were found in the shrub savanna fragment. Spatial distribution behavior shows relative stability regarding the number of species and the Shannon diversity index in the evaluated years.

Variability of interconnected wind plants: correlation length and its dependence on variability time scale

The variability in wind-generated electricity complicates the integration of this electricity into the electrical grid. This challenge steepens as the percentage of renewably-generated electricity on the grid grows, but variability can be reduced by exploiting geographic diversity: correlations between wind farms decrease as the separation between wind farms increases. But how far is far enough to reduce variability? Grid management requires balancing production on various timescales, and so consideration of correlations reflective of those timescales can guide the appropriate spatial scales of geographic diversity grid integration. To answer ‘how far is far enough,’ we investigate the universal behavior of geographic diversity by exploring wind-speed correlations using three extensive datasets spanning continents, durations and time resolution. First, one year of five-minute wind power generation data from 29 wind farms span 1270 km across Southeastern Australia (Australian Energy Market Operator). Second, 45 years of hourly 10 m wind-speeds from 117 stations span 5000 km across Canada (National Climate Data Archive of Environment Canada). Finally, four years of five-minute wind-speeds from 14 meteorological towers span 350 km of the Northwestern US (Bonneville Power Administration). After removing diurnal cycles and seasonal trends from all datasets, we investigate dependence of correlation length on time scale by digitally high-pass filtering the data on 0.25–2000 h timescales and calculating correlations between sites for each high-pass filter cut-off. Correlations fall to zero with increasing station separation distance, but the characteristic correlation length varies with the high-pass filter applied: the higher the cut-off frequency, the smaller the station separation required to achieve de-correlation. Remarkable similarities between these three datasets reveal behavior that, if universal, could be particularly useful for grid management. For high-pass filter time constants shorter than about τ = 38 h, all datasets exhibit a correlation length that falls at least as fast as . Since the inter-site separation needed for statistical independence falls for shorter time scales, higher-rate fluctuations can be effectively smoothed by aggregating wind plants over areas smaller than otherwise estimated.

Neutral null models for diversity in serial transfer evolution experiments.

Evolution experiments with microorganisms coupled with genome-wide sequencing now allow for the systematic study of population genetic processes under a wide range of conditions. In learning about these processes in natural, sexual populations, neutral models that describe the behavior of diversity and divergence summaries have played a pivotal role. It is therefore natural to ask whether neutral models, suitably modified, could be useful in the context of evolution experiments. Here, we introduce coalescent models for polymorphism and divergence under the most common experimental evolution assay, a serial transfer experiment. This relatively simple setting allows us to address several issues that could affect diversity patterns in evolution experiments, whether selection is operating or not: the transient behavior of neutral polymorphism in an experiment beginning from a single clone, the effects of randomness in the timing of cell division and noisiness in population size in the dilution stage. In our analyses and discussion, we emphasize the implications for experiments aimed at measuring diversity patterns and making inferences about population genetic processes based on these measurements.

Diversity of MIMO Linear Precoding

This paper studies multiple-input multiple-output linear precoding in the high-signal-to-noise-ratio regime under flat fading. The diversity at all fixed rates is analyzed for a number of linear precoders. The diversity-multiplexing tradeoffs (DMTs) are also obtained, discovering that for many linear precoders the DMT gives no direct insight into the intricate behavior of fixed-rate diversity. The zero-forcing (ZF), regularized ZF, matched filtering, and Wiener filtering precoders are analyzed. It is shown that regularized ZF (RZF) or matched filter (MF) suffers from error floors for all positive multiplexing gains. However, in the fixed rate regime, RZF and MF precoding achieve full diversity for spectral efficiencies up to a certain threshold and zero diversity at rates above it. When the regularization parameter in the RZF is optimized in the minimum mean square error sense, the structure is known as the Wiener precoder, which in the fixed-rate regime is shown to have diversity that depends not only on the number of antennas, but also on the spectral efficiency. The diversity in the presence of both precoding and equalization is also analyzed.

Factors Impacting the Control of Rabies.

Rabies is a classical zoonosis that has been known to man for ages. The disease can be caused by several viral species in the Lyssavirus genus, but the type species, rabies virus (RABV), is by far the most important from a zoonosis perspective. The extreme neurotropism of RABV and the evolutionarily conserved elements and structures of the mammalian brain suggest that this virus evolved an ultimate niche for replication, simultaneously exploiting classical social behavior of a wide diversity of hosts among the chiropters and carnivores. There is substantial evidence that RABV originated in bats and later switched hosts to yield globally disseminated canine rabies. Following the revolutionary work of Louis Pasteur, control and elimination of dog rabies was achieved in Europe, but widespread colonial introduction of European strains of dog RABV to other parts of the world occurred. Thus, dog rabies spread rapidly in the 1900s, and today the vast majority of the tens of thousands of annual human rabies cases stem from dog rabies, which has become endemic in the entire developing world. The fact that human rabies is preventable, through control in the dog reservoir on one hand and through effective prophylaxis in cases of exposure on the other hand, is an indictment of public health strategies and practices. This article discusses some of the drivers that have contributed to the recurrent neglect of rabies in the modern world, as well as evolving One Health-based rabies control partnerships and initiatives that have been progressive, productive, and promising of true global benefits.

Effective population size, genetic variation, and their relevance for conservation: the bighorn sheep in Tiburon Island and comparisons with managed artiodactyls.

The amount of genetic diversity in a finite biological population mostly depends on the interactions among evolutionary forces and the effective population size (N e) as well as the time since population establishment. Because the N e estimation helps to explore population demographic history, and allows one to predict the behavior of genetic diversity through time, N e is a key parameter for the genetic management of small and isolated populations. Here, we explored an N e-based approach using a bighorn sheep population on Tiburon Island, Mexico (TI) as a model. We estimated the current (N crnt) and ancestral stable (N stbl) inbreeding effective population sizes as well as summary statistics to assess genetic diversity and the demographic scenarios that could explain such diversity. Then, we evaluated the feasibility of using TI as a source population for reintroduction programs. We also included data from other bighorn sheep and artiodactyl populations in the analysis to compare their inbreeding effective size estimates. The TI population showed high levels of genetic diversity with respect to other managed populations. However, our analysis suggested that TI has been under a genetic bottleneck, indicating that using individuals from this population as the only source for reintroduction could lead to a severe genetic diversity reduction. Analyses of the published data did not show a strict correlation between H E and N crnt estimates. Moreover, we detected that ancient anthropogenic and climatic pressures affected all studied populations. We conclude that the estimation of N crnt and N stbl are informative genetic diversity estimators and should be used in addition to summary statistics for conservation and population management planning.

Analytical Derivation of Multiuser Diversity Gains with Opportunistic Spectrum Sharing in CR Systems

This paper investigates the multiuser diversity introduced by opportunistic user selection in cognitive radio (CR) networks, where multiple cognitive users request to access the spectral resources of the licensed (primary) user. We investigate a simple cognitive user selection strategy aiming at maximizing the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for a given power budget, under interference constraints to the primary. We study the statistics of the SINR at the cognitive receiver, and derive exact analytical expressions of its probability density function (PDF). We then analytically calculate the diversity gains introduced in the system due to the selection of one cognitive user amongst multiple candidates compared to the case when only one cognitive user exists and no selection occurs. Furthermore, we utilize the PDF of the SINR to predict the bit error rate (BER) of the selected cognitive user. Finally, the asymptotic behavior of the diversity gains for the low transmit power region of the primary and cognitive links, and as the number of candidate links becomes large is also investigated. All three multiaccess scenarios are investigated, namely multiple access channel (MAC), broadcast channel (BC) and parallel access channel (PAC), and the results show that the analytically derived expressions closely match simulated performance.

Diversity and Frequency of Clonal Traits Along Natural and Land-Use Gradients in Grasslands of the Swiss Alps

The frequency of clonal plants in different vegetation types is known to be influenced by environmental and land-use factors. However, the underlying behavior of individual clonal traits or clonal trait diversity has received little attention. Here, we assess for species- and trait-diverse grasslands of the Swiss Alps the relative importance of temperature, soil moisture, land use and species richness on the diversity and frequency of individual compared with all clonal traits. We further analyzed how cover-weighted data alters the relationships found with commonly used presence-absence data. We combined species compositional, land-use and environmental data from 236 28-m2 grassland plots with clonal trait information for 527 species following the Clonal Growth Organ (CGO) classification. Test results are based on linear models, ANOVAs and ANCOVAs. The grassland sites were 84% dominated by clonal species. Drought-prone grasslands harbored the least clonal species. No increase in clonality was detected with decreasing temperature (= altitude). Mown or pastured grasslands had more clonal species than fallows. Certain sets of traits were correlated. Rhizomatous species especially reacted strongly to climatic and land-use gradients and had highest frequencies in cold, moist and disturbed sites. Clonal diversity was strongly dependent on species richness. Cover-weighted and presence-absence based estimates were largely similar. Overall, our data outlined that common clonal traits react differently to natural and land-use gradients as well as differently to the sum of clonal traits. Also, soil moisture was more decisive than temperature (= altitude) for the presence of clonal species. Lastly, the strong correlation between species-richness and clonal trait diversity needs to be accounted for when interpreting the functional role of clonal traits.

Quantifying geomorphological heterogeneity to assess species diversity of set-aside arable land

The relationship between geomorphological habitat heterogeneity and species diversity was investigated on set-aside areas in arable land. The species assemblage of the studied set-aside areas had to be aggregated to groups of similar ecological behavior and indices of species diversity. Different methods of quantifying geomorphological habitat heterogeneity were tested, the relationship being investigated through regression and redundancy analysis. Two different sets of geomorphological data were used, one derived from already existing data bases like a digital elevation model and soil maps, the other also containing results from an investigation of the habitats. Significant relationships were found at different levels of data aggregation allowing for species diversity to be assessed based on geomorphological habitat heterogeneity.

A Theory of Diversity

How can diversity be measured? What does it mean to value biodiversity? Can we assist Noah in constructing his preferences? To address these questions, we propose a multi-attribute approach under which the diversity of a set of species is the sum of the values of all attributes possessed by some species in the set. We develop the basic intuitions and requirements for a theory of diversity and show that the multi-attribute approach satisfies them in a flexible yet tractable manner. A natural starting point is to think of the diversity of a set as an aggregate of the pairwise dissimilarities between its elements. The multi-attribute framework allows one to make this program formally precise. It is shown that the program can be realized if and only if the family of relevant attributes is well-ordered (“acyclic”). Moreover, there is a unique functional form aggregating dissimilarity into diversity, the length of a minimum spanning tree. Examples are taxonomic hierarchies and lines representing uni-dimensional qualities. In multi-dimensional settings, pairwise dissimilarity information among elements is insufficient to determine their diversity. By consequence, the qualitative and quantitative behavior of diversity differs fundamentally.