Behavior In Early Adulthood Research Articles

Weaving culture with consequence: Immigrant status and child maltreatment outcomes in early adulthood

BackgroundChild maltreatment is associated with a host of negative consequences over the life course, the most concerning of which is violence. Nevertheless, many abused and neglected youth do not grow up and commit violence. Meanwhile, research consistently finds an immigrant paradox, where foreign-born nativity is protective against a range of negative life outcomes. It may be that immigrants to the U.S. are more resilient to child maltreatment and less likely to engage in violence later in life. ObjectiveThis study contributes to the literature on victimization and the immigrant paradox by determining whether the effect of child maltreatment on later violence varies between immigrants and non-immigrants. Participants and settingThe present study uses a subsample of 964 foreign- and 12,808 native-born persons from Waves I and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. MethodsLogistic regression models are specified and interaction terms are used to determine moderating effects of immigrant status on the link between child maltreatment and later violence. ResultsFindings indicate that child maltreatment significantly increased the odds of violent behavior in early adulthood by nearly 64 %, and this result was not moderated by immigrant status. Supplemental analyses continued to show generality in maltreatment effects. ConclusionsThe idea that child maltreatment is less harmful among foreign-born persons, or that they are able to “bounce back” from this form of victimization due to their unique multicultural assets, is not evidenced here. Key policy implications include a need for culturally competent victim services.

Do adolescent trajectories of riding with an impaired driver and driving impaired predict similar behaviors in early adulthood?

BackgroundA recent study shows four trajectories of riding with an impaired driver (RWI) and driving while impaired (DWI) from adolescence to emerging adulthood. We examined prospective associations of adolescent RWI/DWI trajectory class with early adulthood RWI/DWI behavior. MethodsData were from the NEXT Generation Health Study (NEXT), a nationally representative longitudinal study (N = 2783) beginning with a 10th-grade cohort completing 7 annual assessment waves (W1–W7) between 2010 and 2016 and a later follow-up mixed methods study. Four RWI and DWI trajectories derived from a recently published latent class analysis study (RWI (last 12 months); DWI (last 30 days) dichotomized as ≥ once vs. none) were used: Abstainer, Escalator, Decliner, and Persister. In the follow-up examination, a purposive subsample (N = 105, 26.3 ± 0.5 y/o, Female 50.5%) of NEXT participants were selected by trajectory (31 Abstainers, 33 Escalators, 14 Decliners, and 27 Persisters) for in-depth interviews 4 years after NEXT. In interviews, self-reported RWI events (number of times) related to alcohol (Alc-RWI) or marijuana (MJ-RWI) use in the last 12 months, and DWI events (number of times) related to alcohol (Alc-DWI) & marijuana (MJ-DWI) use in January 2020 (pre-COVID pandemic) were collected using structured surveys. General linear models were used to examine associations of adolescents’ RWI/DWI trajectories with early adulthood RWI/DWI behavior, controlling for sex, health status, education attainment, and work hours. ResultsThe mean number (SD) of Alc-RWI and MJ-RWI events reported by Escalators (3.83(2.48), 2.43(2.77)) and Persisters (3.83(2.43), 3.57(2.54)) were higher (p≤0.05) than Abstainers (0.82(1.42), 0.77(2.04)) and Decliners (1.81 (2.69), 1.38 (2.04)). Similarly, Escalators (1.61 (2.28), 1.88(2.69)) and Persisters (1.96(2.08), 1.93(2.48)) reported more Alc-DWI and MJ-DWI events than Abstainers (0.18 (0.53), 0.42(1.38)) and Decliners (0.00 (0.00), 0.08(0.28)). Linear regression models indicated membership in Escalator and Persister classes compared to Abstainer class was associated (p≤0.01) with higher engagement in RWI/DWI in early adulthood. ConclusionAdolescents with escalating and persistent high RWI/DWI may continue these health risking behaviors into their mid-twenties. Decliners during the transition maintained low RWI/DWI into their mid-twenties. Taken together, these findings suggest that earlier reduction may have long-term effects. Our findings can be used to inform the precision tailoring of prevention efforts aimed at effectively reducing alcohol/drug impairment crash injuries and related deaths among those in early adulthood.

PERAN SELF-ESTEEM TERHADAP PERILAKU KONSUMTIF DENGAN KONFORMITAS SEBAGAI MEDIATOR PADA DEWASA AWAL PENGGUNA E-COMMERCE

Clothing can affect the level of self-confidence and self-esteem of individuals. This affects individual buying behavior, such as buying clothes and accessories to keep up with the latest fashion trends or it called consumptive behavior. Today's buying activities can be done easily, quickly, and anywhere through e-commerce. Trends that exist around individuals spread through several social groups. The existence of social groups also influence individuals in their behavior to adjust and want to be the same as them or also called conformity. Therefore, this study aims to determine the role of self-esteem on consumptive behavior with conformity as a mediator in early adult e-commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study had 235 research participants ranging in age from 18 to 28 years, domiciled in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok and Tangerang (Jabodetabek), and shopped using e-commerce applications within the last 3 months. Based on the results of the regression analysis of conformity, self-esteem and consumptive behavior, the results obtained are F value (2, 234) = 105,609, p = 0.000, R2 = 0.477 the results indicate that their is a significant role for conformity and self-esteem together by 47.7% towards consumptive behavior in early adulthood. Based on the results of the analysis of the role of conformity as a mediator, the results of the indirect effect of self-esteem on consumer behavior = 0.2622, BootLLCI = 0.2325, BootULCI = 0.3556, direct effects = .0805, LLCI = -.0154, ULCI = 0.1764. The results show that self-esteem affects consumptive behavior in early adulthood because it increases conformity.

A neurocognitive model of early onset persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood.

It remains unclear which functional and neurobiological mechanisms are associated with persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood. We reviewed the empirical literature and propose a neurocognitive social information processing model for early onset persistent and desistant antisocial behavior in early adulthood, focusing on how young adults evaluate, act upon, monitor, and learn about their goals and self traits. Based on the reviewed literature, we propose that persistent antisocial behavior is characterized by domain-general impairments in self-relevant and goal-related information processing, regulation, and learning, which is accompanied by altered activity in fronto-limbic brain areas. We propose that desistant antisocial development is associated with more effortful information processing, regulation and learning, that possibly balances self-relevant goals and specific situational characteristics. The proposed framework advances insights by considering individual differences such as psychopathic personality traits, and specific emotional characteristics (e.g., valence of social cues), to further illuminate functional and neural mechanisms underlying heterogenous developmental pathways. Finally, we address important open questions and offer suggestions for future research to improve scientific knowledge on general and context-specific expression and development of antisocial behavior in early adulthood.

Forms and Functions of Aggression in Young Adults: The Polish Modified Version of the Peer Conflict Scale

The goal of the present study was an initial validation of the Peer Conflict Scale (PCS) for Polish young adults (ages 18–30 years). The PCS measures two forms (overt and relational) and two functions (proactive and reactive) of aggression enabling multidimensional assessment of aggressive behavior in early adulthood. Study 1 (N =482) showed that the initially proposed 4-factor model provided the best fit for data, but the PCS required modifications which resulted in shortening of the measure. The modified version of the PCS was partially invariant by gender. Construct validity was examined through the analysis of gender differences and the investigation of the associations between forms and functions of aggression and emotion regulation strategies of cognitive reappraisal and emotion suppression. Study 2 (N = 220) confirmed the internal structure, reliability, convergent (by the examination of the associations with other measures of relational and overt aggression, and with the Dark Triad) and known-groups validity of the modified PCS. These initial results suggest that the modified PCS is a promising tool to assess aggression in young adults. However, there is a need of additional psychometric studies to further establish the internal structure and validity of this instrument.

Uncontrolled eating and sensation-seeking partially explain the prediction of future binge drinking from adolescent brain structure

Binge drinking behavior in early adulthood can be predicted from brain structure during early adolescence with an accuracy of above 70%. We investigated whether this accurate prospective prediction of alcohol misuse behavior can be explained by psychometric variables such as personality traits or mental health comorbidities in a data-driven approach.We analyzed a subset of adolescents who did not have any prior binge drinking experience at age 14 (IMAGEN dataset, n = 555, 52.61% female). Participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging at age 14, binge drinking assessments at ages 14 and 22, and psychometric questionnaire assessments at ages 14 and 22. We derived structural brain features from T1-weighted magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging. Using Machine Learning (ML), we predicted binge drinking (age 22) from brain structure (age 14) and used counterbalancing with oversampling to systematically control for 110 + variables from a wide range of social, personality, and other psychometric characteristics potentially associated with binge drinking. We evaluated if controlling for any variable resulted in a significant reduction in ML prediction accuracy.Sensation-seeking (-13.98 ± 1.68%), assessed via the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale at age 14, and uncontrolled eating (-13.98 ± 3.28%), assessed via the Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire at age 22, led to significant reductions in mean balanced prediction accuracy upon controlling for them. Thus, sensation-seeking and binge eating could partially explain the prediction of future binge drinking from adolescent brain structure.Our findings suggest that binge drinking and binge eating at age 22 share common neurobiological precursors discovered by the ML model. These neurobiological precursors seem to be associated with sensation-seeking at age 14. Our results facilitate early detection of increased risk for binge drinking and inform future clinical research in trans-diagnostic prevention approaches for adolescent alcohol misuse.

Impulsive Buying in Early Adulthood in Terms of Gender

Individuals, of course, must meet their needs to survive. Ways to meet needs can come in the form of buying something or creating something. Many daily shopping activities are based on something other than careful consideration. This is called impulse buying. The hypothesis in this study is that there are gender differences in impulse buying in early adulthood in Kupang City. The participants in this study were the people from Kupang City in their early adulthood who made purchases in Kupang City, a total of 400 respondents. The sampling technique used was random sampling. The data collection technique used the Impulsive Buying Tendency Scale (IBTS), which consisted of 16 items. Data analysis used the Mann-Whitney U-test. This study concluded that there was a significant difference in impulsive buying behavior in early adulthood in Kupang City in terms of gender, with the analysis of the average score of female impulsive purchases being greater than that of males with a significant level of 0.005.

Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and risk-taking behaviors in early adulthood

IntroductionPrevious studies show evidence for associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides with poorer childhood neurodevelopment. As children grow older, poorer cognition, executive function, and school performance can give rise to risk-taking behaviors, including substance abuse, delinquency, and violent acts. We investigated whether prenatal OP exposure was associated with these risk-taking behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood in a Mexican American cohort.MethodsWe measured urinary dialkyl phosphates (DAPs), non-specific metabolites of OPs, twice (13 and 26 weeks gestation) in pregnant women recruited in 1999–2000 in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, a birth cohort set in a primarily Latino agricultural community in the Salinas Valley, California. We followed up children throughout their childhood and adolescence; at the 18-year visit, adolescent youth (n = 315) completed a computer-based questionnaire which included questions about substance use, risky sexual activity, risky driving, and delinquency and police encounters. We used multivariable models to estimate associations of prenatal total DAPs with these risk-taking behaviors.ResultsThe prevalence of risk-taking behaviors in CHAMACOS youth ranged from 8.9% for smoking or vaping nicotine to 70.2% for committing a delinquent act. Associations of total prenatal DAPs (geometric mean = 132.4 nmol/L) with risk-taking behavior were generally null and imprecise. Isolated findings included a higher risk for smoking or vaping nicotine within the past 30 days (relative risk [RR] per 10-fold increase in prenatal DAPs = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.00, 3.56) and driving without a license (RR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.25, 2.42). There were no consistent differences by sex or childhood adversity.DiscussionWe did not find clear or consistent evidence for associations of prenatal OP exposure with risk-taking behaviors in adolescence/early adulthood in the CHAMACOS population. Our small sample size may have prevented us from detecting potentially subtle associations of early life OP exposure with these risk-taking behaviors.

Resisting aggression in social contexts: The influence of life-course persistent antisocial behavior on behavioral and neural responses to social feedback

Early adulthood has long been recognized as a potential turning point for the development of antisocial behavior, due to changes in social contexts and ongoing psychological and neurobiological maturation. However, it remains unclear how different developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior, their neural underpinnings, and individual differences in psychopathic traits may help explain the distinct developmental outcomes of individuals who persist in or desist from antisocial behavior in early adulthood - such as how they respond to others in social contexts. Therefore, in the current study, young adults (aged 18–30, 68% male) with a persistent or desistant antisocial trajectory (N = 54), as well as healthy controls (N = 39), completed the Social Network Aggression Task, during which they received positive, neutral, or negative feedback on a personal profile and got the opportunity to retaliate by blasting a loud noise. On a behavioral level, results indicated that in all groups, negative peer feedback evoked higher retaliatory aggression, compared to positive and neutral feedback. On a neural level, when receiving social feedback, individuals with persistent or desistent trajectories showed both similar and dissociable patterns of neural activity; desisting and persisting trajectory groups showed higher activity in the Insula, and the desisting trajectory group showed higher activity in dlPFC. Finally, when participants retaliated, they showed increased dlPFC and ACC activity following positive relative to neutral and negative feedback, where ACC activity correlated most strongly with inhibition of retaliatory responses in the desisting trajectory group. Together, these findings provide novel insights in dissociable patterns of brain activity that may increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying different developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior.

Late-Onset Behavioral and Synaptic Consequences of L-Type Ca2+ Channel Activation in the Basolateral Amygdala of Developing Rats.

Postnatal CNS development is fine-tuned to drive the functional needs of succeeding life stages; accordingly, the emergence of sensory and motor functions, behavioral patterns and cognitive abilities relies on a complex interplay of signaling pathways. Strictly regulated Ca2+ signaling mediated by L-type channels (LTCCs) is crucial in neural circuit development and aberrant increases in neuronal LTCC activity are linked to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. In the amygdala, a brain region that integrates signals associated with aversive and rewarding stimuli, LTCCs contribute to NMDA-independent long-term potentiation (LTP) and are required for the consolidation and extinction of fear memory. In vitro studies have elucidated distinct electrophysiological and synaptic properties characterizing the transition from immature to functionally mature basolateral subdivision of the amygdala (BLA) principal neurons. Further, acute increase of LTCC activity selectively regulates excitability and spontaneous synaptic activity in immature BLA neurons, suggesting an age-dependent regulation of BLA circuitry by LTCCs. This study aimed to elucidate whether early life alterations in LTCC activity subsequently affect synaptic strength and amygdala-dependent behaviors in early adulthood. In vivo intra-amygdala injection of an LTCC agonist at a critical period of postnatal neurodevelopment in male rat pups was used to examine synaptic plasticity of BLA excitatory inputs, expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) and glutamate receptors, as well as anxiety and social affiliation behaviors at a juvenile age. Results indicate that enhanced LTCC activity in immature BLA principal neurons trigger persistent changes in the developmental trajectory to modify membrane properties and synaptic LTP at later stages, concomitant with alterations in amygdala-related behavioral patterns.

Overfeeding during development induces temporally-dependent changes in areas controlling food intake in the brains of male Wistar rats

AimsWe sought to evaluate the effects of overfeeding during lactation on the feeding behavior and expression of specific regulatory genes in brain areas associated with food intake in 22- and 60-day old male rats. MethodsWe evaluated body weight, food intake of standard and palatable diet, and mRNA expression of dopamine receptor D1 (DDR1), dopamine receptor (DDR2), melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AGRP), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) transporter (SERT), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C receptor (5-HT2C), Clock (CLOK), cryptochrome protein 1 (Cry1) and period circadian protein homolog 2 (Per2) in the striatum, hypothalamus and brainstem of male rats at post-natal days (PND) 22 and 60. Key findingsOverfeeding resulted in significantly increased body weight through PND60, and a 2-fold increase in palatable food intake at PND22, but not at PND60. We observed significant increases in DDR1, DDR2, and MC4R gene expression in the striatum and brainstem and POMC/CART in the hypothalamus of the OF group at PND22 that were reversed by PND60. Hypothalamic levels of 5-HT1B, 5-HT2C and NPY/AGRP on the other hand were decreased at PND22 and increased at PND60 in OF animals. Clock genes were unaffected by OF at PND22, but were significantly elevated at PND60. SignificanceOverfeeding during early development of the rat brain results in obesity and altered feeding behavior in early adulthood. The altered behavior might be the consequence of the changes in food intake and reward gene expression.

Socialization processes within adolescents' relationships with parents and peers predicting couples' intimate partner violence in adulthood: A social learning perspective.

Previous studies have established that individual characteristics such as violent behavior, substance use, and high-risk sexual behavior, as well as negative relationships with parents and friends, are all risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV). In this longitudinal prospective study, we investigated whether violent behavior, substance use, and high-risk sexual behavior in early adulthood (ages 22-23 years) mediated the link between family conflict and coercive relationship talk with friends in adolescence (ages 16-17 years) and dyadic IPV in adulthood (ages 28-30 years). A total of 998 individuals participated in multimethod assessments, including observations of interactions with parents and friends. Data from multiple reporters were used for variables of interest including court records, parental and self-reports of violence, self-reports of high-sexual-risk behaviors and substance use, and self- and romantic partner-reports of IPV. Longitudinal mediation analyses showed that violent behavior during early adulthood mediated the link between coercive relationship talk with friends in adolescence and dyadic IPV in adulthood. No other mediation paths were found and there was no evidence of gender differences. Results are discussed with attention to the interpersonal socialization processes by which IPV emerges relative to individual risk factors.

Substance use behaviors in the daily lives of U.S. college students reporting recent use: The varying roles of romantic relationships

RationaleWhile the detrimental consequences of problematic substance use behaviors in early adulthood are well-documented, the interpersonal predictors of substance use in the naturalistic context of daily life are less known. MethodsUsing ecological momentary assessments to capture moments of binge drinking, marijuana use, nicotine use, and prescription misuse in everyday life, this study explored the romantic relationship contexts (status, quality, partner presence) of substance use among young adults (aged 18–21) attending a university in the Midwestern U.S. Between 2017 and 2019, 296 participants, who had endorsed recent substance use at screening for a larger study on prescription misuse, completed four reports per day for approximately 28 days, resulting in over 23,000 reports for this investigation. ResultsRelationship status, partner support, and partner presence in the moment were all associated with at least one type of substance use behavior. Generalized multilevel models indicated that partnered participants engaged in less marijuana use, nicotine use, and prescription misuse in daily life compared to single participants. Higher partner support predicted less binge drinking, yet also predicted higher nicotine use and prescription misuse. When with a romantic partner in daily life, partnered participants were more likely to engage in binge drinking and marijuana use, and less likely to misuse prescription drugs. Nicotine use was more likely when with a partner, but only if partner support was high. ConclusionsFindings highlight the intricate links between interpersonal contexts and substance behaviors and indicate supportive relationships are not universally protective against substance use among this population.

Irreversible Primary Visual Cortex Impairment in a Mouse Model of High-Risk Schizophrenia.

PurposeAlthough visual deficits can be observed at any stage of schizophrenia, few studies have focused on visual cortex alterations in individuals at high risk of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the pathological changes of the primary visual cortex in a prenatal mouse model of MK801-induced high-risk schizophrenia.MethodsThe high-risk schizophrenia model was generated by MK801 injection into pregnant mice. The male offspring without schizophrenia-like behaviors in early adulthood were defined as the high-risk mouse model of schizophrenia (HRMMS) and divided into two groups. One HRMMS group received the antipsychotic agent risperidone beginning at postnatal week 4 and another group did not receive any treatment. After treatment for 4 weeks, in vivo two-photon calcium imaging was performed to characterize the primary visual cortex activity. The novel object recognition test and the prepulse inhibition apparatus test were also implemented to assess the cognitive and behavioral performance, respectively.ResultsBoth groups of HRMMS mice, with or without antipsychotic treatment, had decreased neuronal calcium activity, demonstrating primary visual cortex impairment. More notably, antipsychotic treatment did not normalize the impaired neuronal activities in the primary visual cortex. Correspondingly, the treatment did not improve the cognitive or behavioral impairment.ConclusionVisual cortex impairment might be a prominent feature of individuals at high risk of schizophrenia that cannot be normalized by early treatment with antipsychotic medication, indicating the presence of independent regulatory pathways for visual perception disturbance in schizophrenia. Thus, visual system impairment in schizophrenic patients must be further studied.

The links between religiousness and prosocial behaviors in early adulthood: The mediating roles of media exposure preferences and empathic tendencies

ABSTRACT We examined the links among religiousness, prosocial and violent media exposure preferences, empathic tendencies, and prosocial behaviors in early adulthood. Participants were U.S. college students (N = 324; M age = 19.5 years; 79.6% Women). While young adults’ religiousness was not associated with prosocial media exposure preferences, it was negatively related to violent movie and Internet exposure preferences. In turn, violent movie exposure preference was negatively related to prosocial behaviors through perspective taking and empathic concern. Prosocial movie exposure preference was positively linked to prosocial behaviors. Moreover, religiousness was related to young adults’ prosocial behavior via empathic concern. Discussion focuses on religiousness, media exposure preferences, and empathic tendencies in understanding young adults’ prosocial behaviors.

Constellations of youth criminogenic factors associated with young adult violent criminal behavior

This study identified constellations of childhood risk factors associated with violent criminal behavior in early adulthood. Police data were used to sample violent and nonviolent offenders from a population of young adult males with a history of juvenile probation. Risk factors were retrieved from their juvenile probation files. A single classification tree analysis organized these into a decision tree for violent criminal behavior with good predictive accuracy. Two constellations of risk factors were associated with a high risk of violent criminal behavior. The first consisted of juvenile delinquents who had been moderately involved with criminal peers, who had committed offenses under the influence of drugs, and who came from a dysfunctional family. The second was characterized by having been severely involved with criminal peers and having had criminal family members. Presenting with depressive symptoms in childhood was associated with a low risk of violent criminal behavior. These constellations bear clinical importance as they provide targets for personalized interventions.

Paroxetine can improve primary visual cortex activity in a high-risk mouse model of schizophrenia

Visual cortex functional deficits can be observed in schizophrenia patients and in individuals at high risk of schizophrenia. However, to date, few studies have investigated methods to improve these functional deficits. This study aimed to investigate the pathological change in the primary visual cortex of a prenatal MK-801-induced high-risk mouse model of schizophrenia (HRMMS) and to test the effect of paroxetine on visual cortex activity. Pregnant mice were given a systemic injection of MK-801, and male offspring that did not present schizophrenia-like behaviors in early adulthood were defined as HRMMS. Some of the HRMMS mice were treated with pharmacological agents beginning at 4 weeks of age. After 4 weeks of treatment with risperidone and/or paroxetine, two-photon calcium imaging was performed to analyze the primary visual cortex activity. The sucrose preference test and the prepulse inhibition (PPI) apparatus test were used to assess the cognitive and behavioral performance. HRMMS mice with or without risperidone treatment had impairments in the primary visual cortex as observed by reduced neuronal calcium activity. Risperidone plus paroxetine and paroxetine alone treatments increased the neuronal calcium activity in the primary visual cortex. Notably, the neuronal calcium activity was higher in mice treated with paroxetine alone. Treatment with paroxetine alone also improved the cognitive and behavioral performance better than treatment with risperidone plus paroxetine. Our pioneering animal model showed that treatment with paroxetine alone improves visual cortex impairments in HRMMS mice better than treatment with risperidone plus paroxetine, indicating that antipsychotics cannot normalize visual cortex impairments.

Moving Upstream: The Effect of Tobacco Clean Air Restrictions on Educational Inequalities in Smoking Among Young Adults.

Education affords a range of direct and indirect benefits that promote longer and healthier lives and stratify health lifestyles. We use tobacco clean air policies to examine whether policies that apply universally-interventions that bypass individuals' unequal access and ability to employ flexible resources to avoid health hazards-have an effect on educational inequalities in health behaviors. We test theoretically informed but competing hypotheses that these policies either amplify or attenuate the association between education and smoking behavior. Our results provide evidence that interventions that move upstream to apply universally regardless of individual educational attainment-here, tobacco clean air policies-are particularly effective among young adults with the lowest levels of parental or individual educational attainment. These findings provide important evidence that upstream approaches may disrupt persistent educational inequalities in health behaviors. In doing so, they provide opportunities to intervene on behaviors in early adulthood that contribute to disparities in morbidity and mortality later in the life course. These findings also help assuage concerns that tobacco clean air policies increase educational inequalities in smoking by stigmatizing those with the fewest resources.

Temperament, childhood illness burden, and illness behavior in early adulthood.

Illness behaviors-or responses to bodily symptoms-predict individuals' recovery and functioning; however, there has been little research on the early life personality antecedents of illness behavior. This study's primary aims were to evaluate (a) childhood temperament traits (i.e., emotionality and sociability) as predictors of adult illness behaviors, independent of objective health; and (b) adult temperament traits for mediation of childhood temperament's associations. Participants included 714 (53% male; 350 adoptive family and 364 control family) children and siblings from the Colorado Adoption Project (CAP; Plomin & DeFries, 1983). Structural regression analyses evaluated paths from childhood temperament to illness behavior (i.e., somatic complaints, sick days, and medication use) at two adulthood assessments (CAP years 21 and 30). Analyses controlled for participant age, sex, family type (adoptive or control), adopted status, parent education/occupation, and middle childhood illnesses, doctor visits, and life events stress. Latent illness behavior factors were established across 2 adulthood assessments. Multilevel path analyses revealed that higher emotionality (fearfulness) in adulthood-but not childhood temperament-predicted higher levels of illness behavior at both assessments. Lastly, lower emotionality-fearfulness partially mediated the effect of higher childhood sociability on adult illness behavior. Results suggest the importance of childhood illness experiences and adult emotionality (fearfulness) in shaping illness behavior in early adulthood. They also suggest a small, protective role of childhood sociability on reduced trait fearfulness in adulthood. These findings broaden our understanding of the prospective links between temperament and illness behavior development, suggesting distinct associations from early life illness experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The Development of Romantic Partner Involvement and Tolerance of Deviance among Juvenile Offenders: Relevance for Offending Behaviors in Early Adulthood

ABSTRACT This study sought to elucidate heterogeneity in developmental patterns of romantic relationship characteristics and examine the relevance of patterns for predicting offending in adulthood. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to elucidate trajectory groups describing developmental heterogeneity of odds of having a romantic partner and romantic partners’ tolerance of deviance. Poisson regression was used to estimate the effects of group assignments for predicting offending. Three- and four-group models best fit the romantic partner characteristics data. Consistently high odds of having a romantic partner and consistently seeking partners with high tolerance for deviance was associated with greater offending frequency in adulthood.