Beginning Of Years Research Articles

Holistic, Long-Term Management of People with Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis with Cladribine Tablets: Expert Opinion from France.

Cladribine tablets (CladT) has been available for therapeutic use in France since March 2021 for the management of highly active relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). This high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy (DMT) acts as an immune reconstitution therapy. In contrast to most high-efficacy DMTs, which act via continuous immunosuppression, two short courses of oral treatment with CladT at the beginning of years 1 and 2 of treatment provide long-term control of MS disease activity in responders to treatment, without the need for any further pharmacological treatment for several years. Although the labelling for CladT does not provide guidance beyond the initial treatment courses, real-world data on the therapeutic use of CladT from registries of previous clinical trial participants and patients treated in routine practice indicate that MS disease activity is controlled for a period of years beyond this time for a substantial proportion of patients. Moreover, this clinical experience has provided useful information on how to initiate and manage treatment with CladT. In this article we, a group of expert neurologists from France, provide recommendations on the initiation of CladT in DMT-naïve patients, how to switch from existing DMTs to CladT for patients with continuing MS disease activity, how to manage patients during the first 2years of treatment and finally, how to manage patients with or without MS disease activity in years 3, 4 and beyond after initiating treatment with CladT. We believe that optimisation of the use of CladT beyond its initial courses of treatment will maximise the benefits of this treatment, especially early in the course of MS when suppression of focal inflammation in the CNS is a clinical priority to limit MS disease progression.

Improving Competency in Safe Patient Handling Through Online Learning Beyond the Classroom: A Longitudinal Study.

Safe patient handling is intrinsic in health care provision, yet education in the skills required for safe patient handling is inconsistently delivered, with limited evidence that traditional face-to-face training reduces risk. To assess the long-term effectiveness of replacing annual practical handling updates with an online training system, combined with competency assessment of skill and safety. Quasi-experimental longitudinal 3-yr study to track practical people handling skill development among undergraduate occupational therapy students. All participants had access to a multimedia online training system (that replaced tutor-led practical training), used in combination with annual competency evaluations to measure skills and safety in four people handling tasks. All competency assessment took place on site in the School of Health and Society, University of Salford (Salford, United Kingdom). Undergraduate BSc(Hons) occupational therapy students (N = 243). Outcomes and Measures: Participants attended individual 45-min competency evaluations at three data collection points: beginning of Years 2 and 3 and end of Year 3. Data were collected by trained assessors using a competency assessment tool. Results demonstrate significant increases in skill level for sit-to-stand and repositioning in the chair (p < .05) and for hoisting and slide sheet maneuvers (p < .0001). Participants achieved 100% safety scores for repositioning in the chair and hoisting. Students using the online system performed significantly better than students receiving traditional annual practical updates, providing an evidence base to reduce tutor-led training hours while increasing skill and safety levels using a combination of the online system and competency assessment. What This Article Adds: This approach was found to reinforce safe handling techniques and increase independence, competency, and safety of service users and caregivers working in health and social care environments while reducing time spent delivering annual people handling updates. The findings support replacement of face-to-face training updates, particularly in the current climate of social distancing.

STRENGTHENING THE FUNCTION OF IMMIGRATION AS A COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FACILITATOR IN STRATEGIC PLAN OF THE DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION YEAR 2020-2024

Year 2020 is the beginning of years for The Directorate General of Immigration to start its strategic planning for the next 5 (five) years compiled as document of Directorate General of Strategic Plan of 2020-2024. The Directorate General's Strategic Plan comply The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights Strategic Plan which sets to document of RPJMN-IV determined in accordance to the Vision and Mission of the Elected President. Reflected by the Vision, Mission and also the Government's Strategic/ National Priorities for the next 5 (five) years, President Jokowi hoped for development acceleration especially in aspects of human resource and regional development. Some methods are by inviting as much investment as possible and implementing bureaucratic reforms in governance. Sinergyzing with the Vision of the President, the Directorate General of Immigration formulated the direction with a change in its focus. Formerly, in year 2015-2015, focus of immigration policies are to strengthen immigration public service and law enforcement while for the next 5 years the focus is aimed to be slightly change to the effort to strengthen state security and facilitate public welfare development. Therefore this paper will describe efforts planned to be taken to strengthen immigration function as facilitator of public welfare development. Based on the description as mentioned before, the Research Question for this paper is : “How will the function of immigration as the facilitator of public welfare development will be directed in the strategic planning of the Directorate General of Immigration for 2020-2024?". The aim is to study and analyze immigration policy and its strategic objectives. This study uses descriptive qualitative method with the using of primary and secondary data gathered by the author.

Construction of Legal Norm on Reporting of Multiple Positions for Foreign Workers

Year 2020 is the beginning of years for The Directorate General of Immigration to start its strategic planning for the next 5 (five) years compiled as document of Directorate General of Strategic Plan of 2020-2024. The Directorate General's Strategic Plan comply The Ministry of Justice and Human Rights Strategic Plan which sets to document of RPJMN-IV determined in accordance to the Vision and Mission of the Elected President. Reflected by the Vision, Mission and also the Government's Strategic/ National Priorities for the next 5 (five) years, President Jokowi hoped for development acceleration especially in aspects of human resource and regional development. Some methods are by inviting as much investment as possible and implementing bureaucratic reforms in governance. Sinergyzing with the Vision of the President, the Directorate General of Immigration formulated the direction with a change in its focus. Formerly, in year 2015-2015, focus of immigration policies are to strengthen immigration public service and law enforcement while for the next 5 years the focus is aimed to be slightly change to the effort to strengthen state security and facilitate public welfare development. Therefore this paper will describe efforts planned to be taken to strengthen immigration function as facilitator of public welfare development. Based on the description as mentioned before, the Research Question for this paper is : “How will the function of immigration as the facilitator of public welfare development will be directed in the strategic planning of the Directorate General of Immigration for 2020-2024?". The aim is to study and analyze immigration policy and its strategic objectives. This study uses descriptive qualitative method with the using of primary and secondary data gathered by the author.

Long-term effectiveness in patients previously treated with cladribine tablets: a real-world analysis of the Italian multiple sclerosis registry (CLARINET-MS).

Background:The CLARINET-MS study assessed the long-term effectiveness of cladribine tablets by following patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Italy, using data from the Italian MS Registry.Methods:Real-world data (RWD) from Italian MS patients who participated in cladribine tablets randomised clinical trials (RCTs; CLARITY, CLARITY Extension, ONWARD or ORACLE-MS) across 17 MS centres were obtained from the Italian MS Registry. RWD were collected during a set observation period, spanning from the last dose of cladribine tablets during the RCT (defined as baseline) to the last visit date in the registry, treatment switch to other disease-modifying drugs, date of last Expanded Disability Status Scale recording or date of the last relapse (whichever occurred last). Time-to-event analysis was completed using the Kaplan–Meier (KM) method. Median duration and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated from the model.Results:Time span under observation in the Italian MS Registry was 1–137 (median 80.3) months. In the total Italian patient population (n = 80), the KM estimates for the probability of being relapse-free at 12, 36 and 60 months after the last dose of cladribine tablets were 84.8%, 66.2% and 57.2%, respectively. The corresponding probability of being progression-free at 60 months after the last dose was 63.7%. The KM estimate for the probability of not initiating another disease-modifying treatment at 60 months after the last dose of cladribine tablets was 28.1%, and the median time-to-treatment change was 32.1 (95% CI 15.5–39.5) months.Conclusion:CLARINET-MS provides an indirect measure of the long-term effectiveness of cladribine tablets. Over half of MS patients analysed did not relapse or experience disability progression during 60 months of follow-up from the last dose, suggesting that cladribine tablets remain effective in years 3 and 4 after short courses at the beginning of years 1 and 2.

ANALISIS PENGARUH KEBIJAKAN KEUANGAN DAN TATA KELOLA TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN INDUSTRI MANUFAKTUR YANG TERCATAT DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE TAHUN

ABSTRACT&#x0D; The development of Syariah Banking system in Indonesia in several years is fast enough, based on the data in the beginning of years 2015, which is profitably in 198,25 (Billion) IDR was increased to 258,10 Billion) IDR for September 2016, it is assumed to increased in 30,19 %. The profit was taken from three Syariah Banking system (202,76 (Billion) IDR with 78,56 % market share), while the comparative of Syariah banking system toward conventional banking system is 29,518 (Billion) IDR that has just reached 0,87 %. The market share is increased 0.07 % compared with September 2015 that is 0,80 %. There is anfluctuative increasing until 2016. This research aims at finding out : (1) the share holding is positively and significantly influencing toward the Mudarabah deposit, (2) the level of money interest is negatively and significantly toward the Mudarabah deposit. Data of this research is taken from the monthly report of PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia and Indonesian Bank (BI). The data analyzed by using multiple regression method.&#x0D; This research is a case study at PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia Tbk. The study population is the Financial statement and balance sheet of PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia and data that is taken from Indonesian Bank (BI) about Mudarabah deposit, the level of share holding and the level of money interest during 2016-2018. Variables which are explored in this research includes the share holding, the level of money interest and Mudarabah deposit. Data was collected by using documentation.&#x0D; The result of this research has shown us that there is a positive and significant influence from the level of share holding and the level of money interest of Mudarabah deposit. The level of money interest has a negative and significant influence toward the Mudarabah deposit.

Pharmacy Students’ Perceptions of Reflective Portfolios and their Effect on Students’ Deep Information-Processing Skills

Objective. To evaluate pharmacy students' perceptions of the educational value of reflective portfolio and to gain an understanding of the factors that might influence these perceptions. Methods. Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) students' perceptions of using reflective portfolios were evaluated by administering the same questionnaire at the beginning of years 2, 3 and 4 of the curriculum. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the differences among the perception scores of different academic years. Semi-structured interviews were completed with fourth-year students to further explore their experiences with the reflective portfolio. Students' deep information processing (DIP) skills were compared with those of students from another pharmacy cohort whose curriculum did not include a reflective portfolio. Results. The students' perceptions of the reflective portfolio improved significantly as they progressed from year 2 to year 4 of the curriculum. The factors that contributed to a positive experience were a clear understanding of objectives and guidelines for the reflective portfolio, useful mentor feedback, a positive learning attitude and motivation, and having a user-friendly technology platform for submission of the portfolio. The students' DIP skills after completing the reflective portfolio were higher than those of students who did not have a reflective portfolio assignment in their curriculum. Conclusion. Pharmacy students' appreciation of the educational value of a reflective portfolio increased as they progressed to their final year, and their DIP skills improved. These findings support the use of a reflective portfolio as a learning tool for BPharm students' personal and professional development.

Uluru statement

From every State and Territory of Australia, including the islands of the Torres Strait over 200 delegates gathered at the 2017 First Nations National Constitutional Convention in Uluru, which has stood on Anangu Pitjantjatjara country in the Northern Territory since time immemorial, to discuss the issue of constitutional recognition. Delegates agreed that tokenistic recognition would not be enough, and that recognition bearing legal substance must stand, with the possibility to make multiple treaties between Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders and the Commonwealth Government of Australia. In this paper, we look at the roadmap beyond such a potential change. We make the case for a redistributive approach to capital, and propose key outcomes for social reconstruction, should a voice to parliament, a Makarrata[1] Commission and multiple treaties be enabled through a successful referendum. We conclude that an alteration of the Commonwealth Constitution (Cth) is the preliminary overture of a suite of changes: the constitutional change itself is not the end of the road, but simply the beginning of years of legal change, which seeks provide a socio-economic future for Australia’s First Peoples, and the oldest continuing cultures in the world. Constitutional change seeks to transform the discourse about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander relations with the Australian state from one centred on distributive justice to one that is primarily informed by retributive justice. This paper concerns the future generations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, and their right to labour in a market that honours their cultural contributions to humanity at large.&#x0D; &#x0D; [1] Yolŋu ceremony for coming together after a struggle.

977. An Innovative 3-Year Medical Student Spiral Curriculum in Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infectious Diseases

BackgroundBy 2050, infections due antimicrobial-resistant organisms are predicted to account for 10 million deaths/year worldwide. Physician antibiotic prescribing patterns are a significant factor in the development of antibiotic resistance organisms. Early, continual, and integrated medical student education may help students develop a framework for responsible antimicrobial use as they develop prescribing patterns.MethodsWe designed a spiral antimicrobial stewardship curriculum (defined as revisiting the same concept but with increasing complexity) for medical students in years 2–4. Data provided by the Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) administered by the US Association of American Colleges were used. We compared student responses during the curriculum rollout in 2013–2015 between students at our institution and other schools. We also surveyed graduating seniors in 2015 about antimicrobial stewardship training.ResultsUsing GQ data for the class of 2013 (preintervention), a similar proportion of UCSF medical students compared with other US medical students rated microbiology clinical preparation as excellent (43.6% vs. 45.1%, P > 0.20). For the 2014 class, we developed interactive case-based sessions at the beginning of years 3 and 4. After this first intervention, a higher proportion of UCSF students rated the microbiology clinical preparation as excellent (51.3%) compared with responses at all schools (39.8%, odds ratio [OR] 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–2.3, P = 0.013). For the class of 2015, we added content during the medicine clerkship and 1 week before graduation. For the 2015 class, an even higher proportion of UCSF students rated microbiology preparation as excellent (57.6%), compared with all schools (41.2%, OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.54–3.22, P < 0.0001). From our survey, 88% were very or extremely satisfied with antimicrobial stewardship training.ConclusionA spiral curriculum focusing on antimicrobial stewardship and infectious diseases increases student perception of clinical preparation prior to graduation. As the curriculum was incrementally introduced, students’ knowledge increased indicating a dose–response pattern. Based on these positive results, we plan to introduce more content throughout UME, and link to curriculum for GME and practicing clinicians.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Living with Chronic Pain and Addiction.

Living with Chronic Pain and Addiction Ken Start I was living a nightmare. A non-stop nightmare that pulled me into a black vortex of a never-ending feeling of hopelessness. This was my life of addiction to opiates. My addiction began with a serious auto accident in 1991. That accident caused a broken back, and the beginning of years of exams, tests, surgeries and medications. Medications that I fell in love with. My first experience with Vicodin brought me an inner pleasure I could not compare to anything else in my life. I became addicted and went from Vicodin to stronger medications in a short period of time. I had a shopping list of opiates I depended on for my existence. My addiction had taken over my life [End Page 198] and I went from a working young father one day to a numb, obsessed addict the next. At 54 years old, I have had 18 back-related surgeries including having stainless steel hardware put into my spine, pain pumps, pain stimulators and several other back surgeries. I have been through eight drug and alcohol related rehabilitation centers all due to my deadly addiction to opiates, drugs and alcohol. Addiction and chronic pain took me to places that were dark, scary and hopeless. My addiction may have started due to the back injury, however I used more and more drugs due to my addiction than the need for pain relief. Opiates may have made the pain a bit better at first, but after a while it did not help much and I was just taking it for my own selfish reasons. After15 years of addiction, my life was saved by medical professionals who cared enough to walk beside me and care enough to hold me accountable for my own destructive behaviors and actions. A local doctor finally sat me down and told me I was an addict. He said that if I didn't make a change, I would not be alive much longer. His recommendation was for me to go to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota to be evaluated for my back and addiction issues. I took the trip the following day and was blessed to be admitted for evaluations. I was seen, evaluated and placed in the Mayo Clinic Pain Rehabilitation Out-Patient Clinic for four weeks. Attending PRC gave me the opportunity to meet others like myself. These were people who lived in chronic pain and had had no success in finding a cure. As I attended this program I learned new techniques on how to live with chronic pain. Techniques such as bio-feedback, relaxation, deep breathing, appropriate exercise, cognitive therapies, sleep hygiene, time control and moderation. I slowly learned how to utilize these techniques in my daily schedule and to depend on new ways to live with the pain. While at Mayo Clinic Pain Rehabilitation Clinic, it was decided that my medications would be decreased and my internal dilaudid pain pump would be turned off. As an addict, this was a terrifying thought. However, after speaking with the medical professionals I had built a trust with, I agreed to go through with their plan. Over the next few days and weeks they turned my pump down until it was completely off and decreased my oral medications to nearly none. This was unchartered ground for me and I began to go through withdrawals. I was very sick due to my body's dependence on these drugs. However, I began to come out of the cloud of withdrawal and feel better. This was the first time I had been nearly drug free in many years and I felt as though I might have a future worth living. Addiction to opiates had taken my life, my family, my friends, my faith, and my happiness. Instead I had been filled with depression, mental pain, suicidal thoughts and idealization, and a darkness I could not escape. Now for the first time in a very long time I had hope and was living life using the techniques I was taught at Mayo Clinic Pain Rehabilitation Clinic. After my four-week stay at PRC, I was referred to the Mayo...

The Power of Proteus: Great Britain, South Africa, and the Simonstown Agreements, 1948-1955

In 1955, the governments of the Union of South African and the United Kingdom exchanged three letters known as the Simonstown Agreements which transferred the Royal Navy Base at Simonstown to the Union, affirmed British responsibility for the defense of the Cape sea routes, and committed South Africa to the purposes of imperial defense in Africa and the Middle East. The Simonstown Agreements were an historical milestone: the conclusion of an era of cooperation between South Africa and Britain and the beginning of years of disagreement. This thesis traces the evolution of the negotiations up to their successful conclusion and seeks to uncover the policies inside the councils of government of both countries that made the Agreements possible. The negotiations and final Exchange of Letters are assessed within the context of the political and economic conditions of both countries as well as their relations with each other. Written in 1985, the author was the first historian to review the diplomatic papers upon their release in that year by the Public Records Office in the UK. The author takes the view, counter to the prevailing wisdom at the time, that the Simonstown Agreements were not a further ‘nail in the coffin’ of the British Empire, but rather, in that they allowed for the Royal Navy to retake the base in time of war, as a fair deal for both nations.

Socio Economical Effects of Migration in Geographical Migration of Bathore

After years 1990 the peripheral area of Tirana was affected by a massive interior migration, a fast, abusive and uncontrolled by the state structures. This fact found the local authoritative unprepared to arrange such an enormous number of people so the consequences were a lot and consecutive, serious, a part of them irreparable and with negative effects. We are in front of a wild urbanization which except others has misused and consumed the physical geographical space. And this as a result of a very fast pace of development happened to this area at the beginning of years ’90 which still continues though not in the same rhythm. This because of fast developments this area had at the beginning of years ’90 which still continue today though not at the same pace. The real representative of these big changes is Bathore which has lived an overall development of a high rhythm transforming from a village completely unknown to a phenomena that represents the uncontrolled and problematic urbanization of the main Albanian cities. Even the nowadays developments of this area form one more argument that testify for developments between suburb and urban zones of this area. The large immigration to this area, related to the lack of legislation allowed the population of this area and its construction without applying the minimum infrastructure requirements and out of any rule. This chaotic establishment was followed by social-economic and environmental problems which are still worrying for this analyzed area. Bathore is a bad example of misusing geographical area for which professional surveys, debates, multidisciplinary discussions must be made on purpose that such developments will not be repeated in the future. These surveys are not totally absent and some of them are even associated with interventions in improvement of situation in one part of Bathore, aiming in continue its integration as a whole into urban area. This paper aims to analyze the actual demographic, social-economical and environmental developments not only to make evident the changes of urban and rural changes in comparative view. This comparative analysis attempts to identify problems but also highlight the features of urban and rural development by identifying future trends that are particularly important in planning development strategies. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n3p209

The Affordable Care Act Employer Mandate Cases: Regulation versus Conscience on its Way to the United States Supreme Court

Although the United States Supreme Court decided the ‘Obamacare case’ to great fanfare in June 2012, 8 months later it is clear that the Court has by no means seen the last of the challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Indeed, the Justices’ opinions in that case signalled that they knew there would be additional challenges to the Act. Their November 2012 decision to grant, vacate, and remand a petition raising a number of additional challenges to various parts of the Act served as further confirmation that NFIB v Sebelius was only the beginning of years of litigation concerning the Act. This commentary focuses on one slice of that litigation that is almost certain to reach the Supreme Court: the conflict between regulation and conscience

Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Among Men With Isolated High-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia Enrolled Onto a 3-Year Prospective Phase III Clinical Trial of Oral Toremifene

Prostate cancer (PCa) prevention remains an appealing strategy for the reduction of overtreatment and secondary adverse effects. We evaluated the efficacy of toremifene citrate 20 mg in PCa prevention among men with isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) on biopsy. One thousand five hundred ninety men with HGPIN, or HGPIN and atypia, and no PCa on prostate biopsy were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive toremifene citrate 20 mg or placebo in a 3-year phase III, double-blind, multicenter trial. Men underwent annual biopsy until cancer detection or study end. Efficacy analysis was performed in 1,467 men who underwent at least one on-study biopsy. Baseline risk factors were evaluated to determine influence on cancer detection. Cancer was detected in 34.7% and 32.3% of men in the placebo and treatment groups, respectively, with no observed difference (P = .39, log-rank test) in PCa-free survival. The 3-year Kaplan-Meier PCa-free survival estimate was 54.9% (99% CI, 43.3% to 66.5%) in the placebo group and 59.5% (99% CI, 48.1% to 70.9%) in the treatment group. Exploration of baseline risk factors demonstrated no subset in which a risk reduction was observed. In the placebo group, 17.9%, 12.9%, and 13.6% of men at risk at the beginning of years 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were diagnosed with PCa. Although toremifene 20 mg did not lower the PCa detection rate, men with isolated HGPIN have a high likelihood of eventual PCa diagnosis, demonstrating they are ideal candidates for inclusion in chemoprevention trials and require surveillance by periodic prostate biopsy.

Short communication: Relationship between herd intramammary infection incidence and elimination rate during the dry period

The objective of the study was to explore the relationship between herd dry period (DP) intramammary infection (IMI) incidence and elimination rates. A cohort of 91 Canadian dairy herds was recruited and followed in 2007 and 2008. Universal dry cow therapy was widely adopted among the participating herds. At the beginning of years 2007 and 2008, a sample of 15 cows was selected in each herd. A series of quarter-milk samples consisting of 2 predry and 2 postcalving samples were collected on each quarter of these 30 cows. Milk samples were analyzed using routine bacteriological milk culture, and predry and postcalving IMI statuses of these quarters were established using parallel interpretation of the 2 predry and 2 postcalving tests, respectively. Intramammary infection status was defined as IMI by Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), or Corynebacterium spp. Incidence and elimination rates of DP IMI were computed for each herd. Lowess curves and linear regression were used to investigate the association between DP IMI incidence and elimination rates. Significant negative associations were found between incidence and elimination rates of Staph. aureus and CNS. The relationship between incidence and elimination rates was nonlinear for CNS, with a relatively strong negative relationship between DP IMI incidence and elimination rates for herds with relatively low DP IMI incidence (<0.10 new IMI/quarter-month). For herds with higher DP IMI incidence (≥0.10 new IMI/quarter-month), a weaker negative relationship was observed between rates. No significant associations could be seen between DP incidence and elimination rates of streptococci other than Strep. agalactiae and of Corynebacterium spp. These results suggest that, conversely to the general belief, acquisition of new IMI and elimination of existing IMI during the DP may be driven, at least for staphylococci, by common mechanisms. The use of management strategies that would lead to the selection of pathogens less well adapted to the host could explain the associations observed between acquisition and elimination of IMI over the DP.

UMA VERSÃO CATÓLICA PARA A HISTÓRIA DO BRASIL NOS ANOS 1930

This article analyzes the Historia do Brasil of the Jonathas Serrano produced at the beginning of years 1930, moment that the brazilian historiography started to gain a new route with publications of Caio Prado Junior, Gilberto Freyre and Sergio Buarque de Holanda. The work has as objective to give one aspect of the participation of the activist catholic, escolanovista, professor of History of the Colegio Pedro II and member of the Instituto Historico e Geografico Brasileiro in the process of reinvention History as a scholar discipline for the secondary course in Brazil.

Emerging From Schizophrenia

Emerging From Schizophrenia