Beginning Of Smoking Research Articles

Comparative analysis of the prevalence of smoking and consumption of nicotine-containing products and their risk factors among students of medical and technical universities of Saint Petersburg based on data from the PROTECT study

BACKGROUND: Taking into account the importance of quitting smoking of any nicotine-containing products by young people in various social groups, a comparative analysis of the prevalence of smoking tobacco and nicotine-containing products among students of medical and technical universities in St. Petersburg was carried out. AIM: To compare the prevalence and structure of consumption of tobacco and nicotine-containing products, as well as the smoking behavior of students at medical and technical universities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional cross-sectional study of a random sample of student groups included 1,105 respondents. RESULTS: The prevalence of tobacco smoking among students at a technical university was 2 times higher than at a medical university (p 0.01). Cigarette smoking was also more often noted at the onset of smoking among engineering students and in their families (p 0.05). 17.2% of North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov students and 14.2% of Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI” named after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) students consume nicotine-containing products. Men from the medical university smoke cigarettes significantly more often than women, or use nicotine-containing products, as well as a combination of both. No similar gender differences were found at the technical university. Female doctors used ES more often than women from a technical university at the beginning of smoking (p 0.05). Men at a medical university started using nicotine-containing products more often than women, considering them the least dangerous to health (p 0.05). The example of friends was the most common reason for starting smoking among respondents from both universities (43.9 and 30.8%, respectively). Common risk factors for smoking any product among students of North-Western State Medical University and LETI were boyfriend/girlfriend smoking, smoking among one’s immediate environment. Studying in senior years was a protective factor for girls at a medical university in comparison with students at a technical university (odds ratio 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained on the lower prevalence of tobacco smoking among medical university students compared to technical students may indirectly indicate the latter’s insufficient knowledge about the harmful effects of tobacco smoking on the body. The high prevalence of nicotine-containing products consumption in universities of various fields of study and the lack of significant differences in the share of their consumers can also be interpreted as an underestimation of the health risks of new smoking products. This requires adjustments to educational programs in order to increase students’ awareness of the potential health hazards not only of smoking cigarettes, but also of using any nicotine-containing products.

Pengaruh Pengasapan Ikan Model Rotasi Terhadap Kualitas Ikan Asap

The open smoking process has disadvantages such as uncontrolled temperature and smoke, uneven maturity and long smoking time. Another disadvantage of open-system smoking is that the preparation of fish on the stand requires labor and time. Firstly, when arranging the fish at the beginning of smoking and secondly, when turning the side of the fish. So that a lot of time is wasted and less efficient. The purpose of this research is to provide an alternative choice of fish smoking model, spread the smoke more evenly, speed up the preparation time of smoked fish. The design of the fish smoking tool uses a smoke cabinet with a rotation system. The fish holder is connected to a shaft to rotate the fish. Every 15 minutes of smoking is rotated by 45o. The results of testing the quality of smoked fish showed that the majority of respondents gave an assessment of the taste, aroma, texture and color of the fish much liked.

Cannabinoid concentrations in confiscated cannabis samples and in whole blood and urine after smoking CBD-rich cannabis as a "tobacco substitute".

In Switzerland, only cannabis with a total Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content higher than 1% is controlled by the narcotics legislation. Cannabis products rich in cannabidiol (CBD) and low in THC can be legally sold as tobacco substitutes. In this paper, we address analytical and forensic toxicological issues related to the increasing availability and consumption of these products. Based on the analysis of 531 confiscated cannabis samples, we could establish classification thresholds: plant material with a ratio of total THC/total CBD ≥ 3 is graded as THC-rich/CBD-poor, whereas samples with a ratio ≤ 0.33 are categorized as CBD-rich/THC-poor cannabis. We also evaluated an on-site test kit as a rapid alternative to the laborious liquid or gas chromatography (LC or GC)-based techniques normally used for the differentiation between THC- and CBD-cannabis. Furthermore, we determined whole blood and urine cannabinoid levels after smoking different doses of legal CBD-cannabis. A male volunteer smoked one cigarette within 15min and four cigarettes within 1h and within 30min, respectively. Cigarettes contained on average 42.7mg CBD and 2.2mg THC. Blood samples were collected up to 1.1h and urine samples up to 27.3h after the beginning of smoking. All urine samples tested negative by three immunochemical assays for detection of cannabis use. This is an important finding for abstinence monitoring. However, we found that the trace amounts of THC present in CBD-cannabis can produce THC blood levels above the Swiss legal limit for driving, and thus render the consumer unable to drive from a legal point of view.

Smoking and related diseases in Saudi Arabia

Background: There is no doubt; smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Tobacco consumption is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this study was to estimate the current status of; prevalence, age at beginning, causes, and factors affecting smoking among the general population of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: We conducted a survey on 1089 individuals aged 15 years or older (55.2% were males) which was performed between May and July 2018. Data were collected through a self-administered online distributed questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, period of smoking (in years), age at the beginning of smoking, causes of smoking, personal opinion on smoking, trial to stop smoking, previous experience of stopping smoking and frequency of smoking per day and if the participant has any chronic disease, which affected by smoking. Results: Overall prevalence of current smoking was 45.4% and males were more likely to smoke than females as 78.3%% were males (p=0.001). Mean age of smoking initiation was 16.4 years (±11.8 years) with 20.8% of ever smokers starting at the age of (11-15) years. Daily shisha smoking was reported by 5.1% of the population. Among even smokers, 71.1% of individuals reportedly attempted to quit smoking. Of those, 28.5 % were successful by the time of the study. The reported causes of smoking were for entertainment in 32.8%, to relieve stress in 20.0%, for experience in 18.8% and for stimulating family members and relatives in 18.6%. Smoking is a bad habit and harmful was reported as a personal opinion of 80.0% of the participants. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco consumption in Saudi Arabia is considerably high as nearly half (45.4%) are smokers, but there is a good percentage of trial for quitting. So we recommend implementation of aggressive health education of the public to encourage smoking initiation and encourage quitting. We also recommend decision makers to consider increasing taxation on tobacco products.

Large Cigars: Smoking Topography and Toxicant Exposure.

Cigar smoking in the United States continues despite decreases in cigarette smoking and increased tobacco control efforts. We compared large cigar and cigarette smoking for use patterns, smoking topography, and toxicant exposure. Dual users (n = 17, 94% men, 77% African American) smoked ad libitum either their usual cigarette brand or a study large cigar (Phillies Blunt) in two laboratory sessions. Plasma nicotine and exhaled carbon monoxide were collected before and after smoking. Smoking topography measures of puff volume, puff duration, puff velocity, and interpuff interval were also collected. Both cigarettes and large cigars significantly increased plasma nicotine and carbon monoxide and significantly decreased the urge to smoke. Cigarettes delivered more nicotine per gram of tobacco smoked and per 1000 mL of puff volume. Number of puffs, time to smoke, puff volume, and puff velocity were significantly larger and interpuff interval was significantly shorter in large cigar smoking. The temporal pattern of puffing more intensely at the beginning of smoking was similar for both large cigars and cigarettes. People who regularly use both large cigars and cigarettes adapt their smoking pattern such that they are exposed to similar levels of nicotine from each product. The immediate increase in plasma nicotine and carbon monoxide suggest significant inhalation of large cigar smoke. These data call to question the assumption that cigar smoking is less toxic than cigarette smoking. By smoking large cigars, dual users expose themselves to toxic components that have been linked with the addiction risk, morbidity, and mortality of cigarette smoking. This study found that dual users of large cigars and cigarettes inhale significant quantities of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and presumably other components of mainstream smoke. Large cigar smoke exposure may lead to or sustain nicotine addiction as wells as subject large cigar consumers to similar risks associated with cigarette smoking such as lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Cigarette and shisha use among students of medical colleges at Al-Jouf university

Abstract Smoking is a major worldwide public health problem. It is the most important avoidable cause of premature morbidity and mortality in the world. In Saudi Arabia there is a recent trend toward increased Shisha smoking.13–16 Saudi adolescents nowadays spend part of their leisure time smoking shisha in cafes and restaurants. The estimated death rate of 4.9 million people in 1999 is expected to rise to 10 million by the 2020s and 2030s, 7 million of which will occur in developing countries. MethodStudy design: This will be a cross-sectional study will conducted at Al-Jouf University in Sakaka city. Data collection: Data will collect through a self-administered questionnaire constructed by the investigators. It included questions on socio-demographic variables, current cigarette and shisha smoking, smoking pattern and personal and family factors. Finding: that found a 29 smoker out of 68 total number of medicine college students , and a 13 smoker out of 33 total number of dentistry college , which means a 42 smoker in total of 101 students at all. Conclusion: We found high prevalence of Smoker between the Student and Their Families. There is effect of family members with increasing of smoker. The beginning of smoking is started at early age. Cigarette smoking preferred type of smoking.

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia associated with the inhalation of phosgene gas under the presence of cigarette smoking

Cigarette smoking has been thought to be a cause of some cases of acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP). However, it is not understood why such patients do not show any apparent symptoms for several weeks from the beginning of smoking to the onset of the illness. Here, we describe a case of AEP that may suggest that an irritant like toxic gas may be necessary for the development of AEP under the presence of smoking habit. The diagnosis of AEP was made by close examinations including chest computed tomography, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and transbronchial lung biopsy. Even after the patient’s symptoms completely improved, both the total count of eosinophils and the concentration of eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) in BALF were still elevated. A smoking provocation test revealed a tiny recurrence of ground-glass opacity in both lung fields, but he did not show any symptoms of AEP again. Concerning this case, it is suggested that cigarette smoking initiated the continuous eosinophil accumulation to the lungs and the inhalation of phosgene gas promoted the development of AEP. We suggest that not only cigarette smoking but also an additional irritant such as toxic gas might be necessary for the development of cigarette smoking-related AEP.

Effects of smoking on edentulous alveolar ridge mucosa

Tobacco use is an important risk factor for advanced histopathological findings on edentulous alveolar ridge mucosa. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of smoking on histopathological findings on edentulous alveolar ridge mucosa. The experimental group consisted of 48 patients (29 smokers and 19 nonsmokers). The mean age of smokers was 42.6 and of nonsmokers 48.7 years. The anamnesis included the following data: age, sex, diseases and toxic habits--cigarette smoking. Biopsy samples were taken from the edentulous alveolar ridge mucosa without gross signs of symptoms. The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was 11.5 +/- 7. The results of chi2 test proved that there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) in histopathological findings on the alveolar ridge mucosa. The mean duration of smoking was 12.7 +/- 5 years. Hyperkeratosis was established in 76.92% of smokers who smoked longer than 15 years. The mean age at which smokers began smoking was 27.3 +/- 8 years and there were no statistically significant differences in histopathological findings on the alveolar ridge mucosa correlated with the beginning of smoking. On the basis of our research we conclude that smokers who have been smoking for 15 years are at risk for developing histopathological changes of the alveolar ridge mucosa, but there were no statistically significant differences in histopathological findings on the alveolar ridge mucosa correlated with the number of cigarettes per day and the beginning of smoking.

Effect of Cigarette Smoking and Nicotine on Plasma Endothelin-1 Levels

Although cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for atherosclerosis, the true mediator of vessel diseases associated with smoking is not known. Because endothelin-1 (ET-1) exhibits potent vasoconstrictor activity, it may act as a mediator in this condition. We determined venous ET-1 and nicotine levels in 12 smokers (age 21-24 years, 2-52 pack-years) before and 10 min, 4 h, and 8 h after the beginning of smoking. To distinguish an isolated effect of nicotine, 11 nonsmokers (age 24-50 years) were investigated while they were wearing a transdermal nicotine delivery system (TNDS). ET-1 was measured by RIA and nicotine by HPLC. Baseline ET-1 plasma levels before the exposure to either smoking or nicotine administration were comparable in smokers (1.07 +/- 0.3 pg/ml) and in nonsmokers (1.04 +/- 0.3 pg/ml). Smokers had borderline significantly higher ET-1 plasma levels within 10 min after the onset of smoking (1.3 +/- 0.3 pg/ml vs. 1.08 +/- 0.3 pg/ml; p = 0.055) but not after 4 and 8 h. Nonsmokers exposed to TNDS did not exhibit any significant plasma ET-1 changes. We conclude that the increase in plasma ET-1 after cigarette smoking is of borderline significance and is a transitory phenomenon restricted to the first 10 min after the onset of smoking. Although nicotine itself seems to be an unlikely mediator, other smoke components, such as CO or tar, may be responsible for the increase in plasma ET-1 in smokers. The absence of an ET-1 increase after transcutaneous nicotine application underscores the safety of TNDS in smoking withdrawal therapy.

Change of Blood Flow Velocity in the Brain and the Upper Extremity Induced by Smoking of High Nicotine Cigarette

To investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on human circulatory systems, five healthy male smokers were assigned to smoke a high nicotine cigarette for 5 minutes. Before, during and after smoking we recorded blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and expiratory Pco2, and also measured the blood flow velocity of cerebral and peripheral arteries continuously using the Multi-Doppler-System. Change of blood flow velocity was checked statistically in each artery for 1 minute before and 1 minute after the beginning of smoking. Significant increases of blood flow velocities were observed in all 5 cerebral arteries (5 subjects) for 1 minute after the beginning of smoking. Of 5 peripheral arteries (5 subjects), 3 showed significant decrease and the other 2 showed no significant change. No remarkable change of blood pressure or heart rate was observed in all 5 subjects. The level of Pco2 decreased during smoking in all 4 subjects measured.We concluded that the smoking of a high nicotine cigarette resulted in an increase of cerebral blood flow even with the decrease of Pco2. The effect of smoking seems unclear for the flow of the peripheral artery.

Effects of smoking and changes in smoking habits on the decline of FEV1

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cigarette smoking and changes in smoking habits on the decline of forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1). We studied 7,764 men and women for 5 yrs. The subjects were grouped according to self-reported smoking habits during the observation period. We found that persistent cigarette smoking, in particular heavy smoking, accelerated the decline in FEV1. In 310 subjects who quitted smoking during the observation period, the decline of FEV1 was less pronounced than the decline observed in persistent smokers. In subjects younger than 55 yrs of age, smoking reduction was associated with a less pronounced FEV1 decline, while in the elderly subjects smoking reduction had no effect on the FEV1 decline. An increase in the number of cigarettes smoked was generally associated with a more rapid decline of FEV1, while the beginning of smoking during the 5 yrs of observation did not seem to influence the decline of FEV1. We conclude that smoking cessation or reduction may lead to a demonstrable beneficial effect on the FEV1 decline within a few years.

The kinetics of mutagen excretion in the urine of cigarette smokers

The excretion of mutagens in the urine of cigarette smokers was studied as a model for absorption and elimination of complex carcinogenic and mutagenic mixtures in humans. Urine was collected from an occasional smoker who smoked 1 cigarette (17 mg tar/cigarette) and from a heavy smoker (smokes approximately 20 cigarettes/day) who quit for 2 days and then resumed smoking. Urine samples were collected for 6 days, including a 2-day pre-smoking period for the occasional smoker and pre-abstention period for the heavy smoker, respectively. Mutagen excretion patterns were determined by extracting the mutagens in each urine sample with XAD-2 resin and testing the extract in a microsuspension modification of the Salmonella/microsome liquid-incubation assay using bacterial strain TA98 with metabolic activation. Peak mutagenic activity of the urine collected from the two smokers appeared 4–5 h after the beginning of smoking. Activity decreased to pre-smoking ‘baseline’ levels in approximately 12 h for the occasional smoker, and the activity for the heavy smoker approached the occasional smoker's ‘baseline’ in approximately 18 h after the cessation of smoking. The mutagen excretion patterns of the occasional smoker after smoking a single cigarette suggests that, the mutagens, as detected by the Salmonella assay, are absorbed rapidly (3–5 h) and are eliminated from the body following first order kinetics. The excretion rate constant for the occasional smoker was approximately 0.1 h −1 and the half-life ( T 1 2 ) was approximately 7 h.