Beginning Of China Research Articles

‘We’ve Done Our Bit’: Post-COVID Experiences of Precarious Privilege Among Western International School Teachers in Shanghai

In this article, we consider how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected migration experiences and decisions among transnationally mobile Western international school teachers in China. International school teachers are among the most numerous groups of Western ‘expats’ in the country, arriving from the beginning of China’s ‘Reform period’. Drawing on exploratory interviews with international school teachers, we examine experiences of precarious privilege against the backdrop of COVID-19 lockdowns. We analyse our participants’ decisions about onward migration or permanence in China. In spite of evidence showing erosion of privilege during the pandemic, international school teachers remain largely insulated from its impact due to the privileged nature of their employment. Of greater significance was the impact of the Shanghai lockdown on the participants’ mobility and emotions, which proved the catalyst for two of the three participants to return to the UK.

Welfare and Self-development of Rural Doctors in China from the Perspective of Social Justice Study

Since the beginning of China's new medical reform, the government has issued several policies to promote the development of primary medical care. As an important subject of primary medical care, rural doctors have also received extensive attention on their welfare and self-development. At present, rural doctors in China have problems such as low salaries, imperfect pension security, and hindered development, which is not conducive to the balanced development of the medical industry. Making appropriate adjustments and improvements to the policy of rural doctors is conducive to strengthening the construction of rural medical care and reducing the loss of rural medical talents, thereby promoting social equity and enhancing social stability. Based on these, this paper puts forward the following suggestions. On the one hand, the government should ensure the relative fairness of policies, measure the economic level of various localities, formulate reasonable salary, social security, and promotion systems for rural doctors, rationally use policy tools, and increase supervision over policy implementation. On the other hand, it is necessary to give certain policy preferences to rural areas, issue subsidies to rural doctors, and increase capital investment in rural areas, to reduce the gap between urban and rural areas and promote the balanced development of medical services.

Corpus-Based Diachronic Analysis on the Representations of China’s Poverty Alleviation in People’s Daily

Abstract Poverty, as a global issue, challenges the sustainable development of the world. In the past 40 years, China has made great achievements in poverty alleviation which arouses the media interest across the world. This article examines how People’s Daily reported China’s poverty alleviation from the beginning of China’s reform and opening up in 1978–2020, particularly with regard to the interaction between discourse and social practice. Through corpus-based discourse analysis, it has found that, first, the number of the reports changed with the process of poverty alleviation and the national policies. Second, it has shown differences in lexical choices in different periods, with an overall shift from the agricultural reform and economic investment to education, culture and ecology poverty alleviation; third, China’s involvement in the world’s poverty alleviation causes changed from initially seeking help to gradually becoming a leading voice calling for cooperation and offering aid for other countries. The findings reveal that there is a strong correlation between the discourse and social change: the social context is echoed in the discourse features in different periods; meanwhile, news discourse also plays a positive role in publicizing the Chinese government’s achievements and promoting the process of poverty alleviation.

Editorial II. Design education in China

China’s design education stems from education in craft and fine art. The beginning of China’s design education can be associated with artist Li Ruiqing, who was a scholar of the Imperial Academy. During the late Qing Dynasty, in 1906, he established the subject of ‘Crafts and Pictures’ at the Nanjing Educator School, which is now Southeast University. During the next 100 years, China’s design education passed through four stages: a focus on patterns and crafts, crafts and ornament, ornament and design, and creative design. The Japanese model of design, which is reflected in the first three stages and can be traced back to the Bauhaus design education system, had as its purpose ‘to educate the Craftsman-Artist’ (Chapkova & Zhang, 2019; Bredendieck, 1962, p. 15). Therefore, art and ornament have long been considered important parts of design, and the history of China’s design education represents the development history of fine art institutes to a certain degree (Wu, 2001).

Hubungan Tiongkok dan ASEAN: Upaya Tiongkok menjadi Kekuatan Hegemon di Asia Tenggara

China has turned into one of the most powerful countries in the world or "Great Powers" which has a vision to become a hegemonic country. Southeast Asia as China's backyard was the beginning of China's expansion to the world. China-ASEAN relations are very important because ASEAN is a strategic partner of China in trade cooperation. ASEAN can be a profitable companion for China in spreading its influence to the world. However, it is not that easy for ASEAN to support and assist China in achieving it. China spreads its influence through political, economic, socio-cultural and military aspects. In each of these aspects, China has a clear and measured strategy to implement it in order to achieve hegemony in Southeast Asia. The growth and rising of China into a great power is a testament to the massive effort made by China. This study analyzes the China-ASEAN relations in the efforts made by China with ASEAN. The author uses qualitative research methods with literature study to obtain various sources about China-ASEAN relations. It is undeniable that slowly China has become a new hegemon. This is evidenced by the massive influence of China in all aspects, especially the economy and military, which will slowly change the status quo in the international system.

Obstacles to China's low-carbon economy

Since the beginning of China's industrialization process, the economy has achieved sustained and stable rapid development. But at the same time, there are also a series of problems such as waste of resources and environmental pollution in the process of industrialization. As China gradually enters the middle and late stage of industrialization, environmental protection and carbon emission reduction have become important issues for sustainable economic and social development. This paper mainly analyzes the problems existing in the development of low-carbon economy in China, such as the excessive consumption of resources, the backward industrial structure leading to the aggravation of ecological pollution, the need for further application of science and technology in the treatment of ecological pollution, and the inadequate management of local administrative departments. On this basis, in view of the problems facing the development of low-carbon economy, a series of relevant policy Suggestions are put forward, such as changing the economic growth model, unswervingly promoting the adjustment of industrial structure of Chinese enterprises, vigorously developing science and technology of low-carbon energy conservation in China, strengthening the government's environmental control, and strengthening the public and enterprises' awareness of environmental protection.

Function and crisis of the Nationalist Yellow River flood control system in wartime China

ABSTRACT The water management of the Yellow River was subsumed under the wartime system of the Nationalist government since the beginning of China’s national resistance against Japanese aggression in 1937. The Yellow River Conservancy Commission, responsible for disaster prevention and economic exploration of the river, was on the one hand affiliated to the Ministry of Economic Affairs under the aegis of the Executive Yuan, while on another hand it was under the supervision of the First War Zone Command. The three parties above were closely related in all practical work and formed a complex operation mode which caused the water management in the flooded area to be riddled with difficulties and omissions. To be specific, albeit nominally unified, it functioned separately in its military, financial, and personnel management branches, and there was a lack of clarity in the responsibility of its three components. This resulted in chaotic circumstances, all parties impeding each other and denying responsibility. This situation reflected the serious deficiencies of the wartime system of the Nationalist government in various regards, such as in its functions, values, and administrative capacities.

Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Streamflow of Upper Yongding River Basin, North China

Streamflow in semiarid areas, especially in North China, was rapidly decreasing, which made it important to analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of streamflow. Using the hydro-meteorological data series of 1961–2017 in the upper Yongding River Basin (UYRB) (including the Yang River Basin (YRB) and Sanggan River Basin (SRB)), spatio-temporal variation characteristics of air temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration (E0) were analyzed. The results showed that precipitation has no significant trend; the temperature showed a significant increase of 0.1–0.5 °C per decade; E0 showed a significant decrease of approximately −2 mm/10yr (in 18 stations); the estimated rates of streamflow change were −7 and −8 mm/10yr for SRB and YRB. As for spatial distribution, the YRB presented a higher E0 value than the SRB; the mountain areas had more precipitation than the plain areas. The change points of streamflow occurred in 1982 and 2003. Both the Budyko and the DMC methods were used to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on the mean annual streamflow. In variation stage I (1983~2003), impacts of human activities account for 90.6% and 62.7% of the mean annual streamflow changes in YRB and SRB, respectively. In variation stage II (2004~2017), the percentages were 99.5% and 93.5%, respectively. It is also noted that the first change point in streamflow was indeed at the beginning of China’s land reform, when the farmers could manage their reallocated lands and, therefore, there was an increase in agricultural water consumption. The second change point coincided with “Capital Water Resources Planning”, including water conservation projects and irrigation district construction programs. In general, human activities were mainly responsible for the significant decline in the annual streamflow of UYRB. This paper will provide valuable results for water resources planning and give guidance on the construction of water conservation function areas and ecological environment support areas in the capital.

Medical expenditure of women during pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium at the beginning of China’s universal two-child policy enactment: a population-based retrospective study

ObjectivesTo describe and explore women’s medical expenditures during pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium at the beginning of the universal two-child policy enactment in China.DesignPopulation-based retrospective study.SettingDalian, China.ParticipantsUnder the System of Health...

The Development and Approach of the Appeal Trial Mechanism of China’s Intellectual Property Cases : Centering on the Establishment of a Modern Intellectual Property Appellate Court

The establishment of the Intellectual Property Court of the Supreme People’s Court is the beginning of China’s formal establishment of a national-level intellectual property appeal hearing mechanism; however, this is only a trial and not a final judicial system reform, and future development and approaches need to be further explored. From an international perspective, the establishment of an intellectual property appeal court has become an international trend and consensus; in the local thinking, the establishment of an intellectual property appeal court is more conducive to the realization of the goal of building a large judicial system of intellectual property than the existing mechanism, and it does not hinder the maintenance of public welfare and self-interest. Finally, the innovation of the intellectual property appeal hearing mechanism is far from insufficient only by the establishment of specialized courts. In the evolution of modernization, it also needs to be equipped with corresponding judicial system and trial team, so as to essentially form the centralized and professional judicial effect of intellectual property appeal trial to improve trial efficiency and unify judgment standards.

China macroeconomic report 2021: China’s macroeconomy marches towards normalisation

In the year 2021, China’s economy continues to recover and moves towards policy normalisation. This report identifies features indicating the beginning of China’s macroeconomic normalisation, the internal and external pressure it faces, and the supporting policies. Due to the economic recovery and the base effect, China’s real GDP growth rate is projected to reach above 8.0% in 2021, and the quarterly growth rate will drop from 18.3% in Q1 to 5.0% in Q4, showing a declining trend. Based on qualitative assessments and statistical forecasts, this report puts forward some policy suggestions.

The patriotic education of China: Military women’s social stigma and sexual suffering in revolution era

The early twentieth century was a unique period of time in China’s contemporary history. It has been marked as the beginning of China’s modernization and liberalization (e.g., Barlow et al., 2008; ...

Revisiting religious higher education in China: comparative analysis of Furen University narratives

Established in the 1920s, Furen University was a private Catholic university in China. Just as in the case of other Christian colleges in modern China, Furen was taken over by the communist government soon after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 and incorporated into the new state-controlled higher education system. Since the beginning of China’s reform and opening up, Chinese scholars have shown growing interest in exploring the religious history of the country’s pioneering higher education institutions. Focusing on Furen University, this study draws data from various sources to examine critically some popular Furen University narratives proposed by contemporary Chinese scholars in China. These narratives suggest that this Western Catholic university underwent substantial changes during its decades-long operation in Chinese society, becoming more Sinicized, secular, and patriotic. However, our analysis indicates that Furen University’s history in modern China might be more complex than these narratives suggest.

Application of Computer Information Processing Technology in Industrial Automation

With the continuous progress and development of China’s socialist market economy in recent years, the competition in various industries has become increasingly fierce, and all kinds of enterprises are constantly improving their comprehensive competitiveness. Only in this way can we ensure a firm foothold in the market, especially in the field of industrial production, and the higher production efficiency and intensity brought about by technological innovation and progress. The introduction of computer technology has strengthened the competition in the industrial field, and has also provided a strong impetus for the progress of industrial production. Computer technology is also the core of automation technology, so strengthening the research of computer information processing technology in industrial automation is to provide better guarantee for industrial production. This paper mainly analyzes and discusses the computer information processing technology used in industrialization at present, in order to provide reference and help for the development of related industries.Since the beginning of China’s reform and opening up, the national economy has shown a rapid upward trend, and the development of the industrial field is also making progress. One of the most important reasons is the demographic dividend, which has enabled our economy to develop rapidly. However, with the decrease of the demographic dividend effect in recent years and the transformation of our market economy, the pace of economic development has gradually slowed down, which has led to a gradual increase in the cost of labor now, many traditional industrial projects no longer have advantages, and enterprise benefits are decreasing. This background has brought opportunities and space for the introduction and development of computer technology, With the continuous breakthrough of network technology and the continuous improvement of network coverage, the introduction of computer technology into the field of industrial production will inevitably lead to a huge increase in production efficiency and industrial efficiency.[1].

Reprint of "Performance evaluation of China's high-tech innovation process :Analysis based on the innovation value chain"

The Chinese high-tech industry has developed greatly since the beginning of China's “National High-tech R&D (863) Program” and “China Torch Program”. This paper introduces a conceptual model extended from the innovation value chain model to simultaneously estimate the R&D and commercialization efficiencies for the high-tech industries of 29 provincial-level regions in China. To match reality, a network DEA incorporating both shared inputs and additional intermediate inputs is constructed to open the “black box” view of decision making units used in single-stage DEA. This study is the first attempt to link the R&D and commercialization with a solid theoretical foundation and feasible mathematical methods. The empirical findings show that most of the 29 regions have low efficiency in the commercialization sub-process compared to the R&D sub-process, although there are regional differences in China's high-tech industry. Pearson correlation shows that the R&D sub-process is not closely correlated to the commercialization sub-process in terms of efficiency. Our analysis can provide information for the formulation of policies to achieve high innovation efficiency.

The Multilingual Full-Text Database of Overseas Life-Writing on Modern Chinese People and the China Biographical Database

http://sclw.lib.sjtu.edu.cn/index The Multilingual Full-Text Database of overseas life writing on Modern Chinese People (the Database) was launched by the Centre for life writing at shanghai Jiao Tong University (sJTU) in november 2011. all subjects in the Database are influential, representative, or exemplary Chinese people whose life materials are either published or preserved outside mainland China after 1898, the year generally considered to be the beginning of China’s Modern age. The Database aims to bring a prosopographical perspective to the transnational and transcultural experience shared by a rather large number of Chinese people in the previous century. by april 2018, the Database has listed more than 3,000 subjects and over 15,000 relevant resources. 
 https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/cbdbThe China Biographical Database (CBDB) is a large data aggregator and powerful content harbour co-developed by Harvard University, Academia Sinica, and Peking University. It is one of the oldest and biggest digital humanities projects focusing on China. In its latest data release in August 2017, CBDB contains biographical information about 417,000 Chinese individuals, mostly from the 7th century to the 19th century. Unlike many text-based databases, CBDB does not preserve primary life materials in the original textual sources. Rather, it mines texts from digital sources of reliable historical records and stores them in a relational database.

Gospel or disaster? An empirical study on the environmental influences of domestic investment in China

Since the beginning of China's reform and opening up in late 1970s, the contradiction between environmental quality and economic development has become increasingly acute. As the main driving force of development, China's fixed asset investment (FAI) has grown rapidly. In the meanwhile, China's energy consumption surged and the environmental pressures mounted. The surge in FAI may have great influences on the environmental quality. On the one hand, the rapid increase in FAI facilitated the development of the secondary industry especially energy- and pollution-intensive industries, which brought about significant amount of energy-related pollution. On the other hand, growing investment on environmental investment is expected to slow environmental deterioration. Moreover, the environmental quality and domestic investment may have potential spatial correlations. In this paper, after fully accounting for the spatial dependence, the relationship between domestic investment and environmental quality in China is quantitatively investigated. Using CO2 and SO2 as two representative pollutants, the estimation results indicate that the spatial dependence indeed exists, and total effects of FAI on pollutant emissions are positive. However, there is no evidence that environmental protection investment had expected effects to effectively curb pollutant emissions in China.

The impact of economic interdependence on the probability of conflict between states

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore to what extent the economic interdependence can affect the likelihood of conflict between States. Specially, over the past few decades, there has been a huge interest in the relationship between economic interdependence and political conflict. Liberals argue that economic interdependence lowers the possibility of war by increasing the weight of trading over the alternative of aggression; interdependent states would rather trade than invade; realists dismiss the liberal argument, arguing that high interdependence increases rather than decreases the probability of war. In anarchy, states must constantly worry about their security. Design/methodology/approach This paper highlights the content and level of economic interdependence between China and the USA since the beginning of China’s economic reform in 1979 and examines the impact of economic interdependence between them on their relationship toward Taiwan since 1995 and the probability of conflict. Findings Economic interdependence is proved to significantly decrease the onset of conflict between the two parties. This can be shown by comparing the number of armed conflicts during the pre-interdependence period to the number of armed conflicts after the economic interdependence there was an overage of 0.79 militarized interstate disputes (MIDs)/year, compared to 0.26 MIDs/year following China’s economic reforms; also, the length of the hostilities was longer during the pre-interdependence period (with an average of 11.13 months versus 5.33 months). Originality/Value This means that economic interdependence does not completely prevent the outbreak of international conflicts, but it also plays a major role in influencing the conflict in terms of the conflict’s intensity, the use of armed force and the number of conflicts that occur between the economic interdependence states.

Performance evaluation of China's high-tech innovation process: Analysis based on the innovation value chain

The Chinese high-tech industry has developed greatly since the beginning of China's “National High-tech R&D (863) Program” and “China Torch Program”. This paper introduces a conceptual model extended from the innovation value chain model to simultaneously estimate the R&D and commercialization efficiencies for the high-tech industries of 29 provincial-level regions in China. To match reality, a network DEA incorporating both shared inputs and additional intermediate inputs is constructed to open the “black box” view of decision making units used in single-stage DEA. This study is the first attempt to link the R&D and commercialization with a solid theoretical foundation and feasible mathematical methods. The empirical findings show that most of the 29 regions have low efficiency in the commercialization sub-process compared to the R&D sub-process, although there are regional differences in China's high-tech industry. Pearson correlation shows that the R&D sub-process is not closely correlated to the commercialization sub-process in terms of efficiency. Our analysis can provide information for the formulation of policies to achieve high innovation efficiency.

China’s road to modernization

Since the beginning of China’s economic reform in 1978, the dominant global economic theory has been the Washington consensus. However, after several years of study on the ‘China model’, we realize...