Beginning Of 1990s Research Articles

The Origins of Peter W. Galbraith’s Mission to the Balkans

One of the biggest challenges for the international community at the beginning of 1990s became the issue of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. Peter Galbraith’s appointment as the US ambassador to Croatia in 1993 came at a critical juncture in the Balkan conflicts. Prior to his ambassadorship, Galbraith was an advisor to the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He visited the countries of the former Yugoslavia several times as an expert in the early 1990s. Ambassador Galbraith played a crucial role in addressing the Balkan conflicts. As the first US ambassador to Croatia, he actively supported the country’s territorial integrity after the breakup of Yugoslavia. Galbraith’s diplomacy was instrumental in fostering U.S. pressure that ended the Croat-Muslim conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, laying the groundwork for the Washington Agreement of 1994. This agreement, seen as a diplomatic success, paved the way for the Dayton Agreement in 1995.

Strengthening of the hydrological cycle in the Lake Chad Basin under current climate change

Central Sahel is affected by a reinforcement of rainfall since the beginning of 1990s. This increase in rainfall is affected by high inter-annual variability and is characterized by extreme rain events causing floods of unprecedented magnitude. However, few studies have been carried out on these extreme events. Moreover, with current climate change expected to strengthen the hydrological cycle, we don’t know if these events could become more frequent. Here, we report the hydrological changes that currently occur in the Lake Chad basin. Based on ground observations and satellite data, we focused on the 2022 flood event, demonstrating that it was the most important event from the last 60 years, comparable to what occurred during the last wet period between the 1950s and the 1960s. We showed that under this precipitation regime and if warming is not regulated at a global scale, the return period of the 2022 major riverine flood is expected to be between 2 and 5 years. By using modelling experiments, our study also suggested that in the next decade, future flow rates of the main rivers draining the Lake Chad basin could reach the values observed in the 1950s. These results strongly suggest anticipating water management in a context of poor infrastructural development.

The origin, evolution and impacts of the mining-sceptical movement in Finland

The evolution of the Finnish mining-sceptical movement (MSM) is described and situated within the context of Finnish environmental protest waves (EPWs). This evolution occurred through the uranium debate (UD; since 2005) and mining debate (MD; 2010–ongoing). These stages are described and compared with the characteristics of the Finnish EPWs. The purpose is to determine whether the evolution of the MSM represents a new EPW in Finland.Five EPWs are reported to have occurred in Finland. After the end of the last EPW at the beginning of 2000s, the Finnish environmental movement lost its impetus, followed by a swell/latency. However, the climate change debate returned nuclear energy to the agenda. Together with the rebirth of the Finnish mining industry resulting from activities carried out by foreign companies, uranium exploration restarted in Finland in 2005, which raised opposition. The UD revitalised the environmental movement and opened spaces for local resistance in the countryside. Even though uranium exploration ended in Finland, the UD continued as attention shifted towards other projects associated with uranium. The environmental problems of the Talvivaara mine increased opposition and directed the MD towards projects also focused on other commodities. Because of its duration, impacts, and importance, the evolution of the MSM is suggested to form the sixth Finnish EPW.

ДИНАМИКА ОСВОЕНИЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЗА ПОСТСОВЕТСКИЙ ПЕРИОД

Industrial structures of post-soviet period are urbanizing and do influence on quality of life in anthropogenic environment. Post-soviet period can be considered as crisis for industrial architectural objects in the field of the usage and consequently of the physical condition and obsolescence. There are the patterns have been observed during each time step differently and for all the post-soviet period Three main time steps of post-soviet period have been revealed. Each one includes special features and paradigmatic dynamics in the question of usage of industrial architectural objects. The first step of devaluation – end of 1980s – beginning of 1990s – the period of the stagnation of industrial activity, partial demolishing of the objects of the industrial architecture. The second step of transition – mid 1990s – 2014 – the period of the chaotic filling of industrial objects, renovation. The third step of renaissance – 2014 – nowadays – the period of the restoration and development of the industries, organization of new industries on the territory of existing industrial structures of soviet period. Nevertheless, with main positive dynamic of usage of that kind of architectural objects, there is no systematic approach to the exploiting of them. This way it is not possible to provide the complexness of industrial and auxiliary processes at the object.

Primary immunodeficiency disorders imitating inflammatory bowel diseases: clinical aspects and problems of the differential diagnosis

From the beginning of 2000s, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) in adults and children in many countries around the world. The aim of the review is to summarize the state-of-the-art on diverse clinical types of PIDs with gastrointestinal manifestations and their differential diagnostic algorithms.
 Atypical PIDs with “blunted” clinical manifestations are challenging for the timely diagnosis. Some types of PIDs with gastrointestinal involvement are also difficult to differentiate with classical IBDs. Molecular genetic studies have allowed for selection of a specific group of monogenic IBD-like diseases, represented mainly by PIDs. The authors discuss current classification of PIDs and their main clinical types imitating IBD, with important clinical and laboratory aspects. High level of information and awareness of practicing specialists working with IBD patients would be helpful in the selection of a patient cohort with possible PIDs and in the performance of extended laboratory assessment or referring for genetic tests. Timely diagnosis of PIDs would ensure quick administration of target therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which in most cases would allow for the achievement of the disease remission, improvement of quality and duration of life.

Innovative laboratory methods for improved tuberculosis diagnosis and drug-susceptibility testing

The laboratory plays a vital role in the diagnosis of all clinical forms of tuberculosis (TB), from microbiological confirmation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to drug-susceptibility testing (DST) and treatment monitoring. For many decades, laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on conventional methods such as smear microscopy, and culture-based methods. However, Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a slow-growing organism, requiring 2–4 weeks or longer for cultures to yield results. Therefore, the evaluation of novel and rapid diagnostic methods has been a priority for research and development. In the beginning of 1990s, molecular-based diagnostics became widely available providing rapid detection, identification, and DST of M. tuberculosis. In this paper, we review some of the new diagnostic methods introduced in the clinical laboratory for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. With the global goal of ending TB as a public health challenge by 2030, enhancing diagnostic capabilities for latent and active TB, along with improving DST, would improve identification and management of cases, reducing transmission rates and curbing the spread of drug-resistant strains. These innovations promise to transform TB control efforts, bringing us closer to eradicating this persistent global health threat.

The applicable law and the “centre of main interests” in cross-border insolvency: a comparison of the legal regulation in the uncitral model law on cross-border insolvency 1997 and the EU regulations 2000 and 2015 on insolvency proceedings

The article is devoted to the study of the common and distinctive features of the legal regulation of the applicable law and the “Center of Main Interests” in the EU Council Regulation No. 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000 on insolvency proceedings (hereinafter – the EU Regulation 2000), the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency of 1997 (hereinafter – the Model Law) and EU Regulation 2015/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings (hereinafter – the 2015 EU Regulation). Albeit the provisions of the EU Regulation 2000 have lost their legal force, they are important for scientific and theoretical research in order to better demonstrate both the evolution of the intentions of the EU countries on the example of a comparison with the following act, and to better understand the state of affairs that existed at the beginning of 2000s on the European continent in a more “fair” time frame for the Model Law in comparison.
 The purpose of the article is to identify common and distinctive features in the legal regulation of the applicable law and the “Center of Main Interests” according to the Model Law, EU Regulation 2000 and EU Regulation 2015. It is emphasized that the legal regulation of the applicable law contained in the EU Regulations 2000 and 2015 once again proves the affiliation of these acts to the theory of territorial universalism.
 Based on the results of the research, the author concludes that summarizing the analysis of the three normative acts, it should be noted that the EU Regulations 2000 and 2015 contain a completely different legal mechanism for regulating the cross-border insolvency procedure compared to the Model Law, which, among other things, should be connected with different legal nature of these acts. The provisions of the EU Regulation 2015 regarding the determination of the debtor’s center of main interests are much more developed than the provisions of other comparable regulatory acts. The fact that the provisions of the EU Regulation 2000 regarding the consideration of the subjective factor such is the possibility of awareness of third parties in order to determine the center of main interests find their place in the EU Regulation 2015, once again indicates the appropriateness of such regulation.

Physics and applications of dusty plasmas: The Perspectives 2023

Dusty plasmas are electrically quasi-neutral media that, along with electrons, ions, neutral gas, radiation, and electric and/or magnetic fields, also contain solid or liquid particles with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to a few micrometers. These media can be found in many natural environments as well as in various laboratory setups and industrial applications. As a separate branch of plasma physics, the field of dusty plasma physics was born in the beginning of 1990s at the intersection of the interests of the communities investigating astrophysical and technological plasmas. An additional boost to the development of the field was given by the discovery of plasma crystals leading to a series of microgravity experiments of which the purpose was to investigate generic phenomena in condensed matter physics using strongly coupled complex (dusty) plasmas as model systems. Finally, the field has gained an increasing amount of attention due to its inevitable connection to the development of novel applications ranging from the synthesis of functional nanoparticles to nuclear fusion and from particle sensing and diagnostics to nano-contamination control. The purpose of the present perspectives paper is to identify promising new developments and research directions for the field. As such, dusty plasmas are considered in their entire variety: from classical low-pressure noble-gas dusty discharges to atmospheric pressure plasmas with aerosols and from rarefied astrophysical plasmas to dense plasmas in nuclear fusion devices. Both fundamental and application aspects are covered.

Transformative Capacity Building by Systematic Use of Urban Living Labs: A Case Study of Alytus, Lithuania

This article aims to introduce the concept of Permanent Urban Living Lab (PULL) as a method for urban transformative capacity building. Since the beginning of 2000s, the urban living labs (ULLs) are being researched and examined as experimental settings that bring together various stakeholders, such as citizens, researchers, businesses, and policymakers, to co-create and test innovative solutions for urban developments. They offer a collaborative and participatory approach to urban solutions that engages and empowers local communities and fosters a culture of a shared foresight process and mutual learning. In the context of local development, the ULLs can serve as a powerful tool for building the urban transformative capacities (UTC) by providing a platform for local actors to develop their skills, knowledge, and networks for intersectoral cooperation, and by creating opportunities for experimentation and experiential learning. The case of Alytus, Lithuania, is an interesting example of how the urban living labs can be used to drive local development. Alytus is a mid-sized city in Lithuania, Northern Europe that has faced a range of social, geopolitical, economic, and environmental challenges typical of the region in recent years, including declining population, high unemployment, and deteriorating public spaces. The aim of this article is to analyse the perspective of implementation of European policies and methodologies presented in the Urban Europe Programme if applied to the search of transformative capacities’ building for better city co-governance. In this respect, methods of the quadrupole helix model, urban living labs, force field analysis and different forms of co-creation are discussed as the founding elements for initiating a digital platform for citizens’ involvement and participation in urban transformations.

Numerical simulation of the radioactive contamination of Ukraine after the Chornobyl disaster: the influence of the input meteorological data on the results uncertainty

In this article we assess the sensitivity of the numerical simulations of the radioactive 137Cs contamination of Ukraine caused by the Chornobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986 to the input meteorological data. The atmospheric transport, dispersion, and deposition (dry scavenging and rain washout) of the radioactive aerosols was simulated using the CALPUFF dispersion model. The source parameterization of the 137Cs emissions during the active phase of the catastrophe (26 April—May 5 of 1986) was adopted from the previously published literature results. Seventeen different versions/realizations of the input meteorology for CALPUFF simulations were prepared with the regional prognostic meteorological model WRF by combining the available global atmospheric reanalyses for 1986 (NNRP, ERA-Interim, ERA5, CFSR) and the model’s physical parameterizations (microphysics, radiation processes, boundary/surface layer physics). The assessment of the simulation uncertainty was carried out in two different ways. In the first approach, the uncertainty was estimated as the width of the distribution of the calculated 137Cs surface concentrations (adjusted to the logarithmic scale), which were obtained with different versions of the input meteorology. The second approach was based on the statistical comparison of the calculated 137Cs contaminations and the corresponding measured values obtained during a complex assessment of the aftermath of the disaster made at the beginning of 1990s. Two statistical metrics were used: the geometric mean bias and the geometric mean variance. The results of our study demonstrate that even when using somewhat unified meteorological data (atmospheric reanalysis), the results of the radioactive contamination calculations at the same spatial locations can differ by several orders of magnitude. We find that the uncertainty depends not only on the distance to the source of the emissions but also on the physical mechanism (wet or dry deposition) responsible for the formation of the local contamination

The Dynamics of Inter-firm Cooperation within Global Business

Inter-firm cooperation has been a long-established practice within the modern world of business. This paper, therefore, aims at examining this fact by tracking the dynamics of inter-firm cooperation in the past three centuries. The finding suggests that the purpose of strategic alliances among industries has altered after 1945. Industrial alliances prior to 1945 were motivated by increasing profits through market sharing, thus they operated like cartels. The cooperative capitalistic system was in question, nevertheless, when the idea of liberalism flourished after 1945. Major power such as the United States and its allies urged countries began to establish anti abuse of cooperation regulations and firms to start adopting competitive models of business. The inter-firm cooperation, in fact, did not diminish. Since the beginning of 1980s, there has been a trend for the re-emergence of the cooperative model of business between international firms. Unlike in the pre-World War II era, strategic alliance today has been established particularly within industries where innovation and technological development is crucial. Some factors have been identified as to shape this new development, including the governments’ permission, an increasing cost for research and development, the emergence new competitors across the globe, and the need for developing expertise.

Detection and distribution of the North Atlantic capelin (Mallotus villosus) using environmental DNA—comparison with data from the main fishery management survey

AbstractCapelin (Mallotus villosus) is both an important commercial and ecological resource of the North Atlantic subpolar region. Two decades ago, the stock distribution around Iceland drastically changed. During autumn, which corresponds to the main feeding period, the capelin stock was previously located between the North of Iceland and the Jan Mayen area. Since the beginning of 2000s, the feeding aggregation has been located at the east coast of Greenland, inducing slight changes in the timing and route of the capelin spawning migration along the Icelandic shelf, and therefore in the catches. Changes in the distribution of capelin around Iceland made it both more difficult and expensive to assess the distribution of the stock with current survey methods. Here, we compare environmental DNA (eDNA) data to the acoustic data collected during the autumn monitoring survey, which leads to a preliminary estimation of the stock size. eDNA samples were collected at five different depths and were analyzed both horizontally across latitudes and longitudes and vertically across depth profiles. We detected eDNA in most of the locations where acoustic data detected capelin. Generalized linear models suggested that eDNA concentrations can be used as a proxy for the detection and quantification of capelin. The horizontal distribution of eDNA observed during both years corresponds with the horizontal distribution of capelin registered with the acoustic approach, while the vertical distribution indicated both effects of oceanic currents and diel vertical migration on eDNA detection and quantification.

WAR AS AN EMBODIED AND EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE: STORIES OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED WOMEN FROM ABKHAZIA

This chapter focuses on the experiences of war and forced displacement in the stories of women internally displaced within Georgia, as a result of the armed conflict at the beginning of 1990s in Abkhazia. Based on the ethnographic research and life-story interviews with internally displaced women, this analysis seeks to understand how the IDPs have experienced the violent event, as well as its aftermath. Being consistent with scholars who reject the mind-body dichotomy and acknowledge embodied subjectivities of individuals affected by wars, this chapter argues that dramatic turning points in the lives of individuals affected by armed conflicts are experienced through emotions and feelings, as well as through bodies and bodily sensations reciprocally and in relation to each other.

Migrant entrepreneurs in the ‘Farm of Europe’: the role of transnational structures

ABSTRACT The so-called ‘sea of plastic’ in Almería, Spain, is a 450km2 area devoted to intensive greenhouse farming managed by 10,000 small farmers who employ a labour force of 50,000 workers, mostly immigrants from Africa and eastern Europe. Romanian immigrants arrived at the beginning of 2000s and have occupied various positions within this agro-industrial district. Some started their own businesses in greenhouse reparation and construction employing fellow Romanians. They seized the market, providing more stable jobs through their transnational networks, and extending their businesses nationally and internationally. This paper analyses the global processes ‘from below’ that explain the occupation of specific economic spaces by transnational migrant entrepreneurs. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and social network analysis, the paper shows how the seasonal mobilization of a workforce through a transnational social field connecting Romania and Spain provided a competitive advantage to these entrepreneurs to start investing in their ventures and acquiring new markets.

Multiomics Based Association Mapping in Wheat Reveals Genetic Architecture of Quality and Allergenic Related Proteins.

Wheat is an important staple crop since its proteins contribute to human and animal nutrition and are important for its end-use quality. However, wheat proteins can also cause adverse human reactions for a large number of people. We performed a genome wide association study (GWAS) on 114 proteins quantified by LC-MS-based proteomics and expressed in an environmentally stable manner in 148 wheat cultivars with a heritability > 0.6. For 54 proteins, we detected quantitative trait loci (QTL) that exceeded the Bonferroni-corrected significance threshold and explained 17.3−84.5% of the genotypic variance. Proteins in the same family often clustered at a very close chromosomal position or the potential homeolog. Major QTLs were found for four well-known glutenin and gliadin subunits, and the QTL segregation pattern in the protein encoding the high molecular weight glutenin subunit Dx5 could be confirmed by SDS gel-electrophoresis. For nine potential allergenic proteins, large QTLs could be identified, and their measured allele frequencies open the possibility to select for low protein abundance by markers as long as their relevance for human health has been conclusively demonstrated. A potential allergen was introduced in the beginning of 1980s that may be linked to the cluster of resistance genes introgressed on chromosome 2AS from Triticum ventricosum. The reported sequence information for the 54 major QTLs can be used to design efficient markers for future wheat breeding.

Tibetan Buddhism in Kangra Valley: History and Modernity. Part II

The second part of the paper (see Part I [Челышева, 2023]) reveals the role of legendary Rewalsar lake in the history of Tibetan Buddhism, underlines the role of mahasiddha’s ancient spiritual tradition in the formation of its teachings. Detailed description of monasteries, located on its banks are also provided. Apart from this the author dwells upon the history and present life of the most significant contemporary Buddhist monasteries in Kangra Valley. The description of their religious life and practice, based on personal impressions, are provided. Parallel to this the author traces the process of these religious centers’ incorporation into new cultural, social and confessional background. Article is based on the personal impressions of the author’s several trips to this region in the late 1990s — beginning of 2000s and supplemented by personal photos.

Road to Democratic Confederalism – from idea of Socialist Kurdish State to Autonomous Administration

The article analyzes the theory of Democratic Confederalism that had been established in Northern Syria in the beginning of 2014. Three cantons had been declared in Northern Syria, a region also called as Rojava by Kurds and the system for governance of the cantons was Democratic Confederalism. Democratic Confederalism is a governance system which had been theorized by Abdullah Ocalan. Democratic Confederalism is a governance system that rejects the nation-state and its ideology and proposes a new system that does not rely on any kind of state. The article started with the evolvement of A. Ocalan`s ideology from socialism, in the early 1970s, to Democratic Confederalism in the beginning of 2000s. The article also explained Democratic Confederalism and introduced the main principles of the system. After explaining the system of Democratic Confederalism, the article focuses on governance of Cantons that had been declared in Northern Syria. The last part of the paper finds out whether Democratic Confederalism is functional or not based on experience in Northern Syria.

Ukrainian Studies in the Academic Heritage of Blaže Ristovski

The submitted paper is one more opportunity to pay attention to Ukrainian Studies in the great academic heritage of Blaže Ristovski (1931–2018) who was well known and highly appreciated in Ukraine as the prominent Macedonian scientist, public and cultural figure. Scientific activity of Blaže Ristovski was connected with M. Rylskyi Institute of Art Studies, Folkloristics and Ethnology (IASFE) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for many years. He was one of the initiators of the scientific cooperation between the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts and National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine as well as the editor-in-chief of the Ukrainian-Macedonian Collections (vol. 1–6). B. Ristovski has been engaged in various issues dealing with Macedonian and Ukrainian parallels of formation and development of the historical and national consciousness as the Head of the Committee on the Macedonian-Ukrainian cooperation formed at the beginning of 2000s in the frame of the Agreement about friendship and cooperation between Ukraine and Republic of Macedonia, as well as the Agreement about cooperation between two our Academies. The years of scientific and organizational activity of B. Ristovski are connected with M. Rylskyi Institute of Art Studies, Folkloristics and Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. He was well-aware of the collections dedicated to Macedonian studies stored at V. Vernadskyi National Library of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Blaže Ristovski was a coordinator and author of a special issue of the Folk Art and Ethnology journal (no. 3, 2009), dedicated to Macedonian folkloristics and ethnology. The scholar has devoted his entire life to studying problems of Macedonian historical consciousness in historical and contemporary contexts, thus repeatedly emphasized parallels and analogies in the development and formation of the historical consciousness of the Ukrainian and Macedonian people. We consider the main works of Blaže Ristovski on this topic in the submitted article.

Ya. M. Lisovoy’s collection destiny: historical and library aspects

The study of the unique bibliophile heritage of writers, historians, philosophers, scientists and artists who happened to be far from Russia is important from the point of view of understanding how the best representatives of Russian emigration sought to preserve the collections that they managed to bring out of Russia and multiply over the years of living abroad. Fortunately, many collections were returned to their homeland, but many rare priceless materials remained abroad forever. The problem of book collections existence, which for one reason or another and at different times fell into the category of “prohibited”, acquired special significance at the end of 1980s – the beginning of 1990s, after the abolition of all censorship restrictions in the country, and, as a result, the opening of library special collections and archives. The purpose of the article is – on the basis of a brief source review of emigrants’ collections which entered the leading libraries of Russia from abroad, and the collection gathered by the White Guard emigrant officer and politician, historian, publicist, bibliographer Ya. M. Lisovoy – to illustrate the need to move from the analytical stage of research activity in this subject field to the synthetic one aimed at accumulating research intentions on a general cultural scale. The fate of the collection in the period from 1915 to 1992 is traced, its structure is presented, and the analysis of Ya. M. Lisovoy publishing activity is undertaken.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of antiretroviral products

Introduction. Since the appearance of the immune deficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the beginning of 1980s, humanity started to understand elementary processes, underlying biology of HIV that enabled to develop safe and efficient treatment methods. Currently HIV therapy includes combined treatment regimen that allows combined drug interaction.Objective. To study the features of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and also drug interaction of specific product groups, affecting human immunodeficiency virus.Materials and methods. Analytical review is based on analysis of literary sources of scientific database (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Сyberleninka) that contains information about peculiarities of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic antiretroviral products’ interaction (ARVP) when used by HIV-infected patients for the period 1995–2022. Results and discussion. The current study enabled to summarize the research results, devoted to the issue of combined ARVP use by HIV-infected patients, and also to identify variants of irrational ARVP combination, caused by increased risk of toxicity with their simultaneous application.Conclusion. Studying the characteristics of each medical product, used in HIV infection therapy, allows to choose optimal pharmacotherapy regimens, taking into account individual patient characteristics, and also to predict and prevent the risk of adverse reactions in the future.