Beginning Of 20th Century Research Articles

Inscribed in Liberalism: racism in International Relations and abolition of slavery in Brazil

The beginning of 20th Century was a moment of great transformations, amongst which the first impulse in institutionalize a field of knowledge of International Relations. A structural change that happened 30 years after the abolition of slavery in Brazil. Despite the fact of being unrelated historical phenomena in objective terms, I argue that the possibility of analyzing them in tandem widens the critique to the racist premises of liberalism, a powerful ideological motivator in both events. The vitality of critical studies in IR has helped denounce the premises upon which the discipline is grounded and the definition of what is within the scope of its interest. The disciplinary critique is reconstructed in the first section and, in the second, I present the marginalization inscribed in legal norms of late 19th and early 20th Century Brazil. The technique of developing conditions for the segregation of a sector of the population disguising it from full-citizens by granting conditional-citizenship to former enslaved people is a sophisticated use of liberalism. Such use not only presents in full the critique of structural racism developed by the critique to this political project, already advanced by IR scholars, it also presents another discussion that has yet ground to cover in the field: the unchallenged premise of homogeneity within political communities.

Immunology of the “sensible world” and of the “intelligible world”: the evolutionary decline and the “constructed reality”

The term “immunity” was introduced in medicine due to Ilya Mechnikov. However, the concept of infection resistance existed in European culture long before Mechnikov in the form of s.c. “vital force”. According to holistic methodology, the history of immunology can be divided into three unequal periods: 1) vitalistic – from antiquity to the discoveries of Mechnikov and Ehrlich; 2) “Mechnikov time” (1890s – 1916); and 3) a post-Mechnikov period (1916 – present). At the beginning of 18th century, the existence of “vital force” ideas created the possibility to adapt variolation in Europe, which was based on medieval magical-mystical concepts. Without generalizing of variolation experience, Edward Jenner would hardly have been able to discover vaccination. Scientific ideas of Mechnikov were not a categorical denial of the previous period of immunology. For almost 20 years, he himself had to fend off teleological and vitalistic accusations from the side of those biologists who denied the possibility of phagocytes to act expediently. An analogy helped Mechnikov to confirm his intuition was the phenomenon of intracellular digestion of amoebas or ciliates. Besides, he experimentally proved that phagocytosis was the product of evolution and not a “god gift”. However, in his works, Mechnikov also addressed to the category of “healing forces of the body.” Modern immunology now faces a number of theoretical contradictions and methodological difficulties related to reductionists paradigm: as far as the “split” between the world of “immune objects” (immune cells receptors, antibodies, cytokines, etc.) and “subjectness” of its basic categories “self-nonself”, “immune aggression, “immune defence”, etc., Ilya Mechnikov tried to overcome this contradiction substantiating the phenomenon of phagocytosis as functional system acting in accordance with defense purpose. The construction of “holistic” subject-object models of immunity (such as the symbiosis model of plant immunity) could be a way of overcoming the aforementioned contradictions.

FEATURES OF LITERARY MODELING OF THE EAST IN THE WORKS OF MYKHAILO STARYTSKYI

The article, based on the historical and literary approach and the systematic research paradigm, examines aspects of the work of Mykhailo Staritskyi, namely, oriental motifs in his work, their literary modeling. The main research method is literary analysis within the framework of a systems approach. The results and conclusions of the research open up new opportunities in the study of issues of the theory and history of literature, in particular the problems of genre, historicism, and inter-literary connections; in the formation of new approaches to understanding the legacy of M. Starytskyi and his place in the Ukrainian literary process of the end of the end of 19th century – beginning of 20th century; in new theoretical and concrete-historical studies on the history of Ukrainian literature, in the field of comparative studies.

Seeds of Modern Education: American Influence in Turkey

American private foundations invested huge financial resources in institutions and individuals in the Republic of Turkey in the process of westernization of the country. This study seeks to present a detailed historical perspective of the activities of American philanthropic foundations and their influence on the development and the process of modernization of Turkey. Due to the war-torn state and poor socio-economic situation, the modernization process in Turkey implied comprehensive help from the Western countries, which Ataturk took as a model. Based on charity and humanitarian work, first American organizations arrived in Turkey at the beginning of 19th century. Popularly known as ‘‘missionary organizations’’ or simply ‘‘missionaries’’, they devoted their work to religious conversion of dominantly Christian minorities in the Ottoman Empire, charity activities and education. From the period of the first arrivals until 1920s, missionary organizations established number of hospitals and schools that proved beneficial to people and students across Turkey. At the beginning of 20th century, some of the American richest industrialists and businessmen in that period like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller and Russell Sage have decided to establish private grant-providing foundations for the melioration of life standards of humankind all around the world – investing dominantly in education, infrastructure and public health. In terms of time scale, growth of the foundation imbricates with the establishment of modern Turkey in 1923. Led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the new government of Turkey was dedicated to the process of modernization of the country – a project that seriously needed support from the external powers. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the role of American private foundations in the process of development of education, health sector, and overall Turkey’s modernization. These findings suggest that American private organizations such as Rockefeller and Ford foundations had a strong hold in the development of institutions and education and training of individuals from Turkey in various fields.

“ROLE OF FOREIGN BANKS IN INDIAN ECONOMY”

A perusal of the history of banking in India indicates that foreign banks had been operating in an organized form in our country since the beginning of 19th century. Majority of the foreign banks had been merely agencies of large banking companies having their registered offices in foreign countries. These banks were primarily called upon to contribute a lot to the development of foreign trade in India. In fact, these banks are still expected to play significant role in the country’s foreign trade. With normal ups and downs due to business vicissitudes, these banks have been varying in number over the period and at present, there are twenty-nine foreign scheduled banks operating in India.

Exhibitions of Art Works from Private Collections of Kazan in the Second Half of 19th — Beginning of 20th Century

The article uses the example of Kazan to reveal the process of organizing and holding exhibitions of artworks from private collections in the Russian pre-revolutionary province. Addressing this topic, which has not been sufficiently studied in the history of Russian art, is relevant because it expands the understanding of the phenomenon of exhibition activity, which is one of the most important aspects of artistic life in Russia. The source base of the present study is the catalogues of four exhibitions of paintings from private collections held from 1873 to 1916, as well as publications in the Kazan press of this period. The peculiarities of the organizational process, selection and exposition of works, and the owners of the works are revealed. It is established that the exhibitions were of charitable nature: their proceeds were directed either in favour of the starving or poor, or in favour of Russian soldiers. The main collectors of art works in Kazan in the second half of the 19th century were predominantly landed gentry and university professors (who came from the families of personal nobles and officials). By the early 20th century, representatives of individual merchant families also had significant art collections. The exhibited works represented the whole variety of genres, but they were dominated by landscapes and portraits, primarily family portraits, suitable for decorating mansions. Catalogues allow us to conclude that local collectors of the second half of the 19th century were primarily interested in foreign art (masters of the Italian, Flemish, Dutch, Belgian, German and French schools, mainly of the 17—18 centuries), as well as (to a lesser extent) Russian academic painting (from V.L. Borovikovsky and D.G. Levitsky to D. Zakharov) and itinerant painters (I.I. Shishkin, N.A. Yaroshenko). By the end of the 19th century, the vector of collectors’ preferences shifted towards contemporary Russian art (works by Makovskys, I.E. Repin, etc. were collected), and collecting works by local artists (K.V. Bardou, L.D. Kryukov, R.A. Stupin, N.I. Zeblov, etc.) began to develop as a special direction.

“Librarian by Vocation”: 200 Years Since the Birth of V.V. Stasov

The article presents information about the scientific conference “V.V. Stasov and Russian Culture” (St. Petersburg, 11 January 2024), organized by the Russian National Library and dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of V.V. Stasov (1824—1906), an outstanding figure of Russian book culture and art, who contributed to the development of Russian bibliography. There is an overview of the reports, which reveal various aspects of his multifaceted activity (second half of 19th — beginning of 20th century). Also briefly told about the exhibition “Ardent Interpreter of Russian Art”, dedicated to V.V. Stasov.

RENTAL HOUSING IN MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES. STANDARDIZATION PROPOSALS

The article considers proposals for changes to regulatory documentation in Ukraine, for the introduction of a new typological unit - rental housing. From the point of view of the historical evolution of residential construction, - replenishment of the typological series of residential buildings with the type of "rental housing", - the return of the concept of "income building", which spread in Europe from the end of the 19th century - the beginning of 20th century. An urgent problem at the moment is the shortage of housing. Including for young families. The war destroyed housing in many cities and towns of Ukraine. As a result, there was a large category of people - temporarily displaced persons. People who, unfortunately, lose their homes every day as a result of rocket and artillery shelling, urgently need to rebuild or build new houses and apartments in the safest possible places. The provision of housing is at the core of human nature as a civilized individual. Thus, according to the model of "Maslow's pyramid" - a diagram that hierarchically represents human needs - these needs are based on physiological needs, and the second place is occupied by the safety of health, property and the future of a person. The following social and psychological factors are based precisely on stability in the field of safety and physiology. Therefore, among other things, it is high-quality and safe housing that will give a person psychological confidence and will be able to influence various social factors at the national level, including the demographic situation, which suffered a very significant negative impact during the war. Providing clear regulatory limits and definitions will allow designers to be armed with clear tools to implement the new typological unit of "rental housing". Implementation of the principle of parametric normalization will allow finding innovative design solutions. Current building regulations of Ukraine do not define "Rental housing" as a separate typological unit. Similarly, in the new National Classification of Buildings and Structures NK 018:2023 [23], the type "rental housing" did not appear, although the Law of Ukraine "On Rental Housing" has currently been adopted in the first reading. The functional classification of housing for temporary residence refers to premises such as residential apartments, apart-hotels, hotel apartments and others - to buildings of public purpose. At present, only such type of individual accommodation as dormitories refers to residential buildings. Therefore, the inclusion of such types of buildings as rental residential buildings in the regulatory documentation in Ukraine is an urgent and socially significant task.

Teki Bartynowskiego, czyli Materyały do ikonografii królów, zbroi i wojska polskiego

Bartynowski’s Papers Materyały do ikonografii królów, zbroi i wojska polskiego Władysław Bartynowski was a famous and remarkable numismatist active in Cracow at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century. In fact, he was a collector of various interests. Since early adulthood he used to collect old prints on various topics, including portrayals of famous Polish historical figures, coats of arms, old prints front pages, front page decorative frames etc. In 1882, the collection contained already 4200 units and it was not the end of his activity as a collector. Bartynowski used to work as an antiquar- ian so apart from the prints he owned, many more passed through his hands. He used to purchase them, sell and exchange. After some time, he became very well acquainted with this kind of works. The copies he produced were often so perfect that modern connoisseurs are sometimes unable to distinguish them from their originals. A piece of the collection was donated to the National Museum in Krakow. At the end of his life, Bartynowski decided to publish a collection of prints to serve educational purposes for those who had no access to the originals. To this end, he hired a talented drawer, Karol Wawrosz, who arranged tables of prints redrawn by him or otherwise copied from originals according to their subject. The basis and source for these catalogues were the collections gathered throughout many years as well as Władysław Bartynowski’s knowledge. This is how the work titled “Materyały do ikonografii królów zbroi i wojska polskiego” came into being. It consists of three big files titled Portrayals of kings, Army and Weapons and a notebook titled Materials containing detailed descriptions for tables and drawings. The work was published in print in 1908. It is in black and white, however a part of the volume was extra painted in watercolour by Bronisława Uhmowa, Władysław Bartynowski’s daughter, which add to the beauty of this work. Currently, the Bartynowski’s Files are available in a few libraries but only the black and white version. The paper presents the files in colour based on the copy from the family archive. Individual boards from these files, including the coloured ones, are sometimes to be found in antiquarian bookshops. Unfortunately, due to the lack of proper information on individual pages, they are commonly called the Wawrosz Files.

Razvitie pis'mennosti v Severnom Kitae X–XIX vv. cherez prizmu «Polnogo man'chzhursko-russkogo slovarya» I.I. Zaharova

The study of the Chinese writing is one of the main tasks of Russian Sinology. Since the beginning of 18th century, Russian Sinologists have begun to study of the Manchurian language. Being a representative research work in this field, the Complete Manchurian-Russian Dictionary by I.I. Zakharov is a valuable and indispensable reference book for studying the Manchurian language in the modern scientific community. In the preface to the dictionary, Zakharov analyzed the stages of development and evolution of Khitan, Jurchen, Mongolian and Manchu writing created by ethnic minorities in northern China since the 10th century, which reveal the true face of Chinese society of that era in linguistic and cultural terms.

EIGHT-POINTED STAR: IMAGES AND MEANINGS DURING FORMATION OF LATVIAN STATE (1905-1920)

Images of eight-pointed star (regular octagram) play an essential role in history of Latvian culture. Eight-pointed star visual representations appeared during national awakening in late 19th and early 20th century, as it was extensively used in visual and decorative art in between wars, also it played a role in exile and restoring national independence in 1980s. In the formation of the State of Latvia ethnographic ornaments became widely used by many artists, so, as early as in the beginning of 20th century, eight-pointed star was perceived as Latvian ornament of importance. The star was represented visually, also attained a meaning in textual comments or in visual and cultural context. Thus symbolic meaning of eight-pointed star in Latvia was expanded and following meanings emerged: “typical Latvian ornament”, “ancient Latvian rituals” in J.Rozentāls wall mural “Spēks” (Power), “historical, true Latvian style” in J.Kuga’s scenography for J.Rainis “Uguns un nakts” (Fire and Night), “national-patriotic” in A.Cirulis Latvian Riflemen battalions flags and “Latvian historic regions” in A.Cirulis version of Latvian flag.

“Railway justice” in the Processes of Acculturation in the Frontier Zones of Asian Russia in the Late 19th — early 20th Century (Bukhara Emirate and Northern Manchuria)

The article is a comparative study of two variants of the “railway justice”, i.e. justice systems in the Russian exclaves in the Emirate of Bukhara and the Northern Manchuria at the end of 19th — beginning of 20th century. Basic mechanisms of integration and acculturation of both territories and their population was railway infrastructure (Central Asia and Chinese Eastern Railways) and judicial institution connected with it. The research is based on the wide circle of sources: archival materials of court cases, legal acts of central and regional authorities, hand-books, analytical woks and contemporary memories. The correlation of Russian jurisdictions of different levels is studied. The special attention is paid to court practice of the Russian political agency and lay justice in Bukhara and mixed Russian-Chinese courts in the Northern Manchuria. Authors found that Russian justice in both exclaves on the one hand were based on the imperial post-reform legal rules and on the other hand were adopted for the specific interstate context, ethno-confessional diversity of territories, local legal culture. Russian courts were succeeded in the provision pf basic law and order and promote the processes of cultural legal integration of the studied regions and their varied population. Distinctions of two justice models are connected with difference competence of the Russian post-reform courts in the Emirate of Bukhara and Northern Manchuria. Central authorities and administration of the Chinese Eastern Railway took into account and discussed the Bukharan experience of deeper justice integration, but saved the wide latitude of mixed Russian-Chinese courts.

THE MIGRANT OUTLOOK IN COLONIZED AFRICA THROUGH THE NARRATIVE OF ABDULRAZAK GURNAH

As a representation of the currents of change in the world, the migrant inhabits a dialogic space created on the clash of cultures. They are in constant movement as they assemble their own narratives outside well-established national identities. The present study aims to analyse the construction of such character in Paradise (1994) and Afterlives (2020), published by Abdulrazak Gurnah, a writer recognised by his portrayal of the refugee and the migrants in-between the African and European continents. Both novels were set during the period of the German colonization of Africa (end of the 19th and beginning of 20th century) and depict the relationship between the German colonial troops (the schutztruppe) and their native recruits. The relations of power and the contradictory nature of the schutztruppe reflect on the search for belonging in which Yusuf and Hamza, main characters of above mentioned novels, find themselves.

Limits of Possibility: Practices of Administrative Sanctions Against Russian Periodical Press at Beginning of 20th Century

The study examines the mechanisms of censorship restrictions on Russian periodical press that had become widespread by the beginning of the 20th century. It explores the history of the development of censorship during the post-reform era and the stages of reorganization of the censorship apparatus in the context of changing Russian realities in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The issue of legislative initiatives regulating the coverage of domestic political events in the pages of Russian periodicals is addressed. Special attention is given to the practice of using administrative resources in the form of mandatory decrees by governors to establish control over local press. The documents for analysis were extracted by the authors from the archives of the Police Department of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. They contain information about specific instances of administrative penalties and fines imposed by governors on newspaper editors. Comparing this information with the content of articles subjected to penalties allowed for the identification of "the limits of possibility" for periodical press that existed locally in the perceptions of administrators. The review conducted led to the conclusion that mandatory decrees provided provincial administrations with the right, based on their own biases and convictions, to censor political content in print publications, thereby influencing public opinion.

Probiotics and Its Therapeutic Effects: A Review

Mankind has been exploiting microorganisms involuntarily from the very beginning until Louis Pasteur proposed the role of microorganisms in fermentation. However, the ability of these microorganisms to reshape the human life came into frame through the pioneering studies by ‘The father of Probiotics’, Ellie Metchnikoff in the beginning of 20th century. Replacement of putrefactive bacteria in the gut micro biome by probiotics microorganisms has shown to restore and maintain the gastrointestinal health. Probiotics by definition is “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”. Though the most common strains of probiotics employed are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium sp., the prospect of other microorganisms are still being explored. This review mainly focuses on the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics on different classes of diarrhea such as acute infectious diarrhea, traveler’s diarrhea, Antibiotic associated diarrhea, inflammatory Bowel Syndrome, Necrotizing Enterocolitis as well as the its effects on various skin diseases such as Atopic dermatitis, Psoriasis, Acne, Rosacea along with some miscellaneous effects Hypercholestremia, wounds, urogenital tract infections, etc.

Fight for Sobriety in Russia at Beginning of 20th Century: Discussion on Low-Alcohol Beverages

The problem of alcohol consumption and the struggle for sobriety in Russia in the early 20th century is being investigated. The discussion in government and public circles about the possibility of effectively combating drunkenness by spreading the culture of consuming low-alcohol beverages (primarily beer) among the people is analyzed. The aim of the article is to analyze how viable this idea could have been in the realities of that time. The relevance of addressing this topic is due to the ongoing search in modern Russia for ways to spread the values of a healthy lifestyle among the population in the face of the interests of producers and sellers of various types of alcohol in preserving and increasing their profits. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and comparative analysis. Among the sources used are archival materials (from the RGIA funds), press, stenographic reports of State Duma meetings, and journalism. The sources used together allow achieving the set goal. The main result of the research is to clarify the circumstances and reasons for the victory of domestic temperance forces over the “beer lobby” in the 1900s—1910s, the main reason being the unwillingness of the government, society, and the masses to replace strong vodka with beer on a national scale.

Freedom of Conscience in Russian Empire at Beginning of 20th Century and Constitutional Reform of 1906

For the first time in scientific historiography, with the involvement of previously unknown archival documents, the problem of ensuring freedom of conscience is considered when creating the Fundamental Laws on April 23, 1906, which became the first national constitution in force. It is shown that P. A. Kharitonov, A. P. Salomon and Count A. F. Heyden paid attention to this problem, that is, the authors of bureaucratic drafts of new Fundamental Laws, which by December 1905 were prepared for Emperor Nicholas II. The main one turned out to be Kharitonov’s project, considered at a Meeting of the highest ranks of the State Chancellery. In the future, the consolidation of freedom of conscience in the Fundamental Laws was facilitated by the discussion of the draft State Chancellery in the Council of Ministers under the chairmanship of Count S.Y. Witte in March 1906 and the drafting of another draft of Fundamental Laws by Professor O. O. Eichelman at the same time. It is emphasized that the controversy that arose as a result of the April Special Meeting chaired by Nicholas II among his key figures about the limits of freedom of conscience influenced the final version of the corresponding article of the Fundamental Laws established personally by the tsar. It is concluded that this version reflected the conservative-liberal nature of the views shared by the direct participants of the constitutional reform of 1906.

Information about Earthquakes in Russia at the Beginning of 19th Century in Periodicals

Information about Earthquakes in Russia at the Beginning of 19th Century in Periodicals

Waqf Houses in Zamoskvorechye (Southern Part of Central Moscow)

The article deals with the waqf houses of the 19th — beginning of 20th century in the Tatar Sloboda (settlement) of Moscow, located in the Zamoskvorechye district (a southern part of Moscow Downtown), — real estate bequeathed by the owners in favor of the Muslim community. Most of the information about these objects is stored in various archives of Russia and is not known to researchers. Archival documents cited in the article, previously unpublished, are being thoroughly introduced into scientific circulation for the fi rst time.

Infertility and female sexual dysfunction: A literature review

Female sexuality and fertility have been increasingly studied during the past decades. Although infertility was always viewed as a medical condition and treated by doctors, female sexual dysfunction was thought to be a psychological disorder until the late 90s. As a result, it is not until the beginning of 20th century that literature largely indicated that women diagnosed with infertility are more likely to experience sexual dysfunction. Both entities seem to be munltidimensional and complex conditions. Consequently, their treatment needs to include investigation of all the related aspects, such as the psychological assesment of the couple. The aim of this study is to review the literature on the complex relationship between infertility, its treatment and sexual dysfunction and to investigate the necessity of assesment of sexual function in women facing infertility. Scientific research published in the english language was used. The search for suitable studies was conducted with the research databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus using the keywords: sexual dysfunction, infertility, infertile couple, female sexuality. Overall, these studies revealed that sexual satisfanction is strongly impaired by the consequences of infertility. Furthermore, sexuality and fertility share many organic and non-organic risk factors that need to be profoundly investigated in the future.