Before Exercise Research Articles

Changes in Body Surface Temperature Associated with High-Speed Treadmill Exercise in Beagle Dogs Measured by Infrared Thermography.

Simple SummaryHeat exchange between the body surface and the external environment plays an important role in the regulation of body temperature in animals. Previous studies on the effect of exercise on the distribution of body surface temperature in dogs have been conducted on a variety of breeds and did not employ specific defined regions of interest. The aim of our research was to assess the influence of high-speed treadmill exercise on body surface temperature using infrared thermography in selected body regions of healthy Beagle dogs, taking into account gait and recovery time. The study was based exclusively on the Beagle breed, which presents short, uniform, and straight hair, conducting heat more readily from the skin. Statistical analysis indicated the highest temperature at the upper forearm and thigh, and the lowest on the croup, back, and neck. The peak surface temperature values in all examined areas were observed after the canter and the post-gallop walk, and the lowest were observed 2 h after exercise. Our study confirms that the body surface temperature of Beagle dogs is influenced by high-speed physical exercise on a treadmill as a result of muscle activity and changes in blood flow. The proximal forelimb and hindlimb were the most influenced by exercise.Evaluation of body surface temperature change in response to exercise is important for monitoring physiological status. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of high-speed treadmill exercise on body surface temperature using infrared thermography (IRT) in selected body regions of healthy Beagle dogs, taking into account gait and recovery time. Thermographic images of the dogs were taken before exercise (BE), after walk (AW), after trot (AT), after canter (AC), just after second walk (JAE), 5 min after exercise (5 AE), 15 min after exercise (15 AE), 30 min after exercise (30 AE), 45 min after exercise (45 AE), and 120 min after exercise (120 AE). Body surface temperature was measured at the neck, shoulder, upper forearm, back, chest, croup, and thigh. Statistical analysis indicated the highest temperature at the upper forearm, shoulder, and thigh, and the lowest on the croup, back, and neck. The peak values of surface temperature in all ROIs were at AC and JAE and the lowest at 120 AE. The study demonstrated that body surface temperature was influenced by high-speed physical exercise on a treadmill and IRT was a viable imaging modality that provided temperature data from specific body regions. The proximal forelimb and hindlimb were the most influenced by exercise.

Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Inflammation, Oxidative/Antioxidant Balance, and Muscle Damage after Acute Exercise in Normobaric, Normoxic and Hypobaric, Hypoxic Environments: A Pilot Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on inflammation, the oxidative/antioxidant balance, and muscle damage after acute exercise in normobaric, normoxic (NN) and hypobaric, hypoxic (HH) environments. Eighteen healthy males were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: exercise in NN conditions (NN group, n = 6), HBOT treatment after exercise in NN conditions (HNN group, n = 6), and HBOT treatment after exercise in HH conditions (HHH group, n = 6). All subjects performed treadmill running for 60 min at 75–80% maximum heart rate (HRmax) exercise intensity under each condition. The HBOT treatments consisted of breathing 100% oxygen at 2.5 atmosphere absolute (ATA) for 60 min. Blood samples were collected before exercise (BE), after exercise (AE), and after HBOT (AH) to examine inflammation (fibrinogen, interleukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), the oxidative/antioxidant balance (derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and the biological antioxidant potential (BAP)), and muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)). Plasma fibrinogen, serum IL-6, CK, and LDH levels were significantly increased AE compared to BE in all groups (p < 0.05). Plasma fibrinogen levels were significantly decreased AH compared to AE in all groups (p < 0.05), and the HNN group had a significantly lower AH compared to BE (p < 0.05). Serum IL-6 levels were significantly decreased AH compared to AE in the HNN and HHH groups (p < 0.05). Serum CK levels were significantly decreased AH compared to AE in the HHH group (p < 0.05). Serum LDH levels were significantly decreased AH compared to AE in the HNN and HHH groups (p < 0.05), and the NN and HNN groups had significantly higher AH serum LDH levels compared to BE (p < 0.05). These results suggest that acute exercise in both the NN and HH environments could induce temporary inflammatory responses and muscle damage, whereas HBOT treatment may be effective in alleviating exercise-induced inflammatory responses and muscle damage.

Changes in serum cortisol and some innate immunity parameters after exhaustive exercise in male dogs

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of exhaustive exercise on some innate immunity parameters and cortisol levels. Twelve male, mongrel dogs were divided into an experimental group, submitted to prolonged, strenuous exercise with exhaustion as the end-point, and a control group without any exposure to exercise. Serum cortisol levels were measured before exercise (BE), right after (0 h) and on 2nd hour and 4th hour after exercise. The neutrophil function (phagocytosis, phagocytic index, hydrogen peroxide production-H2O2) and classical pathway of complement activation (CPCA) were measured as followеd: BE, right after exercise and on 2, 4, 24, 48, 72 h, and 7, 14 day after exercise. In experimental animals cortisol decreased on hour 4 after exercise (P&lt;0.05), compared to BE level, and on hour 2, compared to controls (P&lt;0.05). Percentage of H2O2 producing neutrophils in experimental animals dropped significantly on hour 4 and day 7 after exercise (P&lt;0.05), compared to BE level and on hour 4 (P&lt;0.01) vs control group. Percentage of phago-cytising neutrophils decreased slightly on hour 48 (P&lt;0.05), compared to BE level. Phagocytic index and CPCA had an insignificant increase after exercise. Inappropriate changes in cortisol levels could indicate inadequate adaptive response to exercise. Overtraining could make animals more susceptible to infection.

Does a resistance exercise session with continuous or intermittent blood flow restriction promote muscle damage and increase oxidative stress?

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to compare the effect of low-load resistance exercise (LLRE) with continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR) on the creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and uric acid (UA) levels in military men. The study included 10 recreationally trained men aged 19 ± 0.82 years who underwent the following experimental protocols in random order on separate days (72–96 h): 4 LLRE sessions at a 20% 1RM (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) with continuous BFR (LLRE + CBFR); 4 LLRE sessions at 20% 1RM with intermittent BFR (LLRE + IBFR) and 4 high-intensity resistance exercise (HIRE) sessions at 80% 1RM. The CK and LDH (markers of muscle damage) levels were measured before exercise (BE), 24 h post-exercise and 48 h post-exercise, and the PC, TBARS and UA (markers of oxidative stress) levels were measured BE and immediately after each exercise session. There was a significant increase in CK in the HIRE 24 post-exercise samples compared with the LLRE + CBFR and LLRE + IBFR (P = 0.035, P = 0.036, respectively), as well as between HIRE 48 post-exercise and LLRE + CBFR (P = 0.049). Additionally, there was a significant increase in CK in the LLRE + CBFR samples BE and immediately after each exercise (Δ = 21.9%) and in the HIRE samples BE and immediately after each exercise, BE and 24 post-exercise, and BE and 48 post-exercise (Δ values of 35%, 177.6%, and 177.6%, respectively). However, there were no significant changes in LDH, PC, TBARS, and UA between the protocols (P > 0.05). Therefore, a physical exercise session with continuous or intermittent BFR did not promote muscle damage; moreover, neither protocol seemed to affect the oxidative stress markers.

Influence of exhaustive aerobic exercise on some cytokines and serum iron parameters in canine experimental model

The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of exhaustive exercise on some cytokines and iron status parameters. We used 12 male, mongrel dogs divided into two groups – animals from experimental group were submitted to exercise at moderate intensity with exhaustion as the end-point; animals from control group did no exercise. Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), hepcidin prohormone, serum iron (SI), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TS) were measured before exercise (BE), right after exercise (0 hour) and on 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exercise. SI, TIBC and TS were measured also on day 7 and 14 after exercise. Serum levels of TNF-α increased after the exhaustive exercise. Serum levels of IL-6 demonstrated an increase at 0 hour, but increase was not statistically significant compared to BE level. Serum levels of hepcidin prohormone marked a slight increase 48 hours after the exercise, but change was insignificant. Levels of SI decreased on hour 72 (P&lt;0.01) and on day 7 (P&lt;0.01) and 14 (P&lt;0.05) after the exercise, as compared to BE level. Similar were changes in TS. TIBC decreased on 4, 24 and 72 hours (P&lt;0.05) after exercise, but only compared to control group. In conclusion, exhaustive exercise causes inflammatory response and a significant decrease in SI levels.

Protein Catabolism and High Lipid Metabolism Associated with Long-Distance Exercise Are Revealed by Plasma NMR Metabolomics in Endurance Horses

During long distance endurance races, horses undergo high physiological and metabolic stresses. The adaptation processes involve the modulation of the energetic pathways in order to meet the energy demand. The aims were to evaluate the effects of long endurance exercise on the plasma metabolomic profiles and to investigate the relationships with the individual horse performances. The metabolomic profiles of the horses were analyzed using the non–dedicated methodology, NMR spectroscopy and statistical multivariate analysis. The advantage of this method is to investigate several metabolomic pathways at the same time in a single sample. The plasmas were obtained before exercise (BE) and post exercise (PE) from 69 horses competing in three endurance races at national level (130–160 km). Biochemical assays were also performed on the samples taken at PE. The proton NMR spectra were compared using the supervised orthogonal projection on latent structure method according to several factors. Among these factors, the race location was not significant whereas the effect of the race exercise (sample BE vs PE of same horse) was highly discriminating. This result was confirmed by the projection of unpaired samples (only BE or PE sample of different horses). The metabolomic profiles proved that protein, energetic and lipid metabolisms as well as glycoproteins content are highly affected by the long endurance exercise. The BE samples from finisher horses could be discriminated according to the racing speed based on their metabolomic lipid content. The PE samples could be discriminated according to the horse ranking position at the end of the race with lactate as unique correlated metabolite. As a conclusion, the metabolomic profiles of plasmas taken before and after the race provided a better understanding of the high energy demand and protein catabolism pathway that could expose the horses to metabolic disorders.

Interaction of physical trainings and coffee intakes in fuel utilization during exercise in rats

This study investigates the impact of exercises, coffee intakes, and physical trainings on fuel utilization in rats. Ninety-six rats were fed a control diet with either water (C) or coffee (CF; 0.12 g freeze-dried instant coffee/100 g body weight/d). Additionally, the animals go through physical training (TC and TCF) or no training (NTC and NTCF) for 4 weeks. For physical training, animals have to exercise on treadmills for 30 minutes (5 d per week, 15° incline, 0.5-0.8 km/h). At the end of week 4, the animals in each group were subdivided into three exercise groups: before exercise (BE), during exercise (DE), and after exercise (AE). The DE rats exercised on treadmills for 1 hour immediately before being sacrificed. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, glycogen, protein, triglyceride (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in the plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle of the rats were compared accordingly. Organ weights were also measured. Coffee-training interaction had a significant impact on heart weight, visceral fat, hemoglobin, hematocrit, liver glycogen in DE and AE, and liver triglyceride in DE and AE. Exercise (meaning exercised on a treadmill for 1 hour immediately before being sacrificed) training interaction was significant in liver glycogen, muscle glycogen in control diet and control diet with coffee, FFA and muscle TG levels at control diet with coffee group. Exercise-coffee interactions significantly influenced the FFA with no training groups. Exercise-coffee-training interaction significantly effects on FFA, Liver TG and Muscle TG. Coffee intakes can increase lipolysis during exercising but coffee consumptions delay the recovery of liver glycogen levels in trained rats after exercising. Coffee intakes can increase lipolysis during exercising but coffee consumptions delay the recovery of liver glycogen levels in trained rats after exercising. Coffee can be an effective ergogenic aid during exercise for physically trained rats.

Freeze-dried instant coffee can promote the activities of antioxidant enzymes and induce weight loss but also aggravate the plasma cholesterol profile in rats

ObjectiveThis study investigated the effect of instant coffee on antioxidant enzyme activity and plasma cholesterol profile during exercise in rats. MethodsForty eight rats were fed a control diet with water (C) or a control diet with a coffee solution (CF). At the end of week 4, animals in each dietary group were subdivided into three exercise groups: before exercise (BE), during exercise (DE), and after exercise (AE). DE groups were exercised on a treadmill for 1 h immediately before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE groups were allowed to take a rest for 1 h after exercise. Antioxidant enzyme activities of the C and CF groups were evaluated with activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase, the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione, and the level of malondialdehyde in the liver. Plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also compared. ResultsFinal body weights and food intakes of the CF group were significantly lower than those of the C group. Catalase activities of the CF group were higher than those of the C group BE and AE. Reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione of the CF group was significantly higher than that of the C group BE and DE. Superoxide dismutase activities of the CF group were higher than those of the C group regardless of exercise. Compared with the C group, there was an increase of total cholesterol and a decrease of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the CF group. Malondialdehyde levels in the CF group were higher than those in the C group BE and AE. ConclusionIt is suggested that freeze-dried instant coffee can promote activities of antioxidant enzymes and induce weight loss but also aggravate the plasma cholesterol profile in rats.

Coffee intake can promote activity of antioxidant enzymes with increasing MDA level and decreasing HDL-cholesterol in physically trained rats

This study investigated the effect of coffee intake and exercise on the antioxidative activity and plasma cholesterol profile of physically trained rats while they were exercising. Forty eight rats were under either the control diet with water (C) or control diet with coffee (CF) and at the same time they were given physical training for 4 weeks. In terms of physical training, the rats were exercised on a treadmill for 30 minutes everyday. At the end of 4 weeks, animals in each dietary group were subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). Animals in the DE group were exercised on a treadmill for one hour, immediately before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for one hour after exercise. TG levels were significantly high in coffee intake group than in control group. Also TG level of AE group was significantly higher than that of BE group. Exercise and coffee-exercise interaction effects were significant in total cholesterol (P = 0.0004, 0.0170). The AE of coffee intake group showed highest total cholesterol levels. HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in coffee intake group than in control group. Coffee, exercise, and coffee-exercise interaction effects were significant in SOD (P = 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0001). The AE and BE of coffee intake group showed higher SOD levels than the other four groups. Catalase activities were significantly higher in coffee intake group than control group. No significant main effect was found in GSH/GSSG. Coffee, exercise, and coffee-exercise interaction effects were significant in MDA levels (P = 0.0464, 0.0016, and 0.0353). The DE and AE of coffee intake group and the DE of control group showed higher MDA levels than the BE of control group. Therefore, coffee intake can promote activities of antioxidant enzyme but it also increases MDA and decreases HDL-cholesterol in physically trained rats.

Vitamin B6 Deficiency can Reduce Fuel Storage and Utilization in Physically Trained Rats

This study investigated the effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on the utilization and recuperation of stored fuel in physically trained rats. 48 rats were given either vitamin B6-deficient (B6-) diet or control (B6) diet for 4 weeks and were trained on treadmill for 30 minutes daily. All animals were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on treadmill for 1 hour just before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for 2 hours after being exercised like the DE group. Glucose and free fatty acids were compared in plasma. Glycogen and triglyceride were compared in liver and skeletal muscle. Protein levels were compared in plasma, liver, and skeletal muscle. Compared with the B6+ group, plasma glucose levels of the B6- group were significantly lower before and after exercise. Muscle glycogen levels of the B6- group were significantly lower than those of the B6+ group regardless of exercise. The liver glycogen level of the B6- group was also significantly lower than that of B6+ group during and after exercise. Before exercise, plasma free fatty acid levels were not significantly different between the B6+ and B6- groups, and plasma free fatty acid levels of the B6- group were significantly lower during and after exercise. The muscle triglyceride level of the B6- group was significantly lower than that of the B6+ group before exercise, and there were no differences between B6+ and B6- groups during and after exercise. Liver triglyceride levels were not significantly different between B6+ and B6- groups. Plasma protein levels of the B6- group were lower than those of B6+ before and after exercise. Muscle protein levels of the B6- group were not significantly different from those of the B6 group. Liver protein levels of the B6- group were significantly lower than that of the B6+ group after exercise. Liver protein levels of both B6+ and B6- groups were not significantly changed, regardless of exercise. Thus, it is suggested that vitamin B6 deficiency may reduce fuel storage and utilization with exercise in physically trained rats.

Powdered Fruit and Vegetable Juice Concentrates Attenuate Carbonyl Proteins and TNF-alpha in Trained Men

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of supplementation over 7 months with an encapsulated juice powder concentrate (JPC: Juice Plus+®, Memphis, TN) or placebo on markers of oxidation and immune activation in men at rest and after a controlled exercise bout. METHODS: Trained men (n = 40, 34 ± 5 yrs, 55 ± 7mLkg-1 min-1, non smokers) from a homogenous population (Special Forces: Cobra) were randomly assigned in a double blind manner to either JPC (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) after a four week washout period. The assigned treatment was taken as three capsules twice daily for 28 weeks. Exercise and blood sample collection were carried out after completion of wash out (baseline) and at study weeks 4, 8, 16 and 28. Capillary blood from finger-tip was collected before exercise (BE), immediately after the exercise test (IE), at 30 minutes (30M) and at 30 hours (30H) after each test. The exercise test was performed at 70% of VO2max (previously determined) until exhaustion at 80 rpm on a bicycle ergometer. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma carbonyl proteins (CP) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Analysis used repeated measures ANO VA with p<0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: The CP concentrations after 16 and 28 weeks were significantly lower in the JPC group than in the placebo group (p<0.001) and lower than baseline for the JPC group (p<0.05). The exercise protocol had no effect on CP. TNF-alpha concentrations increased in both groups in the first 8 weeks (p<0.05) followed by a significant decrease in the JPC group for the next 20 weeks (p<0.0001). The values in the placebo group were unchanged during these 20 weeks compared to the first eight weeks. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that compared to placebo over 7 months, JPC protected plasma proteins and reduced immune activation as shown by CP and TNF-alpha. Increase of TNF-alpha after 8 weeks of study in both groups may be due to a documented common upper respiratory tract infection in the cohort at this time point. The model of exercise did not influence the measured variables in this trained population.

The effects of physical training on antioxidative status under exercise-induced oxidative stress

This study investigated the effect of physical training and oxidative stress on the antioxidative activity and on plasma lipid profile. Forty eight rats were given either a physical training or no training for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The antioxidative activity was evaluated with the activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. The plasma concentrations of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)) were also compared. Compared to those of non-training group, catalase activities of training group were lower before exercise but higher during and after exercise. SOD activities were higher regardless of exercise. GSH/GSSG ratio was higher before exercise but was not significantly different during exercise and even lower after exercise. There were no differences between non-training group and training group in MDA levels regardless of exercise. Compared to those of non-training group, atherosclerotic index of training group was lower after exercise and there were no significant differences before and during exercise. There were no differences between non-training group and training group in HDL-C regardless of exercise. These results suggest that moderate physical training can activate antioxidant defenses and decrease the atherosclerotic index and this beneficial effect is evident under exercise-induced oxidative stress.

Effect of vitamin B6 deficiency on the utilization of fuel with exercise in rats

Forty eight rats were fed either a control diet (+B6) or vitamin B6 deficient diet (-B6) diet for 4 weeks and were subdivided into 3 groups: before exercise (BE); during exercise (DE); after exercise (AE). DE group were exercised on treadmill for 1 hours just before sacrifice at the end of 4th week of respective diet and AE group were recuperated 1 hour after exercised like DE group. The levels of glucose (GLU), glycogen (GLY), protein (PRO), free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) were compared in plasma, liver and skeletal muscle. There were no differences between +B6 and -B6 in muscle and liver GLY before and during exercise but liver GLY was not recovered and 40% lower after exercise in –B6 group. Muscle TG was decreased with exercise in +B6 group(15% in DE, 28% in AE) but was not changed with exercise in –B6 group. Liver TG was decreased with exercise in -B6 group(26% in AE) but was not changed with exercise in +B6 group. Plasma FFA was increased with exercise in +B6 group(18% in DE, 16% in AE) while was decreased with exercise in –B6 group(35% in DE, 38% in AE). There were no changes in plasma, liver and muscle PRO of both +B6 and –B6 group with exercise. These results suggest that vitamin B6 deficiency may influence the utilization of fuel stores.

Allium Vegetable Diet Can Reduce the Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress but Does Not Alter Plasma Cholesterol Profile in Rats

Aims and Methods: This study investigated the effect of Allium vegetable intake on the antioxidative activity and on the plasma cholesterol profile during exercise in rats. Ninety rats were fed either a control diet or a diet with added Allium sativum (AS), Allium cepa (AC), Allium fistulosum (AF), or Allium tuberosum (AT) for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into three groups: before exercise (BE), during exercise (DE), and after exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on a treadmill for 1 h immediately before being sacrificed. Animals in the AE group were allowed to take a rest for 2 h after having been exercised like the DE group. The antioxidative activity of the Allium vegetables was evaluated with the activities of catalase in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. The plasma concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also compared. Results: In AS, AC, AF and AT animals, the ratios of GSH/GSSG were significantly higher than those of the control animals in BE and AE. The level of liver MDA was lower than that of control animals in AE. Compared to control animals, catalase activity of AS animals was higher in BE but was lower in AE while SOD activity of AS animals was lower in both BE and AE. Catalase activity of AC animals was higher in BE and DE while SOD activity of AC animals was higher in DE. There were no differences between AF and control in catalase activities regardless of exercise. There were no differences between control animals and AT animals in SOD activities regardless of exercise. Plasma cholesterol profiles were not significantly different in rats fed different Allium vegetable diets. Conclusion: It is suggested that Allium vegetable diets have antioxidative activities and can reduce the oxidative stress that results from exercise in rats but do not alter the plasma cholesterol profile.

Effects of Allium Vegetables on Energy Stores and Utilization in Exercising Rats

This study investigated the effect of allium vegetable intake on the storage and utilization of energy substrates before, during, and after exercise in tissues of rats. Ninety rats were fed either a control diet or a diet with added Allium sativum (AS, garlic), Allium cepa (AC, onion), Allium fistulosum (AF, spring onion), or Allium tuberosum (AT, Chinese chives) for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on treadmill for 1 hour just before being sacrificed at the end of 4th week of the dietary treatment rats in the AE group were allowed to recuperate for 2 hours after being exercised like the DE group. The levels of glycogen (GLY), triglyceride (TG) and protein (PRO) were compared in liver and skeletal muscle. In the AS diet animals, the level of liver GLY was significantly higher than those of control animals in the BE, DE and AE groups. The level of muscle TG also tended to be higher in BE, but lower in AE than in control animals. In AC animals, the level of muscle GLY was significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE. The level of muscle TG also tended to be higher than those of control animals in BE and DE but tended to be lower in AE. In AF animals, the level of muscle GLY was significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE. The level of muscle TG was also significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE groups. In AT animals, the level of muscle GLY was significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE. These results suggest that Allium sativum diets enhance the capacity to store fuel before as well as during exercise and increases the potential to utilize the stored fuel during exercise.

EFFECT OF VITAMIN C ON FREE RADICALS AND DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS FOLLOWING RESISTIVE EXERCISE

An increase in free radical production and serum concentration leads to lipid peroxidation in active tissue following exercise, which may contribute to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Antioxidant supplementation may reduce free radical levels, thereby attenuating the intensity of DOMS. PURPOSE To determine the effects of Vitamin C supplementation on serum malondialdehyde concentration (MDA) and DOMS following an acute bout of high intensity whole body resistance exercise. METHODS Ten untrained males (20.5 ± 3.2 yr) that did not have resistance exercise experience and did not use supplements in the past year participated in this investigation. Subjects were randomly assigned to a double blind counterbalanced supplementation sequence (Vitamin C and placebo). All subjects completed an eight-exercise circuit resistance exercise protocol consisting of three sets of ten repetitions at 73.5% of 1RM for each exercise under each supplement condition. Blood samples and measures of active and passive muscle soreness were obtained before exercise (BE), immediately post-exercise (IPE), 6hr PE, 24hr PE, and 48hr PE. RESULTS Plasma ascorbic acid (μ mol/L) was higher BE (73.3 ± 29.4 vs. 13.8 ± 7.8, p < 0.01) and 24hr PE (49.6 ± 23.0 vs. 18.5 ± 9.6, p < 0.05) in the Vitamin C supplementation condition. However, there was no difference between the Vitamin C and placebo groups for MDA concentration (μ mol/ml) or DOMS at any time point. At 24hr PE, MDA levels (2.9 ± 0.6) were greater (p < 0.05) than BE levels (2.5 ± 0.5). A time main effect was observed for all measures of muscle soreness. Muscle soreness was greater (p < 0.01) at IPE, 6hr PE, 24hr PE, and 48hr PE compared to BE levels. CONCLUSION This study showed that high intensity whole body resistance exercise significantly increased MDA concentration 24hr PE in untrained males. However, this study showed that Vitamin C supplementation was ineffective at attenuating the rise in MDA concentration and DOMS in untrained males.

自発運動の直後に多食する食物摂取パターンにより持久的運動時の肝臓グリーコーゲン消費は節約される

We investigated the effects of feeding a large meal to female rats (n = 66) just before or just after voluntary wheel running on energy metabolism during a final endurance exercise test. The rats were divided into three groups ; one fed a large meal just before exercise (BE), one fed a large meal just after exercise (AE), and one fed ad libitum (AD) . The rats were allowed to run voluntarily from 20 : 00 to 07 : 00 h. The BE group were given a large meal (more than 12 g) between 19 : 00 and 20: 00 h and a small meal (3 g) between 07 : 00 and 08 : 00 h. The AE group were given a large meal (more than 12 g) between 07 : 00 and 08 : 00 h and a small meal (3 g) between 19 : 00 and 20 : 00 h. After 4 weeks, 6 rats in each group were sacrificed at 22 : 00 h, and 12 rats in each group were sacrificed after 30 min starting from 22 : 00 h at 15 m/min (n=6) or 35 m/min (n=6) on a rodent treadmill (0° grade) . Four rats in each group were sacrificed after 30 min starting from 22 : 00 h at rest on the treadmill as a control. The plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol concentrations increased significantly during low-speed exercise in the AD group, and during higher-speed exercise in all groups. The liver glycogen concentration was significantly greater in the AE group than in the other groups at rest, and decreased significantly during exercise at both speeds in the AD group, but not in the BE and AE groups. The gastrocnemius muscle glycogen concentration was decreased significantly during exercise at both speeds in the AD group, and at high speed in the BE and AE groups.These results indicate that intake of a large meal just after exercise can store a high level of liver glycogen at the beginning of exercise than ad libitum feeding or large meal intake just before exercise, and expend plasma FFA in muscle during exercise compared with ad libitum feeding. This suggests that large meal intake just after exercise contributes to improvement of metabolic capacity in endurance exercise with enhanced liver glycogen sparing.