Beef Bone Research Articles

A Sustainable Approach Using Beef and Pig Bone Waste as a Cement Replacement to Produce Concrete

Owing to the ongoing accumulation of industrial by-products, the management and disposal of waste have emerged as a significant issue. Employing these industrial wastes as an alternative to replace cement holds potential as a promising solution for conserving energy and reducing CO2 emissions. In this study, pig and beef bone powder were used as cement replacements in concrete, and the mechanical properties were studied. Bone powders were prepared from random bones collected from local slaughterhouses, butchers, and restaurants. The pig bone powder (PBP) and beef bone powder (BBP) were prepared by direct fire contact, oven-calcined for 4 h at 300 °C, crushed, and sieved to size 0.4 to 2 mm. A concrete mix design was formulated for a target compressive strength of 21 MPa at 28 days of curing. This design included three different levels of cement replacement with each type of bone powder (10%, 15%, and 20% by mass). These mixes were then evaluated and compared to a control mix without any bone powder replacement (PB-0). This study evaluated the mechanical properties via compressive strength and flexural testing. The results showed that the workability of the mixtures decreased with the increase in bone powder content. Bone powder functions as a pozzolanic substance, engaging in a chemical reaction with the calcium hydroxide in concrete to produce compounds that exhibit cement-like properties; however, an increase in bone powder content worsened the mechanical properties. The most promising results were obtained for a 10% replacement percentage of BBP and PBP, obtaining strengths of 21.15 MPa and 22.78 MPa, respectively. These are both above the design strength, with PBP concrete even exceeding the strength of PB-0 (21.75 MPa). These results showed a good agreement with the standard values and allow to use these wastes as a replacement for cement, becoming a sustainable solution to the exploitation of quarry materials and, in turn, to the problem of contamination by biological waste from the meat industry.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Pengelolaan Limbah Cangkang Telur Ayam Menjadi Pupuk Organik Di Desa Gitik Kecamatan Rogojampi Kabupaten Banyuwangi

Egg shells, chicken bones and beef bones are included in organic waste. According to Rahmayanti (2020), organic waste comes from living creatures which can be reused into organic fertilizer. The high phosphorus content in egg shells is 95% and the high nitrogen content in livestock bones is able to fulfill plant elements for growth and development. This research is in line with research by Lubis, et al., (2020), where the content of egg shells has a significant effect on increasing the height growth of Japanese Cambodian (Adenium obesum) starting from increasing plant height and increasing the number of plant leaves. On the other hand, the use of organic fertilizer from chicken, beef and egg shell waste can be an alternative in controlling environmental problems.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Tulang Sapi dan Kaca Sebagai Substitusi Parsial Semen terhadap Bata Beton Pejal

Cement is a non-renewable natural resource, this natural resource will run out over time. In this research, waste cow bone and glass were used as a partial substitute for cement for solid concrete bricks. This study used a quantitative method in the form of an experimental method referring to the General Requirements for Building Materials in Indonesia (PUBI – 1982) and the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-0349-1989, with a total of 24 test objects measuring 15 x 15 x 15 cm consisting of 4 variations of composition which were tested at the age of 7 days. The content of calcium oxide (CaO) in beef bones and silica (SiO2) contained in glass can be used to increase the hardening of concrete. Based on the test results, it was found that a mixture of solid concrete bricks with 4.5% beef bone powder and 3% glass powder (BSK I), produced an optimum average compressive strength of 290.56 Kg/cm² with a water absorption value of 2.445%, declared to be entering quality I solid concrete brick. This proves that the innovation of solid concrete bricks with the addition of bovine bone and glass waste can be stated to be better than conventional solid concrete bricks, resulting in solid concrete bricks that have high compressive strength, economical price and are environmentally friendly.Keywords : solid concrete brick, glass waste, cow bone waste

Pemanfaatan Limbah Tulang Sapi dan Kaca Sebagai Substitusi Parsial Semen terhadap Bata Beton Pejal

Cement is a non-renewable natural resource, this natural resource will run out over time. In this research, waste cow bone and glass were used as a partial substitute for cement for solid concrete bricks. This study used a quantitative method in the form of an experimental method referring to the General Requirements for Building Materials in Indonesia (PUBI – 1982) and the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-0349-1989, with a total of 24 test objects measuring 15 x 15 x 15 cm consisting of 4 variations of composition which were tested at the age of 7 days. The content of calcium oxide (CaO) in beef bones and silica (SiO2) contained in glass can be used to increase the hardening of concrete. Based on the test results, it was found that a mixture of solid concrete bricks with 4.5% beef bone powder and 3% glass powder (BSK I), produced an optimum average compressive strength of 290.56 Kg/cm² with a water absorption value of 2.445%, declared to be entering quality I solid concrete brick. This proves that the innovation of solid concrete bricks with the addition of bovine bone and glass waste can be stated to be better than conventional solid concrete bricks, resulting in solid concrete bricks that have high compressive strength, economical price and are environmentally friendly.Keywords : solid concrete brick, glass waste, cow bone waste

Biogas Production from Tofu Processing Waste and Rice Straw with the Addition of Beef Bone Lime

The waste processing of tofu and rice straw can be used as the basic material for making biogas. The acidic pH of the waste will cause a non-optimal biogas production. This research was conducted using NaOH and the variations of beef bone lime 3 replications. The purpose of this study was to obtain the value of volume, pressure, biogas production rate and flame quality. The result showed the best quality of flame with a blue color (for 64.48 seconds) and 962 ml/day of biogas production rate was obtained by adding 3% of beef bone. The highest volume was obtained by adding 3% of beef bone lime (2210.33 ml) and the highest pressure was obtained by adding 2% and 3% of beef bone lime (1.0159 bar).

DETERMINING THE POSSIBLE PERSPECTIVE OF USING CATTLE BONE ASH AS OBTAINABLE RAW MATERIAL FOR BIOACTIVE GLASS

Biominerals and bioceramics are widely used in medicine in replacement as well as in the process of regeneration of diseased bone tissue. Bioactive glass is known as one of the effective materials for restoring bone tissue. Dozens of bioenamel materials of different composition and purpose are known at present. Rilligate, borate and other base biomines are known, the main characteristics of which are the presence of two types of oxides, namely P2O5 and CaO in the composition of such class of glasses. At the same time, one important thing is noted - the amorphism of biotin, in contrast to ceramics of bioactive crystalline nature, provides the possibility of adjusting the ratio of CaO/P2O5 (Ca/P) present in them within wide limits. It creates prospects for the purposeful regulation of the already mentioned properties and the growth of the fields of application. Biomin materials that are practically usaed in medicine are obtained in compositions of religiate base, when they contain 4-9 wt. % P2O5 . Non-technological compounds such as volatile P2O5 or H3PO4, hygroscopic or refractory salts of phosphoric acids are mainly used as phosphorus-containing raw materials for obtaining such glasses. In order to expand the obtainable raw material base of bioactive enamel, a complex, containing CaO and P2O5 (total 90 wt. %) and presented in the form of bioactive hydroxyapatite, raw material - ash obtained from cattle bone (bone ash) was selected. 6-10 wt. % P2O5 containing glasses were obtained from the charges containing bone ash, quartz sand, chalk and calcined soda, and as well as crystallized materials by their further heat treatment. Their characteristic properties are: bending strength, 390-510 MPa (MPa). Chemical stability with weight losses of 1.1-1.6 wt. % and density 2660-2740 km/m3. By summarizing the research results it was concluded that it is possible to use of beef bone ash as a raw material containing P2O5 in the production of bioactive glass materials.

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Avocado Seed Oil Transesterification Method Using Beef Bone Catalyst

Avocado seeds have a relatively high content of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, so they have the potential to be used as raw material for biodiesel. The process of processing biodiesel from avocado seeds is through a transesterification reaction, using a heterogeneous catalyst in the form of a stable bovine bone and green technology. This study uses a cow bone catalyst to produce biodiesel from avocado seed oil through a transesterification process. Biodiesel has characteristics; density of 0.75 g/cm3, FFA 0.468%, and acid number 0.732 mg-KOH/g. The transesterification process at 60° for 1 hour obtained an FFA of 1.50% to 0.468% and yield biodiesel 28.8%. The research showed that all biodiesel quality tests at SNI 04-7182-2015 except for the quality density test. The FTIR results of biodiesel are: wave number 2585-2956 cm-1 C-C (alkane) asymmetrical stretching shows free fatty acid chain bonds, 1749.88 cm-1 Carbonyl ester group C=O, peak-C-H group wavelength at 1459 cm-1, The position of the carbonyl ester is strengthened by the presence of the C-O ester position at a wavelength at 1378 cm-1, the C-H group (alkane) with a length at 1060 cm-1.

PENGARUH ABU TULANG SAPI SEBAGAI BAHAN TAMBAH AGREGAT HALUS DALAM PEMBUATAN BETON READY MIX

ABSTRACT
 In this study the authors aimed to determine the effect of using beef bone aggregate as an added ingredient for sand (fine aggregate) as well as an added ingredient for making ready mix concrete. The percentage levels of beef bones used in this study were 4%, 6% and 17%. In the manufacture of the test object is done by mixing the binder (cement), sand (fine aggregate and cow bone ash), gravel (coarse aggregate) and water using the experimental method. Samples of specimens were made using cylindrical molds (molds) and treated. The concrete compression test was carried out using a press machine, the mix design plan for making concrete was planned at 30 MPa. The total test objects made in this study were 20 pieces. The results of the test object with a cow bone ash content of 4% obtained compressive strength results of 7.58MPa 8.775 MPa 11.21 MPa 10.92 MPa and 10 MPa with an average value of 9.7 MPa. From the results of the addition of 6% beef bone ash, the results were 9.79 MPa, 9.73 MPa, 8.03 MPa, 9.23 MPa and 13.36 MPa and an average value of 10 MPa, for results with an addition of 17% cow bone ash was 10.3 MPa, 18.11 MPa, 15.28 MPa, 16.53 MPa and 19.13 MPa with an average yield of 15.87 MPa
 Keyword: Concrete, Cow Bone Ash, Compresive masive, Aggregate.

Uptake of Fluoride from Water Using Recycled Raw Beef Bone as an Environmently Freindly Waste

Excessive intake of fluoride, mainly through drinking water is a serious health hazard affecting humans worldwide. In this study, the defluoridation capacities of locally available raw waste beef bones have been estimated. Several experimental parameters including contact time, pH, bone dose, fluoride initial concentration, bone grains size, agitation rate, and the effect of co-existence of anions in actual samples of wastewater were studied for fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. Results indicated excellent fluoride removal effeciency up to 99.7% at fluoride initial concentration of 10 mg F/L and 120 min contact time. Maximum fluoride uptake was obtained at neutral pH range 6-7. Fluoride removal kinetic was well described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Both, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models could fit the experimental data well with correlation coefficient values > 0.99 suggesting favorable conditions of the process. Furthermore, it was found that the co-existing anions had no significant effect on fluoride removal. Ion exchange and fluoride precipitation are the modes of fluoride removal.

Optimization of squeeze casting process parameters for the production of Al composite reinforced with bone powder

Al6061 alloy is most commonly used in automotive, marine, and aerospace applications to reduce weight and improve the strength of the composite. Al6061 alloy is a precipitation-hardened aluminium alloy used as a matrix material. Beef bone is a bio-waste which pollutes the environment and the people who live in the vicinity of its manufacturing and disposal sites. Bio-waste has been used in a variety of ways by researchers in recent years, including activated carbon, water purification, reinforcement in composites, fillers, medicines, food products and additives etc. Recycled beef bones that had been abandoned as waste were collected, cleaned, and ground into a fine powder with a particle size ranges between 5 and 50 µm and used as reinforcement to produce the Al composite. Because, beef bone has good tensile and compression strength and is light in weight, which helps improve the strength without much increase in cost of the Al composite. The aluminium composite are fabricated using squeeze casting process and the design of experiment based on Taguchi design are imposed to produce the high quality Al composite. The aluminium composite is fabricated and nine samples were successfully obtained for testing and analysis. The prepared substrates are analysed for hardness and tensile strength. Based on the experimental run the optimized process parameter conditions are found also regression equation is provided for the design. The optimized process parameters are found for melt temperature, squeeze pressure, reinforcement percentage, stirring speed as 700 °C, 100 MPa, 5%, 600 rpm respectively. Also, the highest contribution for improving the strength of the material is percentage of reinforcement.

Preparation of Nanosize Bone Powder from Waste and Development of Al Composite through Squeeze Casting Process

Al6061 alloy is most commonly used in automotive, marine, and aerospace applications to lighten the composite and increase its strength. Al6061 alloy is a precipitation-hardened aluminum alloy used as a matrix material. Beef bone is a biowaste that has polluted the environment and the people who live in the vicinity of its manufacturing and disposal sites. Biowaste has been used in a variety of ways by researchers in recent years, including activated carbon, water purification, reinforcement in composites, fillers, additives, etc. Beef bones that had been abandoned as waste were collected, cleaned, and grounded into a fine powder with a particle size of 50–100 nm and used as reinforcement. Squeeze casting process is used to create the newly created aluminum composite (Al6061 + 0%, 5%, 10% of bone powder). The aluminum composite was fabricated and three samples were successfully obtained for further testing and analysis. The prepared Al composites with nanopowder reinforcement are analyzed for surface morphology, elemental identification, hardness, porosity, tensile strength, and compression strength. The percentage of porosity in the composite is improved by 36.7% when compared to the Al6061 alloy. Similarly, the tensile strength of the produced composite is increased to 5.59%. A significant improvement is observed in the wear resistance and hardness of the composite as 54.55% and 48.65%, respectively.

Characterization and Development of Gelatin from Cow Bones: Investigation of the Effect of Solvents Used for Soaking Beef Bones

Beef bones contain a gelatin component that can be further extracted. This extraction process requires the right solvent to produce good yield and quality. Gelatin has multifunctional properties, namely biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic. This is because it is a natural ingredient that contains high amino acids. The most dominant amino acid content as a parameter for determining the quality of gelatin is proline, glycine, and hydroxyproline. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the solvent used as a medium for soaking cow bones to be converted into gelatin. The solvent variations used include NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, and NaHCO2. The concentration variations are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (%). This research method includes the preparation of cow bone samples, fat removal, mineral removal, soaking for 7 days, and extraction. The extraction process was carried out with variations times of 4 h and 6 h. The results of the study showed that the highest yield value was with 5% HCl solvent with 4 h extraction time of 26.5% with 8.67% water content, 0.9% ash content, pH 4.64, and viscosity 3.19 cP (p < 0.05). A good isoelectric point is produced when using an acidic solvent, which is between 5.3–5.8. The cross-linking of gelatin with chitosan, glutaraldehyde, and glucose was successfully carried out with the FTIR absorption indicator at a wavelength of 3200 cm−1, which indicates the presence of hydrogen bonds, 1022 cm−1, which indicates the breakdown of aldehyde bonds in glutaraldehyde compounds into C-O bonds. According to the microbial test, when gelatin is combined with chitosan, there will be an increase in the microbial inhibition zone. This shows that the development of gelatin materials is very prospective and promising.

Extraction And Characterization Of Pig Skin Gelatin Compared To Commercial Porcine Gelatin

A study was conducted to extract gelatin from pig skin and to evaluate and compare its physicochemical properties with those of commercial porcine gelatin. Whitish yellow-colored gelatin powder was extracted from pig skin through acetic acid pre-treatment, heating, filltration and drying steps. The average yield of pig skin gelatin (PSG) was 5.98 % (w/w). The protein, moisture, fat and ash content of PSG were 90.24, 8.13, 0.60 and 0. 56 %, respectively. The gel (6.67%) prepared from PSG showed a transmittance of 24.71 % and a pH of 6.45. The electrophoretic pattern of the gelatin samples showed the presence of both α1 and α2 chains with the highest molecular weight band observed at around ~ 200 kDa. The L*, a*, and b* values of PSG were recorded as 79.28, 0.58 and 5.79, respectively. Compared to commercial porcine gelatin, PSG had lower hydroxyproline content but a higher pH (p < 0.05) value. Our findings suggest that good quality gelatin with optimal properties can be extracted from low-value pig skin which can provide a suitable alternative to traditional gelatin derived from pork bones or beef bones and skin.

CHARACTERIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL BONE BROTHS FORMULATED WITH VARIOUS MEAT AND NON-MEAT INGREDIENTS

Bone broth has been utilized as food and as a favorite ingredient in many dishes for centuries; notwithstanding, due to the recent growing interest of the consumers, industrial production of bone broths has become widespread. This study evaluated physical and chemical quality features of industrial bone broths produced with beef bone, water, and seasonings (BC), including vegetable mixture (BV), beef trotter (BT), or beef trotter plus sheep head meat (BTH). BTH had the highest lipid and protein contents, and also lipid oxidation levels. The lowest free fatty acids were detected in BC, followed by BT, BV and BTH. SIMCA model provided distinct clusters with interclass distances of more than 3. Consequently, bone broths showed different quality characteristics when formulated with meat or non-meat ingredients. Specifically, FTIR combined with multivariate analysis might provide valuable information, but further studies are needed to quantify the amounts of ingredients added to the formulation.

Strategi Model Bisnis Startup Pupuk Berbasis Inovasi Limbah Ternak dan Cangkang Telur di Kabupaten Jember

The scarcity of fertilizers provides an opportunity for startup businesses to provide alternative organic fertilizers. PTC Organic is one of the pioneering business startups in producing alternative fertilizers that utilize livestock waste as the main ingredient in the form of egg shells, chicken bones, and beef bones that involve a series of processes so that they become available nutrients for plants. The research method used is descriptive-analytic using the Bussiness Model Canvas (BMC) method and SWOT analysis. The objectives of this research are 1) to map out the current PTC Organic business model using BMC, (2) to develop alternative business development strategies using the SWOT method. Internal and external factors include seven aspects of internal factors (Product, Price, Promotion, Business Location, Process, People, and Physical Evidence) and four aspects of external factors (Industrial Competitors, Suppliers, New Entrants, and Buyers). The results obtained are the position of Organic PTC is very profitable, namely in Quadrant I (0.3, 0.22). So anaggressive strategy in creating innovation and product development is necessary for the sustainability of PTC Organic's business.

Karakterisasi Gelatin Hasil Ekstraksi dari Tulang Sapi Melalui Proses Perlakuan Basa NaOH

Gelatin is a soluble protein that acts as a gelling agent and is commonly used as an ingredient in both food and non-food production. Since bone is composed of collagen fibers, it can be used as a raw material for gelatin production. Beef bone is a waste product that is rarely used. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be used as a processing ingredient in the production of type B gelatin because it can remove fats and oils. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%NaOH concentrations on the properties of bovine bone gelatin at 4 and 6 hours of extraction time. The observed properties were yield, water content, ash content, pH, viscosity, and microbial contamination. The results showed that the pretreatment condition with 6% NaOH and extraction for 6 hours affected the properties of the highest yield, water content dan microbial contamination have fulfilled the SNI. The conclusion of this study is that NaOH can be used in the production of bovine bone gelatin, and there are some advances in producing gelatin with excellent properties for food and non-food applications.

Analysis of Protein Levels in Cow Bones from Kaledo Waste from Palu City Central Sulawesi

Kaledo (donggala ox leg) is one of the famous culinary in Central Sulawesi. The number of restaurants that provide kaledo menus causes problems, due to the lack of utilization of the bone waste, causing problems in the environment. People still don't know that beef bones still contain protein. Protein serves as a form of new tissue during the growth and development of the body. This study aims to determine the protein content of beef bones from kaleo waste from the city of Palu, Central Sulawesi, which was taken randomly from a kaledo restaurant. Determination of protein content in beef bones from kale waste using the Kjeldhal method. In the results of calculations that have been carried out with three repetitions, it was found that the protein content in Repetition1 was 3.85%, Repetition2 was 3.59% and Repetition3 was 4.2%. The average protein content of beef bones from kale waste is 3.88%. The results of this study are expected to be a source of information about the protein content contained in beef bones from kaleo waste and can be used further as a substance in the utilization of bone waste.

Green Template-Mediated Synthesis of Biowaste Nano-Hydroxyapatite: A Systematic Literature Review.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a well-known calcium phosphate ingredient comparable to human bone tissue. HA has exciting applications in many fields, especially biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, osteogenesis, and dental implants. Unfortunately, hydroxyapatite-based nanomaterials are synthesized by conventional methods using reagents that are not environmentally friendly and are expensive. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made to establish a simple, efficient, and green method to form nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) biofunctional materials with significant biocompatibility, bioactivity, and mechanical strength. Several types of biowaste have proven to be a source of calcium in forming HA, including using chicken eggshells, fish bones, and beef bones. This systematic literature review discusses the possibility of replacing synthetic chemical reagents, synthetic pathways, and toxic capping agents with a green template to synthesize NHA. This review also shed insight on the simple green manufacture of NHA with controlled shape and size.

Analisis Break Even Point Sebagai Alat Perencanaan Laba Pada Rumah Makan Berkah Cahaya di Desa Kerang Kecamatan Batu Engau

This research was conducted with the aim of (1) knowing the amount of rupiah for grilled chicken and beef bone soup that must be obtained to reach the break even point at the Berkah Cahaya Restaurant in Kerang Village, Batu Engau District. (2) Knowing the number of servings of grilled chicken and beef bone soup consumed must be sold to reach the break even point at the Berkah Cahaya Restaurant in Kerang Village, Batu Engau District (3) knowing the amount of sales in order to achieve the planned profit at the Berkah Cahaya Restaurant in Kerang Village, Batu Engau District. Break even point analysis or break even point which is an analytical technique to study the relationship between total costs, expected profit and sales volume. In general, this analysis also provides information regarding the margin of safety which is useful as an indication and illustration to management of how much a decline in sales can be estimated so that the business being carried out does not suffer a loss. Rumah Makan Berkah Cahaya is a small trading business that sells food and drinks. The types of products are grilled chicken and beef bone soup. The results of the analysis are as follows: BEP in 2021 for grilled chicken is IDR 69,878,371 and beef bone soup is IDR. 159,084,803 The number of portions that must be sold so that the Berkah Cahaya Restaurant does not suffer losses in 2012 for grilled chicken was 2,795 portions while for beef bone soup as many as 6,363 portions. The sales that must be achieved in order for the roasted chicken to earn a profit of IDR 100,000,000 is IDR 303,523,231 while for the beef bone soup in order to obtain a profit of IDR 80,000,000, the sales must reach IDR. 584,616,718.

Pembuatan Alat Potong Tulang Sapi untuk Peningkatan Kinerja Panitia Qurban di Masjid Miftahul Jannah Kelurahaan Berua Kota Makassar

Every 10th of Dhul-Hijjah Muslims around the world celebrate eid al-Adha or known as the feast of Qurban. Almost every mosque, especially urban areas, organizes slaughter of qurban animals, as well as in the Miftahul Jannah Mosque. Based on information obtained from partners that almost every year the number of cows is more than goats for slaughter. In addition to meat, beef bones are also a part that is distributed by partners to those who are entitled to receive especially the shohibul qurban. In the resent years the bones that are distributed are large pieces so that it is a concern for partners because the recipient expects the size of the bone received to be ready to be cooked because not all residents who have equipment to cut bones. Based on this condition, it is necessary to make a bone cutting machine that can cut bones quickly with a ready-to-cook size of 10-15 cm. Utilization of bone cutting tools was carried out on eid al-Adha 10 Dhul-Hijjah 1442 H, coinciding on July 20, 2021. The number of cows that are cut is 6. The results of the implementation of the machine show that the equipment is functioning in accordance with the expectations of the partner. Based on the results of four mitra members showed that the machine can be operated easily, can cut quickly with a cut size of 10 - 15 cm, and is safe to use. After cutting 6 cow bones the machine still works well. Some input from partners is to expand the size of the table and improve the appearance of the machine so that it can be sold.