Types Of Bees Research Articles

Exploring Riboflavin Quantification in Honey via Spectrofluorimetry: A Statistical Examination of Influential Extrinsic Variables

Background: The present study is focused on the collection of honey samples from the different geographical and climatic conditions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and analyzing them for the determination of riboflavin. Quantification of riboflavin, being natively fluorescent, was accomplished using spectrofluorimetric method. Riboflavin has characteristic fluorescence spectra with maximum excitation at 464 nm followed by an emission peak at 525 nm. Method: The procedure followed in this work comprised the construction of a calibration curve by plotting the fluorescence intensity of a series of riboflavin solutions versus concentration. This curve was used for the quantification of riboflavin in the collected honey samples. The effect of several external factors such as the altitude of the sampling area, type of honey bee, type of flowers from which the nectar was collected, and sampling season on the concentration of riboflavin in the honey samples was statistically evaluated. Results and Discussion: It was concluded that the samples collected from lower altitudes have high concentrations (1.156±0.08 μg g-1) of riboflavin. Similarly, the samples collected in autumn were found to have a maximum average riboflavin concentration of 1.37±0.06 μg g-1, which was higher in comparison to the samples collected in other seasons of the year. Likewise, the effect of flora on the concentration of riboflavin was also investigated and it was found that honey samples collected from areas where the nectar was collected from Ziziphus contains maximum riboflavin concentration averaged at 1.383±0.1 μg g-1. Conclusion: Based on the size of the honey bees, the samples collected from hives of small honey bees were found to have a maximum riboflavin concentration of 1.176±0.07 μg g-1. This study suggests that besides the studied vitamin, the rest of the vitamins and other nutritional components may vary in the honey samples depending upon external factors. conclusion: It was concluded that the samples collected from lower altitudes have high concentration (1.156±0.08 μg g-1) of riboflavin. Similarly, the samples collected in autumn were found to have a with a maximum average riboflavin concentration of 1.37±0.06 μg g-1, which was higher in comparison to the samples collected in other seasons of the year. Likewise, the effect of flora on the concentration of riboflavin was also investigated and it was found that honey samples collected from areas where the nectar was collected from Ziziphus contains maximum riboflavin concentration averaged at 1.383±0.1 μg g-1. Based on the size of the honey bees the samples collected from hives of small honey bees were found to have maximum riboflavin concentration of 1.176±0.07 μg g-1. This study suggests that beside the studied vitamin, the rest of the vitamins and other nutritional components may vary in the honey samples depending upon external factors.

Physicochemical analysis of trigona honey produced by Tetragonula biroi in Soppeng Regency, Indonesia

Indonesia is a country with a tropical climate that is rich in biodiversity. Various types of bees are discovered in the country, including the trigona bees, whose honey offers numerous health benefits. This study aimed to analyze the nutritional and phytochemical content of trigona honey produced by Tetragonula biroi in Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The honey samples are extracted directly from the hives, filtered and examined through laboratory tests. The results of this study showed that trigona honey from Soppeng has a low pH (4.5) and a high vitamin C content compared to other vitamins. The calcium content is higher than magnesium and zinc, while its high polyphenols contain flavonoids and antioxidants. The water content of 26.67% is indicated in trigona honey, which is within the acceptable range of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The sugar content of trigone honey indicates 6.99% w/w glucose, 12.96% w/w fructose and a fructose/glucose ratio of 1.85.

Perbandingan aktivitas harian dua spesies lebah tanpa sengat di Sulawesi Barat

Stingless bees are spread across several islands in Indonesia, including Sulawesi. There have been no reports of daily activity of stingless bees in West Sulawesi Province. Therefore, this study aims to identify types of stingless bees in West Sulawesi, measure their daily activities, and their relationship with environmental parameters. The research was conducted in the highlands (Taupe Village, Mamasa Regency, 1,340 m dpl) and the lowlands (Mirring Village, Polewali Mandar Regency, 63 m dpl). Daily activity data collected which includes the activities in and out of the nest, carrying pollen, and throwing away rubbish. Daily activity observations use the scan sampling method. The results of the research show that the type of bee in Taupe Village is Wallacetrigona incisa (Sakagami & Inoue), while in Mirring Village is Tetragonula sapiens (Cockerell). There was no significant difference in the daily activity of W. incisa in the highlands and T. sapiens in the lowlands (P > 0.05). Significant differences were seen between the activities of leaving and entering the nest and the activities of carrying pollen and throwing away rubbish (P < 0.05). Wind speed is an environmental parameter that influences pollen-carrying activity in T. sapiens in the lowlands (r = 0.83; P = 0.002). Environmental parameters greatly influenced the daily activity of W. incisa at 12.00 pm, with an influence of 93% (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that differences in the type and habitat of bees and environmental factors cause differences in the daily activity of stingless bees.

Bioactive Compounds in Propolis from Wallacetrigona incisa and Their Application as Antibacterial Agent: In vitro and Molecular Docking Approach

Propolis, an extremely sticky and resinous substance collected by honeybees, has been widely used as a health food, antioxidant, and antimicrobial. Utilization of propolis as nutraceutical depends on the bioactive compounds contained therein. The plant source, type of bees, and region of honeybees are the main factors affecting the chemical composition of the bioactive compounds in propolis. This study aims to determine the bioactive compounds in propolis from Wallacetrigona incisa using LC-MS/MS and to analyze their antibacterial activity by in vitro and molecular docking approach. A series of propolis with different concentration (5, 7.5, 10, 20, 30, and 100 % w/v) were tested against five bacteria (P. acnes, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, and E. coli) using disk diffusion method. The inhibition mechanism against the bacteria was studied by molecular docking approach. For the LC-MS/MS analysis, seven bioactive compounds were detected in the propolis from W. incisa: ganoderic acid R, mulberranol, schizandrin A (deoxyschizandrin), neoquassin, octahydrocurcumin, isorhamnetin, and 2-methoxyanofinic acid. Moreover, for the antibacterial activity, propolis has strong inhibition at concentration of 30% and 100%, and better efficacy on Gram-positive bacterial species (S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. acnes) than gram-negative bacterial (E. coli). Ganoderic acid R and mulberranol were found to be the most potential bioactive compounds of the propolis as antibacterial agents due to their good performance in interacting with target proteins of bacteria.

EKSPLORASI JENIS-JENIS LEBAH MADU TAK BERSENGAT DI KEPULAUAN ARU

Exelation aims to find what types of stingless honey bees are there in the Aru Islands. The research was carried out on the Aru Islands, Wamar Island (Wangel and Durdiela Village), Kobror Island (Warbola and Benana Village), and Koba Island (Mutrai and Koba Village) from March to July 2022. The method used in preciation in Vata is a descriptive method, namely identifying stingless honey bees through observation, morphological characteristics and measurements, morphometrics and describing the location of the eccomium. Research shows that stingless honey bee stings were found. In Kalman Aru there were 36 active colonies at a height of 1-241 cm, with nesting sites found namely cave cavities, stone cavities and Ulouran rates. The average morphometric character of Tetragonula capens worker stratum bees found was long. body 374-4 25mm, head width 177-1 81mm. head space 1 47-1 55mm, wing length 3.81-4-35mm, antenna length 170-173mm, while Tetragonula cobalteata which was found, body length 278-324mm, head width 1 18-132 mm, head length 109-123 mm wing length and tegula 316-3.22 mm, and antenna length 2 18-2.22 mm.

BUDIDAYA LEBAH MADU DI DESA TEGAL YOSO LAMPUNG TIMUR

Tegal Yoso Village in Purbolinggo District, East Lampung, is the focus of empowerment by the TNWK Center through the Wana Karya Forest Farmers Group (KTH). Research in this village, carried out from 15 May to 13 June 2023, aims to identify the food types of Heterotrigona itama bees, understand feeding and communication behavior, and assess the economic value of selling bees and their impact on the economy. Villages were chosen because they represent communities that have significant bee logs. Apart from KTH, people can buy bee logs from individuals for around Rp. 750,000.00, or using trees with bee hives that are not used by the land owner, and can even obtain bee colonies by breaking them down. Explanation of the division of tasks in Heterotrigona itama bees, namely the Queen Bee Strata. The main task of the Queen Bee is to be responsible for reproduction in the bee colony. It is a female bee that was specially developed to be the leader of the colony. The Queen Bee's duties include laying eggs.

Making way for the implementation of automated bee counters in regulatory risk assessment

AbstractMeasuring adverse effects on honey bees and their colonies requires a suitable methodology. For example, due to the large number of bees in a hive and the foraging activity, measuring the mortality of individuals is a difficult task that has not yet been adequately addressed. Knowing the natural daily mortality rate of a bee colony would be of great benefit in assessing whether and to what extent external influences and stress factors affect mortality. More precise mortality data could in turn help refining specific protection goals for regulatory purpose. The European Food Safety Authority recently published a document that estimated such mortality rates based on a systematic literature review, but none of these rates were assessed from continuous monitoring of colonies. Currently, bee mortality is routinely evaluated with various types of dead bee traps that prevent deceased bees from being removed from the colony. Both the literature review and the dead bee traps are relevant to regulatory risk assessment, but in our opinion are not describing the total mortality. Bee counters capable of precisely determining daily loss rates meet the above points and combine them with generating automated and continuous monitoring data. Lately, the field has gained a lot of importance in research and technological advances offer new possibilities in regulatory risk assessment. We will highlight these possibilities and discuss their future application in practice.

Microbiological Diversity and Associated Enzymatic Activities in Honey and Pollen from Stingless Bees from Northern Argentina.

Honey and pollen from Tetragonisca fiebrigi and Scaptotrigona jujuyensis, stingless bees from northern Argentina, presented a particular microbiological profile and associated enzymatic activities. The cultured bacteria were mostly Bacillus spp. (44%) and Escherichia spp. (31%). The phylogenetic analysis showed a taxonomic distribution according to the type of bee that was similar in both species. Microbial enzymatic activities were studied using hierarchical clustering. Bacillus spp. was the main bacterium responsible for enzyme production. Isolates with xylanolytic activity mostly presented cellulolytic activity and, in fewer cases, lipolytic activity. Amylolytic activity was associated with proteolytic activity. None of the isolated strains produced multiple hydrolytic enzymes in substantial amounts, and bacteria were classified according to their primary hydrolytic activity. These findings add to the limited knowledge of microbiological diversity in honey and pollen from stingless bees and also provide a physiological perspective of this community to assess its biotechnological potential in the food industry.

Annotated checklist of the megachilid bees of Corsica (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)

Corsica stands as one of the largest Mediterranean Islands and has been the exploration ground for renowned entomologists like Charles Ferton. However, no synthesis on Corsican bees has been published so far. To fill this gap in knowledge, we propose an overview of the megachilid bee fauna of the island based on fieldwork, a thorough examination of material housed at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN, Paris), data compilation from various collections and a comprehensive review of existing literature. We reviewed 5,886 specimens and we extracted 279 additional data from literature sources. These data confirm the presence in Corsica of 91 species of which two are endemic, including Hoplitis corsaria (Warncke, 1991) which is elevated to species rank stat. nov. One new synonymy is established: Megachile lucidifrons Ferton, syn. nov. of Megachile albocristata Smith, 1853. The presence in Corsica of 19 species is regarded as dubious or erroneous. Finally, the types of Megachilid bees housed at MNHN and described based on Corsican material are illustrated. Lectotypes are designated for Megachile sicula var. corsica Benoist, 1935, Osmia corsica Ferton, 1901, Osmia erythrogastra Ferton, 1905, Osmia lanosa Pérez, 1879, and Osmia lineola Pérez, 1895.

Pemanfaatan Beton Ringan Sebagai Rumah Lebah Madu Linot Di Desa Ie Seum Kecamatan Mesjid Raya Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Honey as a natural product produced by bees, has high health qualities and economic value. There are diverse species of bees known to produce honey with essential nutrients such as vitamin C. Trigona bees (Apidae), also known as Linot (in Acehnese language), are one type of bee that is easy to raise and harmless. This species makes nests in hollows of trees, bamboo trunks, wooden burrows, and even crevices in fences, walls and walls of houses. Generally, farmers use houses for storing bee honey made from simple materials in the form of wood, bamboo. This material was chosen because it is similar to the original habitat of bees and can provide ideal conditions for colonies. In the selection of honey facilities and houses, things that need to be considered are the ability of the material to maintain a stable temperature in the hive (because temperature is very important for colony life), resistance to predators and extreme weather, and ease in maintaining and harvesting honey. This paper aims to explain the use of lightweight concrete as an alternative to honey houses. Lightweight concrete is lightweight concrete, has good thermal insulation properties and is resistant to fire and heat. The installation of the Linot honey house was applied in Ie Seum Village as a beneficiary village for the service activities carried out. It can be seen that linot bees still use honey houses to store their honey and the honey production produced is not much different from other honey houses.

Physico-chemical properties of multifloral honey Apis dorsata and monofloral honey of bees Apis mellifera

Physicochemical properties of honey as one of the information about the quality of honey. The type of bee, geographic location, and type of vegetation the source of the honey bee feed influence the physico-chemical properties of honey. This study aims to determine the physico-chemical properties of multifloral honey of Apis dorsata bees and monofloral honey of Apis mellifera bees. The honey samples for this study consisted of 4 multifloral honey samples and 4 monofloral honey samples. Physicochemical parameters of honey include water content, color, pH, acidity, reducing sugars, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The results of the analysis showed that most of the research honey had a water content above the SNI 8664-2018 standard. Honey that has high levels is easy to ferment and to overcome this by lowering the water content of honey through a dehumidifier. Monofloral honey has an intensity value of 47 to 143 mm Pfund, while multifloral honey has 74 to 100 mm Pfund. The pH value of honey ranges from 3.5 to 4.5. The level of acidity, reducing sugar content, and HMF content of all honey samples in the study complied with SNI-8664. There are differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of multifloral honey and monofloral honey.

A novel black poplar propolis extract with promising health-promoting properties: focus on its chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-genotoxic activities.

Propolis is a resinous mixture produced by honeybees which has been used since ancient times for its useful properties. However, its chemical composition and bioactivity may vary, depending on the geographical area of origin and the type of tree bees use for collecting pollen. In this context, this research aimed to investigate the total phenolic content (using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay) and the total antioxidant capacity (using the FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays) of three black poplar (Populus nigra L.) propolis (BPP) solutions (S1, S2, and S3), as well as the chemical composition (HPLC-ESI-MSn) and biological activities (effect on cell viability, genotoxic/antigenotoxic properties, and anti-inflammatory activity, and effect on ROS production) of the one which showed the highest antioxidant activity (S1). The hydroalcoholic BPP solution S1 was a prototype of an innovative, research-type product by an Italian nutraceutical manufacturer. In contrast, hydroalcoholic BPP solutions S2 and S3 were conventional products purchased from local pharmacy stores. For the three extracts, 50 phenolic compounds, encompassing phenolic acids and flavonoids, were identified. In summary, the results showed an interesting chemical profile and the remarkable antioxidant, antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory and ROS-modulating activities of the innovative BPP extract S1, paving the way for future research. In vivo investigations will be a possible line to take, which may help corroborate the hypothesis of the potential health benefits of this product, and even stimulate further ameliorations of the new prototype.

PKM KELOMPOK TERNAK LEBAH MADU (APIS CERANA) DALAM PENINGKATAN KESEJAHTERAAN KELOMPOK DI DESA BAHA

Apis cerana is a local Asian bee that is distributed almost throughout this continent. Apis cerana is a type of local honey bee that is prone to migration when natural food sources are insufficient. Based on the results of discussions with members of the honey bee group in Baha village, a priority problem that needs to be addressed by group members with assistance from universities can be formulated, namely increasing the ability of group members to be able to adopt appropriate technology for developing honey bees according to required standards so that productivity increases. Adopting technology to reduce mortality rates by using artificial feed. The queen rearing method is used to produce honey bees with high productivity and can carry out post-harvest technology if enough product is produced. The solution offered is to hold outreach. The counseling material concerns: how to develop appropriate, cheap and easy management techniques and develop Apis cerana honey bees, this problem will be informed to honey bee breeders in Baha village, Mengwi sub-district, Badung Regency. Efforts to increase the reproduction and productivity of bees, the application of alternative technology includes the selection of superior seeds and the use/operation of extractor machines in an effort to increase the productivity of bees with their support poles to avoid pests, and how to formulate honey bee animal feed that is cheap, easy to obtain and available in the village. according to livestock needs. After the counseling was carried out, training was carried out for the two groups using three students, such as making colony boxes with supporting poles to avoid pests and diseases of the Apis cerana honey bee.

Exploratory comparison of flower visiting behavior and pollination ability of mason bees, bumble bees, and honey bees.

This study explored the flower visiting behaviors and pollination abilities of mason bees (Osmia excavata Alfken (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)), bumble bees (Bombus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)), and Italian honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) in apple orchards in early spring in Jinan (located in the central region of Shandong) and Yantai (located in the Peninsula of Shandong). We compared the pollen collection patterns, flower visiting behavior, flying speed, and effects on apple pollination of the 3 types of bees. The frequencies of flower visits were significantly higher for mason bees (12.89/min in Jinan and 10.63/min in Yantai) than bumble bees and Italian honey bees in the 2 regions. The single flower residence times were significantly higher for Italian honey bees (8.22 s in Jinan and 9.43 s in Yantai), but Italian honey bees were most affected by the climate. The 3 bees differed significantly in terms of the amount of apple pollen collected and their effects on the fruit setting rate in apples (mason bees > bumble bees > Italian honey bees). The results showed that the mason bee was the most suitable pollinating species for spring apple orchards; Bumble bees were more suitable as alternative pollinators during cloudy and low temperatures; Italian honey bees were able to take advantage of their large number of worker bees in sunny and warm weather. Compared to individual bee species, a combination of 2 or 3 species of bees might be more advantageous in dealing with complex and variable weather conditions.

A comparative study of Ghanaian propolis extracts: Chemometric analysis of the chromatographic profile, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic potential and identification of active constituents

Diabetes is a disease characterized by high post-prandial glucose levels, which lead to other complications such as peripheral end organ damage. The use of enzyme inhibitors in the management of Type-2 diabetes ensure the control of blood glucose levels via the control of carbohydrate metabolism. The use of standard agents such as acarbose is associated with unwanted side effects hence the need to investigate other sources of antihyperglycemic agents. Propolis, a natural substance from bees, possesses diverse biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic properties. However, the phytochemical content of propolis and its extracts may vary depending on the geographical area, the solvent of extraction and type of bees. This study represents the first attempt to compare different extracts of propolis from the same source in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, the effect of solvent and source of Ghanaian propolis on parameters such as the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, chromatographic profile, antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory effects were investigated with the aim of identifying and characterizing the most promising extract, which could be of direct or indirect benefit in the management of Type-2 diabetes.Combinations of water, ethanol-water and ethanol extracts were prepared from propolis from three regions. Phytochemical screening was performed on the extracts after which the Folin Ciocalteu method and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay were used to estimate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents respectively. Antioxidant potential of extracts was estimated using DPPH and phosphomolybdenum assays. In-vitro α-amylase inhibition assay was used to investigate hypoglycemic effect of the extracts. Statistical tools such as ANOVA, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis employed to determine sources of variations within the data obtained, to classify the extracts based on activity and to predict the most effective extract. This extract was then subjected to UHPLC-Q-TOF MS/MS and GC–MS techniques to characterize the constituents.Chemometric analysis of the data obtained showed that the variations in the data could be explained by both propolis source and extraction solvent. Though ethanol extracts generally contained more constituents, the more notable activities were in the ethanol-water extracts. The ethanol-water extract of Bono East propolis (EWBE) was the most potent DPPH radical scavenger (IC50 of 149.37 ± 2.90 µg/mL as compared to 116.60 ± 0.93 µg/mL GAE standard). It was also one of the three extracts which were more potent than acarbose (369.89 µg/mL) in the α-amylase inhibition assay. The predominant constituents from the LC-MS dereplication of EWBE were caffeic acid and flavonoid derivatives whilst 5,5-dimethyl-1-oxa-5 silacyclononanone-9 was the most significant active constituent identified through the GC–MS analysis. The identified constituents are known to have strong antioxidant and antidiabetic properties.The effects of source and solvent of extraction on the biological and physicochemical properties of propolis in Ghana have been quantified using statistical tools. The combined biological effects of propolis suggest a possible role in their usage in the management of type-2-diabetes and its related complications. Ethanol-water extracts were the most promising with EWBE showing the strongest antihyperglycemic activity. Such extracts represent leads towards further research into toxicity and formulation in order to develop safe and useful products for the management of type-2 diabetes.

Realizing a Sustainable Trigona Beekeeping Business Through the Corporate Social Responsibility Policy Optimization Program

The Covid-19 pandemic has made the beekeeping sector a special attraction for business people. The demand for honey and propolis during Covid-19 is quite high. In the last six months, data shows that around 2.5 quintals of honey have been sold out. The increase is almost 200% when compared to the previous condition (Koswara, 2020). Trigona beekeeping has a fairly good level of efficiency when compared to other types of bees. Therefore, trigona beekeeping can be an option to generate profits and increase income. In order to realize a sustainable trigona beekeeping system, innovations are needed that can drive the transition towards a modern agricultural model. The real problem currently faced by trigona beekeepers in Indonesia is the Production Operational System which still uses Conventional tools, Land Conversion, and Capital to Make Business. This problem can be solved with the help of Corporate Social Responsibility programs from several companies. Options that can be offered from the CSR program include providing assistance such as providing incentive funds to business actors in the agricultural sector to improve their operational systems by creating innovative tools to assist them in raising livestock. Based on very promising prospects, I-NewBee Company is here to create innovative products and offer troubleshooting services for all beekeepers, especially stingless bees. It is hoped that with technology-based products and services that I-NewBee provides, all problems experienced by Trigona beekeepers can be overcome effectively and efficiently so that everyone can experience the benefits for both beekeepers and consumers of products produced from beekeeping

Capital Fulfillment Strategy For Trigona Honey Bee Smes In Balangan Sembung Village, Mengwi District, Badung Regency

Bali has started to develop honey bee cultivation of the stingless bee type. The type of honey bee that is widely cultivated by the people of Bali is the Trigona laevicep species known as "snake-kele" The cultivation of the honey bee kele-kele (Trigona Sp) is now being eyed by the public, because the results of this beekeeping are very promising, while in terms of investment costs it is not too big and this bee doesn't sting. Br Balangan, Sembung village, is one of the villages that has been cultivating honey bees, but they do not understand how efforts should be made to increase the number of bee colonies due to limited capital. Through the addition of bee colonies, it is hoped that the amount of production will increase and be profitable in the long term. In response to this, the University of Waradewa Community Service team provided assistance with the Strategy for fulfilling UKM Capital for the group of honeysuckle beekeepers at Br. Balangan, Sembung Village, Mengwi District, Badung Regency.. Honey is a commodity from non-timber forest products (HHBK) which has many benefits, and there is quite a high demand for consumer honey for catfish honey, but currently the production of honey is still low due to a lack of colonies/ nest of sorrel. Breeders need to add more colonies by buying plots of catfish that already have queens from Kalimantan. In order to increase the capital of the breeders, it is necessary to provide assistance in determining the Strategy for fulfilling the Capital for UKM Honey Bees Trigona Sp. in Br. Balangan. Through the fulfillment of capital, honey production can increase so that Br. Balangan becomes a village producing catfish honey.

Chemical Composition of Four Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Pollen and Bee Preference.

Apart from its economic value, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a prolific pollen producer, serving as a food source for bees. However, little is known regarding the extent to which varietal differences in hemp pollen chemistry influences bee preference. Here, we report the chemical profile of pollen from four hemp varieties (Canda, CFX-2, Henola, and Joey) and bee abundance and diversity, using direct visual counts and pan traps. The number and type of bees on each variety was recorded and the chemical composition (proximate analysis and mineral, amino, and fatty acid profiles) of pollen from each hemp variety was determined. During the entire sampling period, three bee types (bumble bees, honey bees, and sweat bees) were recorded, with a combined total of 1826. Among these, sweat bees and bumble bees were the most prevalent and were highest on the Joey variety. The four varieties expressed protein content ranging from 6.05% to 6.89% and the highest in Henola. Seventeen amino acids were expressed in all varieties, with leucine recording the highest content ranging from 4.00 mg/g in Canda to 4.54 mg/g in Henola. In general, Henola expressed high protein, amino acid, and saturated and monosaturated fatty acid contents and recorded significantly fewer bees compared with Joey, which had a low content of these components and a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our findings suggest that, while industrial hemp offers abundant and accessible pollen that would promote bee health and sustainability of their ecosystem services, the nutritional quality may not be adequate for bee growth and development as an exclusive pollen source.

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS LEBAH MADU ASAL KEPULAUAN SULA MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI DNA BARCODE LCO GEN

Sanana Honey is a local brand, a type of honey produced by forest bees which is well known in the Sula Islands, North Maluku. The forest bees of the Sula Islands have the potential to be developed as a producer of quality honey. At this time there has been no scientific report regarding the types and characteristics of the forest bee species from the Sula Islands. This study aims to identify the types of honey-producing forest bees by applying the LCO gene DNA barcode. The methods used in this study used: 1) DNA extraction from bee body tissues using the DNA Miniprep Kit procedure (Zymo Research, D6016); 2). DNA amplification by PCR amplification procedure with TOYOBO KOD FX Neo (KFX-201); 3) bidirectional DNA sequencing process (Bi-directional sequencing). The results showed that the specimen was successfully amplified with an amplicon size of 677 bp. Furthermore, the results of BLASTN analysis revealed that the sequence has a 97.78% similarity with the Apis cerana mitochondria complete genome gene country of Russia, but is phylogenetically different between the two.

Analisis Faktor Produksi Dalam Pengembangan Budi Daya Lebah Madu Klanceng (Trigona sp) Di Kampung Madu (Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Banjaranyar Kabupaten Ciamis Provinsi Jawa Barat)

Trigona sp. Bees, also known as bumble bees, are stingless bees and do not depend on bee pollen for their nutritional needs. The resin contained in the plant is needed for the production of propolis in the hive, so that Trigona sp can be cultivated anywhere with other types of bees. The aim is to find out the production factors that support the reproductive development of the klanceng honey bee (Trigona sp), the factors that influence the production of the klanceng honey bee (Trigona sp), and the factors that affect the income of the klanceng honey bee. (Trigona sp) influenced the research conducted. Factors affecting oyster production (Trigona sp) (land area, number of insects, equipment and labor wages). From the research results it is known that the variables of land area, number of insects, fixed costs and variable costs affect bee production, and from the results of multiple linear regression analysis the following equation is obtained, besides that the number of hives, fixed costs and variable costs that affect beekeeper income is variable, while land area has no effect. The results of the analysis of multiple linear regression tests produce the following equation, With any measure of commercial profitability, beekeeping is very profitable for agriculture.