Bed Irrigation Research Articles

Productivity and Profitability of Tomato under Organic Nutrition in Wicking Bed System

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), one of the most popular vegetables globally and rich in bio active compounds is an excellent model for studying under organic nutrition. There is need to evaluate the organic nutrition in wicking bed irrigation for the homestead cultivation of vegetables with tomato as a test crop using the liquid organic manures which are easy to prepare and affordable. A pot culture experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications during summer season 2022. The treatments were soil application of cow’s urine and vermiwash at weekly intervals along with foliar application of panchagavya at 3%, vermiwash at 3%, moringa leaf extract at 4% and water spray at 20, 40 and 60 DAT. Irrigation was provided by sub irrigation to tomato through wicking bed. The experiment results revealed that organic nutrition had a significant effect on growth, yield attributes and yield of tomato. Basal application of enriched farmyard manure supplemented with soil application of vermiwash or cow’s urine at weekly intervals along with foliar application of panchagavya at 3% at 20, 40 and 60 DAT could be recommended for enhanced productivity and profitability of tomato under wicking bed system.

The Effect of the Shape of Water Distribution Bed Irrigation on Nutritional Balance Status and Water Productivity of Pistachio Trees

The Effect of the Shape of Water Distribution Bed Irrigation on Nutritional Balance Status and Water Productivity of Pistachio Trees

Determination of bed width on raised bed irrigation technique of wheat at Koga and Rib Irrigation Projects, North West, Ethiopia

Field experiments were conducted to determine the optimal range of bed width under the bed and furrow irrigation technique of wheat at Koga (clay soil) and Rib (loam soil) irrigation scheme, North ...

Experimental investigation of wicking bed irrigation using shallow-rooted crops grown under glasshouse conditions

Growing crops in cities is challenging due to many factors including space restrictions, busy lifestyles, cost and availability of water. Wicking beds (WBs) have been identified as a simple, potentially water- and labour-efficient irrigation method compared to hand irrigation. However, limited studies exist to validate claims of the effectiveness of WBs with respect to water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity. The effectiveness of WBs to grow shallow-rooted crops was scientifically investigated for the first time in this study using a small-scale glasshouse experiment to identify the gaps in WB research and to reveal benefits or problems with the application. Specifically, the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa, var. ‘cos’) and two radishes (Raphanus sativus, var. ‘mars’, and (Raphanus sativus var. ‘white long icicle’) was examined. The performance of WBs was compared with a precise hand irrigation treatment based on WUE, yield, biomass, crop type and the presence or absence of mulch. WUE, yield and biomass were always higher in WBs than the hand-irrigated treatments. Furthermore, the WUE benefits of WBs may depend on the type of crop grown (specifically the root form), soil bed depth, and the presence of mulch.

Bed configuration under sluice gate at Sandy–Loam Bed Channel

Sluice gate operation is necessary to keep the continuity the design discharge. The mis-operation of sluice gate occurs endanger stucture and destruct the bed irrigation channel. Investigation about sluice gate operation and bed configuration are needed to avoid the destruction of the structure bed irrigation channel. The changes in bed form result from interaction of the flow, fluid and bed material. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of different flow parameter, height of opening gate and types of bed material. Fourty five runs were executed at different discharge started from 1.0 l/s to 5.0 l/s with an increment of 0.5 where each discharge has five different opening gate to get all characteristics of bed configuration. The material used in the experiments were sandy loam. The experimental were conducted in an acrylic side flume with recirculating water at Applied Hydraulics Laboratory in Water Resources Engineering Faculty, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia. The result of investigation showed that the bed configuration of sandy loam is ripple for most of the condition. At the same opening gate and various discharge the configuration is start by plane bed (no motion) and ripplee. Meanwhile, for the same discharge at the various opening gate occurs the ripple bed configuration. The various velocity that occur during the runing process cause the changing of bed configuration. For the greater discharge at the same opening gate occur the highest velocity. This condition cause the grain sediment material of the bed channel lift up and start to moving. This result is suitable with equation approaches from the van Rijn, Simon Richardson and Garde Albertson.

Evaluation of Induced Microclimate Modification via Changing Planting Dates and/or Irrigation Methods on Maize Water Productivity in Two Locations in Egypt

A field experiment was executed in2015 summer season, at Gemmeiza (Middle Nile Delta, Lat. 30.47, Long. 31.00) at El-Gharbia Governorate and Mallawi (Middle Egypt, Lat. 28.05 Long. 30.44) at El-Minia Governorate to find out the extent to which grain yield, water use and water productivity for SC10 maize hybrid were influenced by irrigation schemes and planting dates and itinteraction. Irrigation schemes (furrow and bed irrigation schemes) were combined with three planting dates (May, 15; May, 30 and June, 14), and assessed in Randomized Complete Block Design andarranged in split plot design. Irrigation schemes were tested in main plots, while the split plots were assigned to planting dates, and each treatment was replicated three times. The important findings could be summarized as follows: * Maize grain yield at Gemmeiza location insignificantly increased thatatMallawi location. The adopted irrigation schemes significantly influenced the grain yield, and furrow irrigation surpassed bed furrow irrigation by 9.15%. Maize grain yield was significantly influencedby planting dates, whereplanting on May, 15 was superior, and the grain yield was increased by 3.77 and 7.42%, comparable with May, 30 and June, 14 planting dates, respectively. * The highest consumptive use (CU) value (600.5 mm) was recorded under Mallawi conditions, which exceeded that under Gemmeiza by 17.86%. Such findings are mainly attributable to prevailing weather conditions during the growing season, which encourages higher crop water use under Mallawi conditions. Water use value under furrow irrigation scheme was higher by 22.24% more than that with bed irrigation. The lowest CU value (542.3 mm) was found for May, 15 planting date, and increased by 2.34 and 4.79%,respectively, comparable withMay, 30 and June, 14 planting dates. *Water productivity (WP) value proved that maize plants, under Gemmeiza conditions, used the irrigation water efficiently by 10.74%, higher than that recorded under Mallawi conditions. Bed irrigation scheme exhibited higher WP value than that recorded with furrow irrigation scheme by 5.15%. The highest WP value (7.74 kgfad-1mm-1) resulted from May, 15 planting date, and delaying the planting date to May, 30 or June, 14 caused reductions in WP values being13.05 and 17.05%, respectively, lower than that with May, 15 planting date. Based on the obtained results, maize production at Gemmeiza (Middle Nile Delta, Lat. 30.47 Long. 31.00), compared with Mallawi (Middle Egypt, Lat. 28.05 Long. 30.44) is preferred due to lower water use and higher water productivity as well.

Evaluating the Efficiency of Wicking Bed Irrigation Systems for Small-Scale Urban Agriculture

A wicking bed (WB) is a plant driven system where plants receive water through capillary rise from a self-contained coarse material-filled subsoil reservoir. WBs have been widely promoted as a water-efficient irrigation solution for small-scale and urban food gardens. However, little published research exists to support popular claims about their effectiveness. In this study, the performance of WBs was compared with best-practice, precision surface irrigation in terms of water use efficiency (WUE), fruit yield, fruit quality and labour input, using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as the experimental crop. The influence of WB design variables (reservoir depths and soil bed depths) was tested. Results showed that WBs performed as well or better than precision surface irrigated pots, showing statistically significant improvement in WUE, yield and fruit quality. The results also suggest an optimum design exists for soil depth (where 300 mm outperformed 600 mm) but not reservoir depth (no difference between 150 and 300 mm). The WBs were more labour efficient, requiring significantly less frequent watering to achieve the same or better WUE. WBs are inherently low-tech and scalable and appear well-suited to a variety of urban agriculture settings.

Effect of the irrigation frequency and quality on yield, growth and water productivity of maize crops

A research study was conducted to examine the crop responses of maize under two irrigation systems, i.e. raised bed and high-efficiency irrigation system (HEIS; drip irrigation) systems, with three irrigation frequencies and three levels of irrigation water quality. The trial was carried out in a completely randomised design mode with triple replication of each treatment. The raised bed irrigation system demonstrated better performance in terms of crop parameters: plant height, biological yield and grain yield for the raised bed system were recorded as 1, 5 and 21%, respectively, higher than the drip irrigation system. Field measurements for the HEIS showed that the biological yield, grain yield and harvest index were quadratically correlated with the frequency of irrigation. Better results were obtained for plots irrigated every 2 or 6 days than for those irrigated every 4 days. Good-quality water raised plant biological yield by 12% and grain yield by 14.85%. The irrigation frequency had a clear-cut eff...

A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM

ISHS International Conference on Agricultural Engineering: New Technologies for Sustainable Agricultural Production and Food Security A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Performance of Raised Bed Irrigation in Comparison to AWD and Flood Irrigation for Boro Rice

An experiment was conducted in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University experimental farm to evaluate the performance of raised bed irrigation (RBI) system in comparison to alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and flood irrigation (FI) methods for Boro rice (BR 45) during 2012-2013. Four treatments: irrigation in raised bed two rows (T1), in raised bed three rows (T2), alternate wetting and drying (T3) and flood irrigation (T4) were considered for performance evaluation. The highest grain yield of 5.09 t/ha was produced in treatment T3 (AWD) followed by treatment T4 (FI) (4.77 t/ha), T1 (RBI two rows) (4.69 t/ha) and T2 (RBI three rows) (3.91 t/ha). The highest water productivity was obtained in treatment T1 (66.41 kg/ha- cm) followed by treatment T2 (58.33 kg/ha-cm) and T3 (48.77 kg/ha-cm). The least amount of water required to produce one kilogram (kg) of rice grain was in treatment T1 (1556 l/kg) while the highest was in treatment T4 (2341 l/kg). Treatment T1 (RBI two rows) and T2 (RBI three rows) required 34% and 22% less water than the flood irrigation (T4). Therefore, raised bed irrigation can be adopted for Boro rice in water scarce areas.

Yield and water productivity of maize and wheat under deficit and raised bed irrigation practices in Egypt

This work aims at evaluating the performance of deficit irrigation (DI) and raised bed techniques (RB) of maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as compared to farmers’ practice (FT) and full irrigation (FWR) in the Nile Delta of Egypt in 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons. In maize, results showed that the application of FWR as compared to the FT reduced water application by 640 and 460 m3 /ha with yields decreases of 7 and 8% in the first and second seasons, respectively. DI and RB resulted in savings of 1600 m3 water/ha in maize and 1500 m3 water/ha in wheat. Water saving due to DI was accompanied by a yield reduction of 8.8% in maize, but with no effect on wheat. RB had no significant effect on yield in both crops. On average, WP values were 1.53, 1.66, 1.83, and 1.99 kg/m3 in maize and 1.30, 1.38, 1.86 and 1.88 kg/m3 in wheat for FT, FWR, DI and RB, respectively. From this study, we can conclude that substantial amounts of water can be saved by applying DI with no significant reduction in yields especially in wheat. However, RB remains more a promising technique for both crops. Key words: Water saving, surface irrigation, on-farm trials, land productivity, tradeoff.

Hydrogeological Framework and Groundwater Balance of a Semi-arid Aquifer, a Case Study from Iran

Climate changing and associated factors combined with considerably increases in water demand have been accompanied by severe depletion of reservoir storage of the most groundwater supplies of Iran. Shahriar aquifer in west of Tehran is a representative aquifer of these kinds. In order to meet water demand of the area and protecting groundwater from quantity and quality deterioration, precision recognition of geology, hydrologic and hydrogeologic characteristics of the aquifer is first step. The basic objective of this study is to develop the hydrogeological framework of the groundwater system in Shariar, Iran and to estimate groundwater balance as a scientific database for future water resources delevopment programs. Based on this research lateral groundwater inflows, direct infiltration of rainfall, stream bed infiltration, irrigation return and surplus drinking and industrial water are the recharging factors of the aquifer. Subsurface outflows, domestic and industrial pumping wells and agricultural abstraction are the main parameters discharge the aquifer system. Water balance in the Shahriar aquifer system is in disequilibrium and a deficit of about 24.7 million cubic meters exists.

Water energy and economic analysis of wheat production under raised bed and conventional irrigation systems: A case study from a semi-arid area of Pakistan

The project's aim was to reduce Pakistan's water use and consequently its costs in semi-arid crop production system by increasing awareness, benchmarking water use and targeting practical solutions for optimising water use with raised bed irrigation system. The aim of this study was to compare water as well as energy used in wheat production on raised bed (RB) and conventional farming systems in Pakistan in terms of energy ratio, energy and water productivity and benefit/cost ratio of the two systems. The values of all energy inputs and output were converted to energy farm. Economic analysis was performed for each crop. The total energy requirement under RB farming on two understudy sites were 3653 kWh ha −1 and 4455 kWh ha −1, whereas 3910 kWh ha −1 and 4752 kWh ha −1 were consumed under conventional farming, i.e. 6% higher energy inputs were used on conventional farming than RB farming system. Average energy ratios of 6.3 and 4.6 were achieved under the RB and conventional farming systems, respectively. The main conclusion of the study is that in RB farming system, water, seed and fertilizer energies applied were properly utilized but in the conventional (basin) system some parts of the applied energies vanished due to many reasons.

Simulation of a large-scale linear move irrigator using virtual reality technology

Abstract: Spray Irrigation is more excellent in water-saving and yield-increasing than other irrigation methods. Large scale linear move spray irrigation system is widely used in China. But the traditional go-stop-go driving method made the linear move irrigator hard to control and get bed irrigation efforts. Thus new control way with high efficiency in operation and low consuming of water, electricity, other materials and human resource is needed to develop to avoid this problem. Because of the difficulty of examination, virtual reality technology is used to simulate the controlling and driving system in this thesis. Build three-dimension models of the irrigation system departments according to their scale with Pro/ENGINEER, and three-dimensional scenes of farmland with Multigen Creator software, as well as mechanical models of the irrigation system according to the principles of ground vehicle dynamics. Visual C + + 6.0 and Multigen Vega were used to program an application, which load the three-dimension models of the irrigation system into the scenes of farmland. Then simulated the control system and drive system to monitor in real-time and optimize the system

Simulation of a large-scale linear move irrigator using virtual reality technology

Abstract: Spray Irrigation is more excellent in water-saving and yield-increasing than other irrigation methods. Large scale linear move spray irrigation system is widely used in China. But the traditional go-stop-go driving method made the linear move irrigator hard to control and get bed irrigation efforts. Thus new control way with high efficiency in operation and low consuming of water, electricity, other materials and human resource is needed to develop to avoid this problem. Because of the difficulty of examination, virtual reality technology is used to simulate the controlling and driving system in this thesis. Build three-dimension models of the irrigation system departments according to their scale with Pro/ENGINEER, and three-dimensional scenes of farmland with Multigen Creator software, as well as mechanical models of the irrigation system according to the principles of ground vehicle dynamics. Visual C + + 6.0 and Multigen Vega were used to program an application, which load the three-dimension models of the irrigation system into the scenes of farmland. Then simulated the control system and drive system to monitor in real-time and optimize the system

Gallbladder bed irrigation with bupivacaine improves pulmonary functions after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Afferent stimulus arising from gallbladder and its bed may elicit reflex inhibition of the diaphragm. Pulmonary function would be improved by blocking this stimulus after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This randomized prospective study evaluated this hypothesis in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. During the study period, 30 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into three groups. Group I: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Group II: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy + irrigation of gallbladder bed with 20 mL 0.5% bupivacaine solution; Group III: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy + irrigation of gallbladder bed with bupivacaine + 10 mL 0.5% bupivacaine solution was given via a catheter every 6 h. Pulmonary function tests were performed on the day before the operation and in the morning of the first postoperative day. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV-1), and forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% (FEF 25-75%) were obtained. Postoperative FVC measured 53.3 +/- 4.5% of preoperative function for group I, 70.8 +/- 5.7% for group II, and 68.8 +/- 4.7% for group III (p < 0.05). Postoperative FEV-1 measured 52.8 +/- 5.3% of preoperative function for group I, 69.7 +/- 4.9% for group II, and 70.5 +/- 5% for group III (p < 0.05). Postoperative FEF 25-75% measured 61.1 +/- 4.6% of the preoperative function for group I, 73.6 +/- 3% for group II, and 72.1 +/- 6% for group III (p < 0.05). The results from this study indicated that considerable improvement of pulmonary function was acquired by gallbladder bed irrigation with bupivacaine after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Yield and water use efficiency of wheat and cotton under alternate furrow and check-basin irrigation with canal and tube well water in Punjab, India

A 4-year field experiment was conducted in a semi-arid area to evaluate the response of each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation in wheat-cotton system using irrigation waters of different qualities in a calcareous soil. Irrigation was applied to each and alternate furrow of bed-planted wheat followed by ridge-planted cotton for comparison with standard check-basin method of irrigation to both the crops. These methods of irrigation were evaluated under three water qualities namely good quality canal water (CW), poor quality tube well water (TW) and pre-sowing irrigation to each crop with CW and all subsequent irrigations with TW (CWpsi + TW). The pooled results over 4 years revealed that wheat grain yield was not affected significantly with quality of irrigation water, but significant yield reduction was observed in alternate bed irrigation under canal water and tube well water irrigations. In cotton, poor quality tube well water significantly reduced the seed cotton yield in all the three methods of planting. The pre-sowing irrigation with canal water and all subsequent irrigations with tube well water improved the seed cotton yield when compared with tube well water alone. However, this yield increase was significant only in alternate furrow irrigation, and the yield obtained was on a par with yield under alternate furrow in CW. When compared to check-basin irrigation, each furrow and alternate furrow irrigation resulted in a saving of 30 and 49% of irrigation water in bed-planted wheat, whereas the corresponding savings in ridge-planted cotton were 20 and 42%, respectively. Reduced use of irrigation water under alternate furrow, without any significant reduction in yield, resulted in 28.1, 23.9 and 43.2% higher water use efficiency in wheat under CW, TW and CWpsi + TW, respectively. The corresponding increase under cotton was 8.2, 2.1 and 19.5%. The implementation of alternate furrow irrigation improved the water use efficiency without any loss in yield, thus reduced use of irrigation water especially under poor quality irrigation water with pre-sowing irrigation with canal water reduced the deteriorating effects on yield and soil under these calcareous soils.

Surgical flap amputation for central flap necrosis after laser in situ keratomileusis

A 52-year-old man had uneventful bilateral myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with planned monovision. Three months later, the left eye was retreated to improve the near vision. On postoperative day 1, the uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 0.95 and the patient reported mild ocular pain. Stage 2 diffuse lamellar keratitis was observed. Despite hourly prednisolone instillation, the UDVA decreased to 0.1 and central flap necrosis syndrome was diagnosed. The flap was lifted and stromal bed irrigation performed. One month later, the UDVA was 0.05 with a hyperopic shift of +3.25 diopters and the flap, which had central haze and several striae, was amputated. Four months later, the UDVA was 0.05 with residual irregular astigmatism. Customized transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) was performed; there were no postoperative complications. Three months after PRK, the UDVA was 0.8 with no refractive defect.

Methods of planting and irrigation at various levels of nitrogen affect the seed yield and water use efficiency in transplanted oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.)

The ridge planting of cotton at row spacing of 67.5 cm is widely used in the southwest region of Indian Punjab. Generally, transplanted oilseed rape ( Brassica napus) fits well to grow after the harvest of cotton. Transplanting reduces days to maturity and results in higher seed yield. The present study was undertaken to determine if rape could be transplanted onto the cotton ridges thereby saving time and resources. The field experiments were conducted for 3 years with four methods of planting, three methods of irrigation and three levels of N (100, 125 and 150 kg/ha). The four methods for transplanting were: flat with 45 cm row spacing, flat with 67.5 cm row spacing, 67.5 cm ridge and bed planting. The three methods of irrigation were: flooding for flat with 45 and 67.5 cm row spacing; each furrow and each bed irrigation for ridge and bed planting; ridge with alternate furrow irrigation. The results revealed that increase in N from 100 to 150 kg/ha increased the seed yield significantly during 2 years. For 3 years, ridge transplanting reduced, on average, water applied by 30% for each furrow and 47% for alternate furrow irrigation as compared to 45 cm row spacing in flat method without any loss in seed yield. The corresponding increase in WUE was 27 and 34%. In bed planting, there was a 35% saving in water resulting in 32% increase in WUE. It is concluded that after harvest of cotton that the same ridges can be used for transplanting oilseed rape thereby reducing the quantity of irrigation water applied as well as the energy otherwise required for preparing the seed bed.

Possible flood irrigation technologies to reduce water use of Sultanina grapevines in a hot, arid climate

Growth, production and water use efficiency of Sultanina grapevines irrigated by means of methods where only a fraction of the soil was wetted, were compared to full surface flood irrigation in the hot, arid Lower Orange River region of South Africa. Treatments included irrigation by means of 9.6 m wide beds (T1 and T2), 1.5 m wide beds (T3 and T4) and where every second work row was irrigated and the alternate rows during the following irrigation (T5 and T6). T1, T3 and T5 were irrigated at 14-day intervals, and T2, T4 and T6 were irrigated at 21-day intervals. Compared to wide bed irrigation (T1 and T2), 39% and 36% less irrigation water was applied than by narrow bed (T3 and T4) and alternate row irrigation (T5 and T6), respectively. For T3 to T6, plant available water in the wetted soil volume, as measured before irrigations, was depleted to a larger extent compared to wide beds. As a result, narrow bed and alternate row irrigation reduced vegetative growth significantly compared to full surface irrigation. Seasonal yield variation was explained by relating yield to August minimum relative humidity as well as pre-budbreak soil water content by means of multiple linear regression. The negative effect of dry atmospheric conditions on yield was aggravated by the higher degree of plant available water depletion in narrow bed and alternate row irrigation. Results indicated that irrigation cycles should not exceed 14 days during the growing season if the latter irrigation methods are applied. Water use efficiency for both narrow bed (T3) and alternate row irrigation (T5) was 3.3 kg m−3, compared to 1.9 kg m−3 for wide bed irrigation (T1). Neither irrigation method, nor irrigation cycle had a significant effect on fruit sugar accumulation. Due to drier soil conditions induced by partial soil wetting, total titratable acidity in juice of grapes irrigated by narrow beds (T3 and T4) and alternate rows (T5 and T6) was ca 0.6 g L−1 lower compared to grapes irrigated by wide beds (T1 and T2).