Becke's Method Research Articles

Establishing risk-based recall interval for caries management among 11-12-year-old Pakistani children

BackgroundThis study aims to investigate the rate of caries increment among 11-12-year-old Pakistani children over 18 months using modified International Caries Detection and Assessment Systems II (ICDAS) and subsequently establish an appropriate dental recall interval for our targeted population according to their caries risk intensity.MethodsA prospective longitudinal study was conducted in Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. The 226 children from seven schools of Bhakkar with the highest student enrolment were conveniently selected. Caries risk assessment was performed using a computer-based reduced Cariogram program. Caries increment among cavitated lesions was measured by modified Beck's method or adjusted caries increment. Two ICDAS II cutoffs were created for the analysis of cavitated lesion (ICDAS code 3–6) and cavitated plus non-cavitated lesion (ICDAS code A-6).ResultsAt the risk assessment stage, 39.8% of the children were classified as low risk, 30.5% as medium risk, and 29.7% as high risk. Caries increment at both cutoff points increased with caries risk at all follow-ups. The highest caries increment was recorded at the third follow-up among high-risk children at cutoff 3–6 (1.95 ± 3.18) and A-6 (4.01 ± 4.31). However, the lowest caries increment was recorded at the third follow-up among low-risk children at cutoff 3–6 (0.18 ± 1.42) and A-6 (1.11 ± 3.33).ConclusionBased on the study findings for Pakistani children with cavitated lesions, the recommended risk-based recall interval for caries management is 18 months for those with low and medium caries risk and six months for those with high caries risk. On the other hand, recommendations for risk-based recall intervals for caries management in non-cavitated and cavitated lesions are six months for low-risk, moderate risk and high-risk for Pakistani 11-12-year-old children.

PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: A COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL APPROACH TO OVERCOMING ANXIETY

The article provides a theoretical analysis of studies related to psychological support in educational institutions. The features of methods that contribute to overcoming anxiety in difficult epidemiological and social conditions (pandemic conditions - online learning) of the educational space are considered. Anxiety and depression accompanying students and teachers, children and educators, students and teachers find their effective solution in A. Beck's method of "cognitive-behavioral approach", which helps to qualitatively change destructive beliefs into constructive attitudes.

A Comparative Study of Enumeration Techniques for Free-Roaming Dogs in Rural Baramati, District Pune, India.

The presence of unvaccinated free-roaming dogs (FRD) amidst human settlements is a major contributor to the high incidence of rabies in countries such as India, where the disease is endemic. Estimating FRD population size is crucial to the planning and evaluation of interventions, such as mass immunisation against rabies. Enumeration techniques for FRD are resource intensive and can vary from simple direct counts to statistically complex capture-recapture techniques primarily developed for ecological studies. In this study we compared eight capture-recapture enumeration methods (Lincoln–Petersen’s index, Chapman’s correction estimate, Beck’s method, Schumacher-Eschmeyer method, Regression method, Mark-resight logit normal method, Huggin’s closed capture models and Application SuperDuplicates on-line tool) using direct count data collected from Shirsuphal village of Baramati town in Western India, to recommend a method which yields a reasonably accurate count to use for effective vaccination coverage against rabies with minimal resource inputs. A total of 263 unique dogs were sighted at least once over 6 observation occasions with no new dogs sighted on the 7th occasion. Besides this direct count, the methods that do not account for individual heterogeneity yielded population estimates in the range of 248–270, which likely underestimate the real FRD population size. Higher estimates were obtained using the Huggin’s Mh-Jackknife (437 ± 33), Huggin’s Mth-Chao (391 ± 26), Huggin’s Mh-Chao (385 ± 30), models and Application “SuperDuplicates” tool (392 ± 20) and were considered more robust. When the sampling effort was reduced to only two surveys, the Application SuperDuplicates online tool gave the closest estimate of 349 ± 36, which is 74% of the estimated highest population of free-roaming dogs in Shirsuphal village. This method may thus be considered the most reliable method for estimating the FRD population with minimal inputs (two surveys conducted on consecutive days).

Comparison of the methods for calculating the interfacial heat transfer coefficient in hot stamping

This paper presents a hot stamping experimentation and three methods for calculating the Interfacial Heat Transfer Coefficient (IHTC) of 22MnB5 boron steel. Comparison of the calculation results shows an average error of 7.5% for the heat balance method, 3.7% for the Beck's nonlinear inverse estimation method (the Beck's method), and 10.3% for the finite-element-analysis-based optimization method (the FEA method). The Beck's method is a robust and accurate method for identifying the IHTC in hot stamping applications. The numerical simulation using the IHTC identified by the Beck's method can predict the temperature field with a high accuracy.

Hip geometry in diabetic women: Implications for fracture risk

ObjectiveWomen with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher risk of fractures despite increased bone mineral density (BMD) as compared to women without diabetes. We hypothesized that bone strength is diminished in women with T2DM after accounting for lean body mass, which may contribute to their increased fracture risk. MethodsParticipants from Women's Health Initiative Observational Study were included in this cross-sectional study. These analyses include 3 groups of women: 1) T2DM women on diet or oral hypoglycemic agents (n=299); 2) T2DM women on insulin therapy (with or without oral agents) (n=128); and 3) Non-diabetic control women (n=5497). Hip structural analyses were done using the validated Beck's method on hip scans from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We compared BMD and section modulus (bending strength) at the narrow neck with and without correcting for total body DXA lean body mass. ResultsWomen in all three groups were of similar ages (63.7, 64.6 and 64.2years, respectively) and heights, but those with T2DM were heavier, with greater lean body weight vs controls (P<.001). In both diabetic groups, absolute BMD and section modulus were higher compared with controls. However, after adjusting for total lean body weight, diabetic women on insulin had significantly lower BMD and section modulus. ConclusionAdjusted for lean body weight, the BMD and bending strength in the femoral neck are significantly lower in insulin-treated diabetic women vs controls. This may represent altered adaptation of bone modeling and explain the higher fracture risk in patients with T2DM.

A transition scoring system of caries increment with adjustment of reversals in longitudinal study: evaluation using primary tooth surface data

The aim of this paper is to evaluate a new comprehensive scoring system for longitudinal studies using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). A sample of 638 children were examined in 2002-2003 and again in 2007. Caries was assessed using the ICDAS criteria which assess six clinical stages of dental caries. Based on a transition matrix matching the baseline and follow-up ICDAS scores, we developed transition weights to best describe the progression, regression, or no progression nor regression of dental caries. Differential weights were assigned to transitions involved with noncavitated, cavitated, filled, crowned, or missing lesions. This method [transitional scoring system (TSS)] differentiated biologically plausible reversals from those because of examiner's misclassification. We computed and compared mean dmfs (decayed, missing, and filled tooth surfaces) increment scores including (d(t) mfs) or excluding the noncavitated stage (d(c) mfs) from TSS and another adjustment method proposed by Beck (modified Beck's method). The coefficients of variation (CV) of the two methods were also compared. Mean d(t) mfs from TSS was slightly higher than that from modified Beck's method. There was no difference in mean d(c) mfs between two methods. The ratios of CV indicated that the CV of TSS was significantly smaller than those from modified Beck's method. There were differences in caries increment scores between the two methods when we accounted for the transition of noncavitated lesions. The evaluation of CV concluded that TSS was more efficient because it requires less sample size compared with the modified Beck's method to detect a treatment effect. Both methods can be used to compute caries increments for populations with similar distribution of the dmfs scores to the sample used in this study.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF LIQUID METAL SUPERHEAT AND CASTING HEIGHT ON INTERFACIAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

In this article, the interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) is investigated as a function of superheat temperatures (100°C, 150°C, and 200°C) and casting heights (100, 150, and 200 mm). The experiments were conducted for a liquid alloy (Al-Si 12.9%) on water-cooled copper chill during vertically upward solidification of a eutectic Al-Si alloy casting. A finite difference method (FDM) is applied for the numerical used for solution of inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP), the so-called Beck's method. Computer-guided thermocouples were connected with the chill and casting, at six positions and the time-temperature data were recorded automatically. As the lateral surfaces are very well heat isolated, the unidirectional solidification process started vertically upward at the interface surface. The measured time-temperature data files were used by FDM using explicit technique. The experimental and calculated temperatures have shown excellent agreement. The IHTC increases as superheat temperatures increases. However, the casting height (100, 150, and 200 mm) has no significant effect on the IHTC. It changed only maximum peak values of the IHTC and increased air gap formation time with increasing casting height.

A Stability Analysis on Beck's Procedure for Inverse Heat Conduction Problems

The sequential function specification method proposed first by Beck is considered as one of the most efficient methods for the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) which is extremely ill-posed and time-dependent. This method determines an “inverse solution” advancing in a sequential fashion in time. The values estimated at any given time depend on the solution obtained previously. The main question connected with this method is the stability;i.e.,the cumulative error in the solution must remain bounded at all time. Since the first paper of Beck in 1970, few theoretical stability analyses have been studied in the literature. The aim of this paper is to find the conditions under which this method is stable irrespective of the data measurements. For a 1D linear IHCP, we try to construct a sequenced (1)X1= 1,Xj= Σj−1l=1αj−l+1Xl,j≥ 2, such that the coefficients αiare independent of the data measured and the convergence of the series Σi=1 |Xi| guarantees the stability of the method. In other words, we need to find an adequate condition on αisuch that Σ∞i=1|Xi| is convergent, implying that the method is stable. The values of αidepend on the discretization sizehof the function to be determinedq(t) and the sliding time horizon (or future time interval) τ of the method. The range of values ofhand τ which give the values of αisuch that the series Σ∞i=1 |Xi| is convergent is established numerically. Under the stability condition, an error estimation of the Beck's method is derived. The approach presented could be also applied to multidimensional IHCPs, in which the coefficients αiandXiare no longer scalar but become square matrices.

ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL METHODS OF SOLVING THE INVERSE HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM

The emphasis of this article is on an error and stability analysis of sequential methods solving the linear inverse heat conduction problem. The well-known method of J. V. Beck is studied as well as modifications thereof. At the end, our results are discussed by means of numerical examples. The following aspects are most important in the article. A fundamental relation is established that shows how the heat fluxes determined by Beck's method depend explicitly on the previous heat fluxes and on the data. On the one hand, this presents a new way of computing the Beck method and, on the other hand, leads to various modifications of the method for which analogous relations and computational procedures are available. Moreover, for all sequential methods under consideration, an error analysis can be established.

An Evaluation of Two New Inference Control Methods

An evaluation method is developed to measure the cost/ effectiveness of two new inference control methods. The factors of the evaluation function consist of: 1) preparation cost for the control method, 2) query complexity, and 3) security level under various attacks. Each control method combines the merit of some popular concepts; the first method is based on restriction, and the second on perturbation. Simulation results indicate that both methods have higher preparation cost, better security, and faster response time than Cox's method and Beck's method. Finally these two new methods are compared to each other.

Some comments on the sensitivity to sensor location of inverse heat conduction problems using Beck's Method

It has been shown that two inverse heat conduction problems are not always identical despite the dimensionless time steps based on the distance from the heated surface to the sensor are the same. First, the sensitivity to measurement errors is twice for an interior sensor than for a sensor at the insulated surface even if both the dimensionless time steps based on sensor depth and the dimensionless measurement errors are equals. Now, considering an experiment where the dimensional random measurement errors are more likely to be the same for every sensor, the sensitivity to measurement errors is inversely proportional to the sensor depth for a constant dimensionless time step. But it is important to point out that the dimensional time steps are proportional to the square of the sensor depth. Thus the closer the sensor, the smaller the dimensional time step and then the largest the sensitivity to measurement errors. However, the best sensor location for a given dimensional time step and a given dimensional variance in the temperature measurements is near the heated surface. The results presented herein apply to all IHCP algorithms and are of interest for the comparison of IHCP methods. They are only valid when small dimensionless time steps are used which usually is required.

Rorschach content analysis of the use of sexual imagery by Catholic seminarians.

A random sample of 30 students was selected from those who entered seminary during three consecutive years. Rorschach protocols administered by experienced clinical psychologists were scored using Beck's method. Interscorer reliability ranged from .72 to .96 (Houck &amp; Dawson, 1978) with an average of .89. Three levels of sexual imagery were obtained for each of the 10 Rorschach cards after the method of Clark (1952). Three hypotheses were advanced and supported. The first was that significantly more imagery would be obtained on Levels I and III than Level II. The second, that chromatic cards would elicit significantly more sexual imagery than achromatic cards, was strongly supported. The third, that a combination of Level I criteria and chromatic cards would produce the highest level of imagery, was also strongly supported. Seminarians tended to respond to sexual material in a somewhat indirect and naive manner. They expressed themselves directly and appropriately rather than symbolically. General emotional integration appeared within the normal range.

THE CLINICAL VALUE OF BISMUTH IN THE TREATMENT OF SYPHILIS

Most of the experimental work on the action of bismuth in the treatment of syphilis has been done by Sazerac and Levaditi,1although the trypanocidal properties of bismuth were first discovered by Robert and Sauton.2Balzer,3in 1889, made experiments on dogs, in which he used ammoniacal bismuth citrate. This work was given up because one of the animals developed a severe keratitis, which was attributed at the time to the toxic action of bismuth, although possibly it was due to a concomitant infection, for no such lesions have been produced since bismuth has been used extensively in the treatment of syphilis. With the internal administration of bismuth, toxic symptoms were practically unknown, but when bismuth treatment of wound was generally practiced, this state of affairs was changed. A number of intoxications have followed, especially under Beck's method of treating tuberculous fistulas. It has been found that

XIV. The Passage of a Dolerite into a Hornblende Schist

Dolerite is one of the commonest rocks in the district round Glasgow, and in the Highland metamorphic area hornblende schist is by no means rare. It is probable that in many cases the hornblende schist has arisen from the metamorphism of a basic igneous rock, yet recorded instances showing the complete change from one type to the other are extremely few. That hornblende schists have originated in this way was first proved by Dr. J. J. H. Teall twenty years ago, when he published his classic paper on the Scourie dyke. The rocks described in this paper occur as outcrops on Littleton Hill, near Colmonell, in the midst of one of the serpentine areas between Ballantrae and Girvan. The closeness of the outcrops to each other in the field, and the fact that the one extreme type is seen to merge gradually into the other, show conclusively that the different rocks described are not disconnected outcrops, but modifications of the same original rock type. Five rock types may be taken as representing the complete passage from the dolerite to the schist, and a short description of each is given below. 1. Olivine Dolerite. —The rock consists chiefly of plagioclase felspar, augite, olivine, and magnetite. The felspar is colourless, lath-shaped, and not much decomposed. From an estimate of its refractive index by Beck's method, and the angles of symmetrical extinction by the method of Levy and Lacroix, it is perhaps an acid labradorite. The augite is pale This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract