Beck Depression Questionnaire Research Articles

Use of the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index to Predict Treatment Efficacy in Patients with Bladder Pain Syndrome.

To determine the relationship between bladder pain syndrome (BPS) and systemic inflammatory index (SII) and to examine the impact of treatment protocols on it. Observational Study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Urology, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkiye, from January 2017 to December 2022. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 BPS patients who underwent medical therapy. Upon diagnosis, the patients completed the king's health questionnaire (KHQ), beck depression questionnaire (BDQ), beck anxiety questionnaire (BAQ), and short form (SF-36) quality of life form. Peripheral blood SII was measured. After six months of regular therapy, the SII was recalculated when the patients completed the same forms again. The SII was compared between instances when patients reported more complaints, higher form scores, and instances when they reported fewer and lower scores. The patients had a mean age of 46.1 ± 13.6 years, with four males and 26 females. The mean follow-up duration was 76.3 ± 24.5 months. Five patients of KHQ subcategories showed statistically significant decreases following therapy (52 to 39.17, 66.66 to 54.16, 54.40 to 41.07, 75.55 to 58.14, and 60.55 to 40.47). All patients of SF-36 components increased (p = 779, p = 0.393, p = 0.007, p = 0.004, p = 0.008, p = 0.041, p = 0.010, and p = 0.767, respectively). BDQ and BAQ decreased after therapy (11.55 to 11.41 and 11.86 to 11.24, respectively). Lymphocyte count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and SII decreased significantly (p = 0.001, 0.019, 0.002 and 0.039, respectively). SII, lymphocyte count, NLR, and PLR decreased after treatment, similar to BDQ and BAQ. SII is a simple and feasible method for evaluating the treatment efficacy of BPS. Bladder pain syndrome, Lymphocyte, Neutrophil, Systemic immune inflammation index, Platelet.

Psycho-emotional state during pregnancy and one year after childbirth in mothers of children with functional gastrointestinal disorders

Aim. To determine the relationship between the incidence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children up to 1 year of age and the psycho-emotional state of their mothers during pregnancy and after childbirth.
 Materials and methods. A survey of 1203 mothers of children under 4 years of age was conducted using a questionnaire of functional gastrointestinal disorders according to the Rome IV criteria (2016). The questionnaire contained domains on general issues (the age of the mother at the time of the child's birth, the data of obstetric and gynecological anamnesis, the type of child's nutrition at the time of the survey), psycho-emotional state (retrospectively, the psychological component of the gestational dominant – PСGD – during pregnancy, Beck's anxiety and Beck's depression questionnaires) and questions on functional disorders in infants and young children.
 Results. Questionnaires of 487 mothers of children of the 1st year of life were analyzed. Only in 34.4% of cases, mothers' responses lacked anxious and depressive PCGD. In mothers with anxious PСGD, the risk of regurgitation in their children was statistically significantly 2-fold higher compared to mothers with depressive PСGD. In mothers with optimal PСGD, the rate of colic in their children was statistically significantly 2-fold lower compared to mothers with anxious and depressive PСGD. After childbirth, anxiety was noted in 17% mothers and signs of depression in 59% mothers. Significant and severe depression was diagnosed in 10% mothers; the children of these mothers had persistent regurgitation.. In the absence of depression in mothers, the probability of no regurgitation and colic in their children was statistically significantly 2-fold higher compared to the children of mothers with depression.
 Conclusion. The incidence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in a child up to 1 year of age is associated with maternal anxiety during pregnancy and maternal depression after childbirth.

(279) Quantitative Analyze of Psycho Diagnostic Data in the Diagnosis of Female Sexual Dysfunctions

Abstract Introduction Sexual activity is an important aspect of quality of life. It's a fact that mental disorders caused by sexual trauma in past, bullying, strict up bringing, stigmatization, low level of sexual education, playing important role in development of female sexual dysfunctions. Objective The aim of our study was to detect how effective is psycho diagnostic examination for timely diagnosis and adequately treatment of women with sexual dysfunctions. Methods In our research that was conducted from October 2022 to July 2023, at the Z.Marshania’s sexual medicine center participated 75 women with different sexual dysfunctions. The study was quantitative. We used a correlational analysis to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. Independent variables with a p-value < 0.05 were taken as statistically significant with sexual dysfunction. To evaluate psychological characteristics, we took MMPI-1, SSTAI, and Beck Depression Questionnaire. Results All our patients had different sexual difficulties. 55% among 75 had psychological problems that were identified before the sexual dysfunction was discovered. The largest correlation (53%) was found between anxiety disorders and Female Orgasmic Disorder (FOD), as well as between depression and Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (FHSDD) which was 34%. It is also worth emphasizing the style of life caused by strict traditional family education, due to which some of the patients had an inadequate perception of sexual life (63%). Conclusions The prevalence of sexual dysfunction among women with mental disorders is quite high, therefore, along with the treatment of sexual dysfunctions, it is important to properly evaluate the psychological state that can be performed effectively by psycho-diagnostic examination. Without it, the treatment of sexual dysfunctions among women will not be managed adequately. Disclosure No.

The effectiveness of mindfulness on rumination and cognitive regulation of emotion in students with depressive symptoms

Background. Having problems in regulating the emotions is considered as the main core of depression disorder and rumination is one of the cognitive components in individuals with depression disorder. The objective of this study was to consider the effect of mindfulness training on rumination and cognitive regulation of emotion in students with depressive symptoms. Methods. This study was a semi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all 350 students of the Faculty of Nursing of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2023-2022, among whom the Beck Depression Questionnaire was administered. Among them, 30 students with symptoms of depression (15 as experimental and 15 as control) were selected by purposive sampling method. The emotion regulation scale and rumination questionnaire were used to collect data. Results. The findings showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of rumination and cognitive regulation of emotion (P<0.001). The mean of rumination in the experimental group was significantly reduced compared to the pre-test and the control group, and the mean of the cognitive regulation of emotion was significantly increased. Conclusion. The results of the research showed that mindfulness training has an effect on rumination and cognitive regulation of emotion in students with depressive symptoms. Practical Implications. The results of the present study can be used to prevent and treat people with symptoms of depression, especially students.

Effects of crocin on inflammatory biomarkers and mental health status in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blinded clinical trial

BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS), as a demyelinating disease correlated with inflammation and oxidative stress, affects the central nervous system and causes a wide range of complications, including psychiatric disorders. Considering the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties associated with the bioactive components of saffron, such as crocin (trans-crocetin bis(β-d-gentiobiosyl) ester), and their potential impact on ameliorating psychiatric symptoms, our study aimed to investigate the effect of crocin on biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and mental health, e.g., depression and anxiety in individuals with MS. MethodPatients with MS were randomized into two groups, taking either 15 mg crocin tablets twice a day (n = 25; 30 mg/day) or placebo tablets (n = 25) for 8 weeks. The valid and reliable Beck depression and anxiety scale questionnaire was recorded, and fasting blood samples were collected to measure biomarkers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) at baseline and week 8 following the intervention. ResultsThe data analysis using ANCOVA showed that supplementation with crocin for 8 weeks significantly lowered hs-CRP levels (p-value= 0.01). In addition, within-group comparisons showed crocin significantly decreased anxiety (p-value= 0.01). However, crocin did not affect serum MDA and NO after 8 weeks of intervention. ConclusionOur findings suggest that crocin may keep promise in attenuating inflammation, evidenced by reducing hs-CRP in patients with MS. However, supplementation for 8 weeks may not be sufficient to improve mental health, and future clinical studies with higher sample sizes and various doses and durations are recommended.

Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Group Therapy with the Islamic Approach to Reduce Anxiety and Depression in Type II Diabetes People in Yazd

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based group therapy (ACT) with the Islamic approach to reduce anxiety and depression in patients with type II diabetes referent to the Yazd Diabetes Research Center.
 Materials and Methods: The study method was the semi experimental. Forty diabetic patients were simple randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The study was done in the patients referent to the Yazd diabetes center (n= 5000), using a purposeful sampling method. So, all of the patients did completed the beck anxiety (BAI) and depression (BDI-II) questionnaire for diabetic patients. Then, the experimental group received ACT with an Islamic approach every other week during 16 weeks and 120 minutes for each time, and the control group continued their normal plan. The population of both groups performed the anxiety (BAI) and depression (BDI-II) questionnaire again after performing the instructional plan.
 Results: In this research, the covariance analysis test was used to analyze the results. The findings of the research showed that ACT with an Islamic approach effects on the anxiety (P: 0.001) and depression (P: 0.001) in type II diabetes people.
 Conclusion: The results showed that ACT with Islamic approach is effective on reducing anxiety rate and depression of type 2 diabetic people. Scores of post-test confirmed the effect of treatment method ACT with Islamic approach on reducing of anxiety and depression rate.

CONNECTION BETWEEN COMORBID PRIMARY HEADACHE, DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

SUMMARY. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of central nervous system that affects young people and progresses to physical disability. Among patient with MS risk of excessive anxiety and depression is quite common. One of the frequent comorbidities of MS is primary comorbid headache. Depression and anxiety might be more prominent on patients with pain comorbidity of MS. The aim – to show the prevalence and frequency of depression and anxiety in a population of patients with MS, with special attention to the group of patients with primary comorbid headache. Material and Methods. MS was confirmed according to the McDonald criteria 2017. Questionnaires Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for assessment of depression and The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory in Hanin`s interpretation (STAI), version for evaluation of reactive anxiety were used. Results. 130 patients with MS were examined with disease duration 8.63±7.49 years. 36.2 % of males (n=47) and 63.8 % of females (n=83) were included. Average score of patients with MS was 40.22±8.89 points that indicates moderate reactive anxiety. BDI score accounted for 14.15±7.58 points that interpretates as mild-to-moderate depression. Patients with MS and comorbid primary headache received the average points of the STAI in Hanin's interpretation – 42.41±7.49 (moderate anxiety); patients with MS without comorbid primary headache – 37.42±9.31 (low or moderate anxiety), but generally this difference did not show statistical significance (p=0.39). Among MS course scores of anxiety was similar between groups, depression score was the highest in group with primary progressive MS (PPMS). Conclusion. The average score of anxiety and depression showed moderate severity among patients with MS. There were not found significance between patients with primary headache comorbidity and without it, although scores between course disease subgroups showed higher points in patients with comorbid primary headache.

Pelvic floor awareness in women with fibromyalgia: A controlled cross-sectional study

Objective: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), is a painful syndrome of the musculoskeletal system with associating somatic symptoms which may include PF dysfunction (PFD). We aimed to investigate the patients’ awareness of pelvic floor (PF), the frequency, impact and severity of PFD in FMS and to investigate the effect of psychological state on PFD. Methods: Women with FMS and healthy controls enrolled to the study. Demographic data, urinary symptoms and questions regarding PF awareness asked. Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Beck Depression Questionnaire and Beck Anxiety Questionnaire were filled. SPSS 26 used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 48 FMS and 48 healthy controls, with a mean age of 44 years were enrolled. The rate of UI in FMS group was significantly higher than the control group ( p < 0.001). The frequency of urinary incontinence (UI) was found 60% in FMS patients, and 25% in the control group. UI duration was significantly longer in the FMS group ( p = 0.013). There was a relation between the duration of UI and anxiety scores. As the duration of UI increases, the anxiety score also increases significantly ( r = 0.318; p = 0.043). The majority of the subjects, 25 (86.2%) patients from the FMS group and 11 (91.7%) patients from the control group, have not consulted any physician about UI complaints, therefore did not receive any treatment. Conclusion: PF awareness is quite low in the general population and in FMS. Studies should be carried out to inform the society about PFD and increase their awareness of the PF, and social responsibility projects should be prepared.

FREE DANCE RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL FOR WOMEN UNDERGOING BREAST CANCER SURGERY

Objective: to analyze the effect of a free dance protocol (pre and post 12-week intervention) on depressive symptoms, body image and sexual function in women undergoing breast cancer surgery. Methods: a randomized clinical trial, composed of 24 women undergoing surgery after the diagnosis of breast cancer, who were randomized into two groups: Free dance Intervention Group and Control Group. The free dance group received the intervention twice a week, 60 minutes per session, for 12 weeks. The control group maintained their routine activities during the 12 weeks. All participants were evaluated before and after the 12 weeks of intervention. Outcomes evaluated were depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Questionnaire - BDI), body image (Body Image after Breast Cancer questionnaire) and sexual function (Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire). Results: Body image showed a significant intragroup difference in free dance in the vulnerability domain (p=0.031), significant intergroup difference in the limitation domain (p=0.045) and concern with the body (p=0.035). Sexual function showed a significant intragroup difference in free dance in the desired domain (p=0.031) and a significant intragroup difference in the control group in the lubrication domain (p=0.021), however in a negative way. No differences were found for depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The practice of free dancing showed a positive effect, even if small, on body image and a negative effect on sexual function in women undergoing breast cancer surgery.

The effect of religious-ontological-based intervention on clinical symptoms and existential thinking of students with depressive disorder: a multiple baseline case study

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of religious-ontological-based intervention on clinical symptoms and existential thinking of students with depressive disorder. Methods: This research was carried out in the framework of a single-case experimental study with three students with symotomos of depression who were selected through purposeful sampling from the students of Ardakan University (Yazd, Iran) during the academic year of 2022-2023. Each individual participant received 8 sessions of intervention based on religious ontology, twice during the baseline phase, three times during the treatment phase, and twice during the follow-up phase. Beck depression questionnaire (1996) and Allen and Scherer's scale of existential thinking (2012) were utilized as measurement instruments. To analyze the data, graphical analysis method was used to determine the recovery percentage and reliable change index. Findings: The findings showed significant clinically and statistical improvements in the existential thinking and decreased depression after treatment (p<.01). After two months, a follow-up was done where differences were maintained, which indicates the sustainability of the therapeutic effects. Conclusion: Regarding the results, it can be concluded that religious-ontological-based intervention can be used to increase the existential thinking and to reduce depression in the students with depressive disorder. Considering that Iranian society has a coherent religious context and religion has a special status in people's lives, this intervention can be effective in reducing depression symptoms.

The Role of Social Support and Socioeconomic Factors in the Prediction of Depression among First-Year Undergraduate Students.

This study was devoted to determining the role of social support and socioeconomic factors in predicting students' depression. In this cross-sectional study, all first-year undergraduate students in the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Iran, during the 2019-2020 academic year were included via the census method. Data collection tools include a researcher-made checklist about demographic and socioeconomic status, a standard questionnaire of perceived social support, and Beck's depression questionnaire. Smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) linear regression was used to model the role of social support and socioeconomic factors in predicting depression. Out of the 220 first-year undergraduate students, 174 (79.1%) were female, and 176 (80.0%) were single. The mean ± SD of depression score among the first-year undergraduate students was 10.56 ± 5.19, and the mean ± SD of social support score was 48.86 ± 5.46. The mean score of depression was significantly higher in female students than in males (11.09 versus 8.59, P = 0.001) but was not statistically significant in different categories of age (P = 0.70), marital status (P = 0.37), ethnicity (P = 0.10), parents' education, and the other demographic variables. Pearson's correlation showed an inverse and significant correlation between depression and social support (R = -0.20, P = 0.003). The mean score of depression was at the highest level for students of public health and environmental health majors and was the lowest for students of laboratory sciences, which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). After adjusting the other variables, SCAD regression showed that social support plays a key role in depression prediction, and increasing social support leads to a decrease in depression score. Considering the existence of an inverse and significant correlation between depression and social support, any intervention to promote social support for first-year undergraduate students may decrease depression.

The effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on reducing depression and anxiety in patients with mood disorders: experimental research.

The study was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-post-test design with a control group. The research subjects were 60 patients hospitalized in the psychiatric department of Razi Hospital in Tehran, who were randomly divided into two experimental (N:30) and control (N:30) groups. Both groups took medicine as usual. Before the therapeutic intervention, both groups were evaluated with Beck's depression questionnaire and the Zung anxiety scale. In addition to drug therapy, the experimental group participated in ten sessions of the cognitive-behavioral therapy group, and in the control group, no psychological intervention was performed except for drug therapy. At the end of the nonpharmacological treatment intervention, both groups were evaluated again with the aforementioned tests. The obtained data were analyzed using independent and dependent t-tests. The research findings showed that the cognitive-behavioral therapy group was significantly (P<0.05) effective in reducing the depression of hospitalized patients with mood disorders, but this method did not have much effect in reducing the anxiety of the patients. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy can be effective in reducing depression in hospitalized patients with mood disorders.

Nordic Walking - The Effectiveness of a New Form of Exercise in Adults After COVID-19 Infection: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The purpose of present study was investigating the effectivenes of Nordic walking exercise (NWE) on physical activity level, physical fitness level, dyspnea, fatigue, functional status, depression and life quality after COVID-19 undergoing home isolation.Thirty subjects were randomly assigned in NWE (n=15) and control group (n=15). NWE group performed NWE 3 days a week for 6 weeks. The control group was not given any exercise. For physical fitness level, upper-lower extremity muscular endurance (arm curl test- chair sit and stand test), lower aerobic (two minutes step test) and cardiopulmonary endurance (six minute walk test), flexibility (back scratch and sit and reach test), balance (time up and go test) was assessed. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-SF) was used to evaulate physical activity level. The anxiety-depression level was determined by Beck Depression Questionnaire. The dyspnea with Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC), functional status with Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale (PCFS), fatigue with Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and quality of life with Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) were determined. In NWE group, significant improvements were observed in upper-lower muscular extremity, lower aerobic, cardiopulmonary endurance, balance, mMRC, FSS, NHP energy, emotional reactions, sleep and total scores (p&amp;lt;0.05). Upper-lower muscular extremity, lower aerobic, cardiopulmonary endurance, balance, PCFS, IPAQ-SF walking and NHP energy scores were statistically different between groups in favor of NWE group (p&amp;lt; 0.05). NWE can be recommended physical activity program to improve physical health and functional status after COVID-19.

The effectiveness of pain-based training program on depression and anxiety in cancer patients

Introduction: Cancer patients experience chronic pain and excruciating pain, which makes it difficult for them to tolerate and adapt. Aim: This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of an educational program based on compromise with pain on depression and anxiety of cancer patients. Method: The present research was conducted in a semi-experimental way with a pre-test and post-test design along with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all cancer patients referred to health centers and clinics in Sanandaj city in 2019, and 30 cancer patients were selected by available sampling and then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The participants in the experimental group received the educational program based on compromise with pain in 10 sessions 2-hour, and the participants in the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection tools were Beck Anxiety Questionnaire (1990) and Beck Depression Questionnaire (1961). Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 statistical software, descriptive indices and covariance analysis. Results: The results showed that the program based on compromise with pain had a significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on the depression of cancer patients and reduced depression in cancer patients, and the program based on compromise with pain had a significant effect on the anxiety of cancer patients (P&lt;0.01) and has improved anxiety in cancer patients. Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, this program can be used in counseling clinics to help cancer patients, considering the key role of the educational program based on compromise with pain in reducing depression and anxiety of cancer patients.

Effectiveness of Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Depression, Cognitive Flexibility, and Cognitive Regulation of Emotion in Women with Breast Cancer

Background: In this research, the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy on depression, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive regulation of emotion in women with breast cancer was discussed.&#x0D; Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with two experimental and control groups, conducted on 30 women with breast cancer in Tehran who participated in the study willingly and knowingly. The subjects were divided into two groups based on random sampling. This research used Beck Depression Questionnaire, Dennis and Vander Wal Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire, Garnefski, Kraaij and Spinhoven Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Leahy group cognitive behavioral protocol. The treatment protocol was conducted during eight 90-minute sessions. Finally, a post-test was taken from both groups two months later. The collected data was entered into the SPSS-20 program and analyzed with covariance statistical tests and a significance level of 0.05.&#x0D; Results: The results indicated a significant difference between the scores of the two groups in depression, cognitive flexibility, and cognitive regulation of excitement (P &lt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions: Based on the findings, it was concluded that increasing the cognitive flexibility and cognitive regulation of emotions of women with breast cancer can enhance the cognitive behavioral therapy group method.

Investigating Psychic and Body Complications Caused by Inactivity Among Students of University During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective: The level of mobility and general health has decreased among students in virtual classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aims to investigate the mental and physical complications caused by inactivity among the students of Farhangian University during virtual classes. Methods: This was survey research with a cross-sectional design. The statistical population included all male and female students studying at Farhangian University of Mazandaran Province, Iran. According to the determination of the sample size based on the Morgan table, 475 students, consisting of 214 females and 261 males, were randomly selected as the statistical sample of the study. The research instruments include the international physical activity questionnaire, Saehan Caliper (SH5020), the Coopersmith self-esteem scale (1967), the Beck depression questionnaire, and the Nordic skeletal and muscular disorders questionnaire. To analyze the data, we used the independent sample t test to compare the two groups. All analyses were conducted using the SPSS software, version 24. Results: The research findings showed that the average weekly activity level among women was 634±281 MET/min, and the average weekly activity level among men was 472 ±231 MET/min. In terms of fat percentage by gender, men’s average fat percentage was 21.47%±4.74%, and women’s average fat percentage was 31.55%±4.37%. Meanwhile, the self-esteem scores of male and female students were obtained at 29.72 and 29.43, respectively. The difference between the two was considered significant as P&lt;0.05. In addition to these findings, the correlation between self-esteem and activity level was +0.41. On the other hand, 25(67%) female students and 12(32%) male students suffered from high depression. Conclusion: Concerning students’ skeletal-muscular disorders, findings proved that both genders suffered from physical complications during virtual classes. This study suggests increasing the level of physical activity to reduce body fat mass, increase mental health, and reduce skeletal disorders, which can be properly accomplished through university planning and prioritizing the health of male and female students.

Mental and physical conditions associated with physical inactivity among Farhangian University students during virtual classes: A cross-sectional study.

The level of mobility and general health has decreased among students in virtual classes during COVID-19 pandemic. The present cross-sectional study aims to investigate the mental and physical conditions related to inactivity among the students of Farhangian University during the virtual classes. This is a cross-sectional study. 475 students (214 females and 261 males) were selected as the statistical sample of the study based on Morgan's Table from Farhangian University, Iran. The statistical population includes students studying at Farhangian University of Mazandaran province that using Convenience Sampling the sample size based on Morgan's Table, 475 students consisting of 214 females and 261 males were randomly selected as the statistical sample of the study. The research instruments of this study include International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Saehan Caliper (SH5020), Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale, Beck Depression Questionnaire, and Nordic Skeletal and Muscular Disorders Questionnaire. For data analysis, independent sample t-test was employed to compare two groups. All analyses were conducted using spss24 software. With respect to students' skeletal-muscular disorders, findings proved that both genders suffered physical conditions during virtual classes. The research findings showed that the average weekly activity level among women is 634 Met/min with a standard deviation of ±281, and the average weekly activity level among men is 472 Met/min with a standard deviation of ±231. Fat percentage by gender, men's average fat percentage is 47.21% (S. D ± 4.74) and women's average fat percentage is 31.55% (S. D ± 4.37). Also, the self-esteem scores of male and female students were obtained 29.72 and 29.43, respectively, and the difference between the two was considered significant (p < 0.05). On the other hand, 67% (No. 25) of female students and 32% (No. 12) of male students suffered from high depression. Also, based on students' skeletal-muscular disorders, findings of our study showed that both genders suffered physical conditions during virtual classes. This study suggests increasing the level of physical activity to reduce body fat mass, increase mental health and reduce skeletal disorders, which can be properly accomplished through university planning and prioritizing the health of male and female students.

The effect of Depression in Medical Students and Residents on Their View Point about Euthanasia

An increase in the incidence of chronic and incurable diseases and the lack of facilities to care for patients raises the issue of prioritization in the allocation of facilities and the selection of patients to use the facilities and the choice between life and death. Discussion of termination of life and cessation of treatment is one of the challenges in the field of medicine and ethics. The demand for euthanasia has increased in recent years, and future physicians will face this issue. This cross-sectional study was performed on 200 interns and medical residents in 1400. All participants completed the Demographic Information Questionnaire, Beck Depression Questionnaire, and Attitude to Euthanasia Questionnaire. In the present study, 67.5% of participants agreed with euthanasia. The mean score of attitudes to euthanasia was higher in men than women (P = 0.023) and higher in single people (P = 0.045). As religious beliefs increased in individuals, the mean score of attitudes toward euthanasia decreased and opposition to it increased (P&gt; 0.001). Positive attitudes toward euthanasia were associated with depression and its severity (P&gt; 0.001). Depression and its severity are significantly associated with more physicians' desire for euthanasia. On the other hand, the stronger the religious beliefs, the greater the anti-euthanasia. Support for euthanasia in men and single people was also higher than in other groups.

Factors Affecting Anxiety and Depression Among Pediatric Residents in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia

Background: Residency program, including pediatric residency, has long been considered stressful and for some students, depressing. Many studies have shown that depression or emotional impairment in resident physicians is more common than that in the general population, about 29% and increased with each year of training. Nearly half of the depressed residents seemed unaware of their condition. Knowing the cause and risk of mental health problem during medical training is important for informing efforts to prevent, treat, and identify. Objective: This study aim to analyze factors affecting anxiety and depression among pediatric residents in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, to minimize its effect towards residents mental health. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was performed on pediatric residents in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. We collected residents demographic data (age, sex, marital status, parental status, number of children, and duration of work experience before residency), as well as Beck Anxiety, Beck Depression, and Likert Scale Questionnaire on how residents feel about their academic burden, non-academic burden, and patients-related duties, were all taken using an online questionnaire. The comparison and correlation of data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Spearman tests. The difference will be considered significant if the p-value<0.05, and a strong correlation will be considered if r>0.5. Results: Higher BDI score was found in female residents (37.95 P=0.008), and unmarried residents (41.39 P=0.025). Age was negatively correlated with BAI (R = -0.281 P = 0.021) and also BDI (R = -0.273 P = 0.025). Duration of work experience before residency period was also negatively correlated with BAI (R = -0.334 P = 0.005) and BDI (R = -0.308 P = 0.011). Meanwhile, Likert Scale on how residents feel about their academic burden was positively correlated with BAI (R = 0.26 P=0.033 and BDI (R = 0.257 P = 0.036). Conclusion: Female and unmarried residents have significantly higher BDI. Age and duration of work experience were negatively correlated with both BAI and BDI. Academic burden was positively correlated with BAI and BDI

Comparing the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and the integration of metacognitive therapy with an evolutionary psychotherapy approach in reducing depression symptoms

Background and Objective: Depression has been identified as the third leading cause of non-fatal global health loss in 2017, affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and combining metacognitive therapy with an evolutionary psychotherapy approach in reducing depression symptoms. Methods: The data collection method is semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and control group with two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research includes women with depression. In the first stage, 45 women with depression were selected as the statistical sample of the study based on the available sampling method, and in the next stage, they were divided into three groups through a simple random sampling method. Metacognitive therapy (15 people), combining metacognitive therapy with evolutionary psychotherapy (15 people) and the control group (15 people) were included, and Beck's depression questionnaires (1961) were completed in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Results: The results of the research showed that there was a significant difference between the depression scores in the two groups of metacognitive therapy and the combination of metacognition and developmental therapy, which was in favor of the group of metacognition and developmental therapy (p&lt;0.05). The results also showed that there was a significant difference in depression scores between metacognitive therapy and the control group, which was in favor of the metacognitive therapy group (p&lt;0.01). There was a significant difference in depression between the metacognitive integration and evolutionary therapy group and the control group (p&lt;0.01). Finally, the results showed that metacognition therapy was effective in depression scores (p&lt;0.01) and the combination of metacognition with evolutionary therapy was effective in depression scores (p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: It can be concluded that metacognition therapy and the combination of metacognition with evolutionary therapy were effective in reducing the symptoms of depression. Also, the combination of metacognition and evolutionary therapy was more effective in reducing depression symptoms than metacognitive therapy.