Beck Hopelessness Scale Scores Research Articles

Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Version of the Orbach Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale-8 in a Clinical Population.

Suicide is a growing public health issue for all societies; identifying suicide risk is crucial. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Orbach and Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale-8 (OMMP-8), which enables the assessment of suicidality in a short time. We conducted this study with 148 individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder and 130 healthy controls. We administered the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDRS), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSIS), and Mee Bunney Psychological Pain Assessment Scale (MBPPAS) to all participants. Cronbach's alpha values were 0.96, 0.97, and 0.98 for Factors 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and 0.92 for the entire scale. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) proved the 3-factor structure of the scale. The OMMP-8 total score and HDRS (r = 0.851), BSIS (r = 0.836), BHS (r = 0.825), and MBPPAS (r = 0.881) total scores were statistically significantly correlated, indicating convergent and concurrent validity of the scale. The scale successfully discriminated between depression and control groups (89.6%) and participants with and without suicide attempts in the depression group (82.4%). This study demonstrates that the Turkish version of the OMMP-8 scale is valid and reliable for both individuals with depression and healthy controls and can be used in studies investigating suicide risk.

Elevated Depression, Anxiety and Hopelesness Among Pregnant Individuals with Ovarian Cyst

Background/Purpose:
 Anxiety and depression in pregnancy commonly presents between 10 and 25% of pregnant individuals. Increased symptoms of depression and anxiety are coupled with elevated risk of preterm birth, postpartum depression, and behavioral difficulties in children. Detection of ovarian cyst is a potential stressor factor for pregnant individuals. Our objective was to investigate the levels of anxiety, depression and hopelessness in pregnant individuals with ovarian cyst.
 Methods:
 In this comparative and descriptive study, a total of 184 pregnant women were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 encompasses pregnant women with ovarian cyst (n=86), and Group 2 includes healthy pregnant women as control (n=88). Data were collected using Demographic Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2 (PRAQ-R2).
 Results: We found substantially elevated BDI, BAI, BHS AND PRAQ-R2 scores in Group 1 according to Group 2 [(15.16±12.6, 6.45±5.6), (16.44±14.5, 7.61±5.2), (9.44±8.3, 4.10±5.2), (30.99±9.66, 27.2±4.90), respectively] (p>0.05). However, there wasn’t significant difference between groups in demographic characteristics (p>0.05).
 Conclusion: Anxiety, depression and hopelessness are observed more among pregnant women with ovarian cyst. Nevertheless, approximately 70 percent of all ovarian cysts spontaneously resolve during pregnancy and more than 90 percent of them are benign. Hence, the patient should be informed appropriately by obstetricians before referring them to tertiary centers, and this approach may mitigate their anxiety, depression and hopelessness.

THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS’ HOPELESSNESS AND DAILY LIFE ACTIVITIES

Aim: This research aims to identify the relationship between hemodialysis patients’ hopelessness and dependence on another person in daily life activities.
 Method: Relational descriptive research; 301 patients who applied to the Nephrology Clinic of the University Hospital and underwent hemodialysis were completed. "Descriptive Characteristics Form, Beck Hopelessness Scale and Katz Daily Living Activity Scale" were used to classify the data.
 Result: The average Beck Hopelessness Scale scores of the participating patients was 10.38 ± 5.92. When the BUS score averages and descriptive characteristics (age, marital status, educational status, employment status, income status, presence of chronic disease, duration of dialysis) were compared, statistically significant differences were detected (p

Effects of esketamine on patient-reported outcomes in major depressive disorder with active suicidal ideation and intent: a pooled analysis of two randomized phase 3 trials (ASPIRE I and ASPIRE II)

PurposeTo assess the effect of esketamine nasal spray on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with major depressive disorder having active suicidal ideation with intent (MDSI).MethodsPatient-level data from two phase 3 studies (ASPIRE I; ASPIRE II) of esketamine + standard of care (SOC) in patients (aged 18–64 years) with MDSI, were pooled. PROs were evaluated from baseline through end of the double-blind treatment phase (day 25). Outcome assessments included: Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Quality of Life (QoL) in Depression Scale (QLDS), European QoL Group-5-Dimension-5-Level (EQ-5D-5L), and 9-item Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM-9). Changes in BHS and QLDS scores (baseline to day 25) were analyzed using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MMRM).ResultsPooled data for esketamine + SOC (n = 226; mean age: 40.5 years, 59.3% females) and placebo + SOC (n = 225; mean age: 39.6 years, 62.2% females) were analyzed. Mean ± SD change from baseline to day 25, esketamine + SOC vs placebo + SOC (least-square mean difference [95% CI] based on MMRM): BHS total score, − 7.4 ± 6.7 vs − 6.8 ± 6.5 [− 1.0 (− 2.23, 0.21)]; QLDS score, − 14.4 ± 11.5 vs − 12.2 ± 10.8 [− 3.1 (− 5.21, − 1.02)]. Relative risk (95% CI) of reporting perceived problems (slight to extreme) in EQ-5D-5L dimensions (day 25) in esketamine + SOC vs placebo + SOC: mobility [0.78 (0.50, 1.20)], self-care [0.83 (0.55, 1.27)], usual activities [0.87 (0.72, 1.05)], pain/discomfort [0.85 (0.69, 1.04)], and anxiety/depression [0.90 (0.80, 1.00)]. Mean ± SD changes from baseline in esketamine + SOC vs placebo + SOC for health status index: 0.23 ± 0.21 vs 0.19 ± 0.22; and for EQ-Visual Analogue Scale: 24.0 ± 27.2 vs 19.3 ± 24.4. At day 25, mean ± SD in domains of TSQM-9 scores in esketamine + SOC vs placebo + SOC were: effectiveness, 67.2 ± 25.3 vs 56.2 ± 26.8; global satisfaction, 69.9 ± 25.2 vs 56.3 ± 27.8; and convenience, 74.0 ± 19.4 vs 75.4 ± 18.7.ConclusionThese PRO data support the patient perspective of the effect associated with esketamine + SOC in improving health-related QoL in patients with MDSI.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ASPIRE I, NCT03039192 (Registration date: February 1, 2017); ASPIRE II, NCT03097133 (Registration date: March 31, 2017).

Beck Scales (BDI-II, BAI, BHS, BSS, and CBOCI): Clinical and Normative Samples’ Comparison and Determination of Clinically Relevant Cutoffs

This article aims to evaluate 5 Beck scales – Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale (BSS), and Clark–Beck Obsession-Compulsion Inventory (CBOCI) – comparing clinical and normative samples, and to determine clinically relevant cutoffs. The clinical sample consisted of 242 persons aged 18–74; 39 percent were men and 61 percent were women. The normative sample consisted of 1296 persons aged 18–95; 44 percent were men and 56 percent were women. In order to compare the estimates of the normative and clinical samples of the Beck scales, a paired data study sample was formed – 230 participants from the clinical and normative groups each. The clinical sample was divided into four groups according to the primary diagnoses: 107 (46.5%) patients were diagnosed with mood (affective) disorder (F30–F39), 38 (16.5%) with neurophysical stress and somatoform disorders (F40–F49), 51 (22.2%) with disorders due to the use of psychoactive substances (F10–F19), 34 (14.8%) with high risk of suicide (X60–X84; Z91.5; R45.81). 27 percent of patients had comorbid diagnoses. The results show high internal consistency of the Beck scales in all samples. The discrimination abilities of all five Beck scales are good; the cutoffs for each Beck scale in four clinical groups are estimated. Both the total clinical sample and the 4 clinical sample groups had significantly higher BDI-II, BAI, BHS, BSS, and CBOCI scores than the normative sample. In conclusion, the Beck scales alone are not sufficient for making a decision about the clinical diagnosis.

Perceived Stress and Hopelessness in COVID-19 Contacts

Aim: We aimed to determine the perceived stress and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 patient contacts.Materials and Methods: The study included all COVID-19 contacts who presented to a family health center in Niğde, Turkey between August and October 2020. The data were collected from contacts who were reached daily for a period of 14 days using the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The data were analyzed using the SPSS package program, and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: While 55.8% of the participants were female, 71% were married, and 46.9% had a chronic disease. The mean age of the participants was 53.44 years. Their mean BHS and PSS scores were 4.40±3.33 and 25.07±5.98, respectively. A statistically significant relationship was found between the participants’ places of residence and occupations and their mean BHS loss of motivation subscale scores (p<0.05). Among the participants, homemakers, those living in districts, towns, or villages, and those with chronic diseases had significantly higher PSS total scale and.stress-distress subscale mean scores than the others. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the ages of the participants and their PSS total scale and stress-distress subscale scores (p<0.05). Conclusion: Although the hopelessness levels of the participants were found low, their stress levels were determined to be high, and most of them thought the pandemic was exaggerated. Due to the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic such as shock, denial, anxiety, worry, and stress in people, it is important to strengthen crisis and stress management efforts and increase awareness, coping and social support resources by prioritizing high-risk groups such as healthcare workers, women, the elderly, those with chronic diseases, and COVID-19 contacts.

Hopelessness and life satisfaction in patients with serious mental disorders: A cross-sectional study.

The main purpose of treatment and management in chronic mental disorders is to improve the quality of life (QOL). Hopelessness indicates a significant cognitive vulnerability that is associated with suicide risk. It is important for clinicians to have information about their patients' life satisfaction and spirituality. This study was conducted to determine hopelessness and life satisfaction in patients who received service from a community mental health center (CMHC). This cross-sectional study was conducted with patients diagnosed with psychosis (n=66) and bipolar disorder (n=24) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (DSM-5) criteria, at a community mental health center serving in a hospital located in eastern Turkiye. Data was collected by a psychiatrist between January and May 2019 with face-to-face interviews, using a questionnaire, Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). In the study, it was found that the mean BHS and SWLS scores of the patients did not differ significantly between the diagnosis groups (p>0.05). A moderately negative correlation was found between the patients' mean BHS and SWLS scores (rs=-0.450, p<0.001). In addition, it was determined that the hopelessness level of the secondary school graduates was low (p<0.05), the mean BHS score increased as the age and time from diagnosis of the patients increased (p<0.001), and there was a low negative correlation between the time from diagnosis and the mean SWLS score (rs: -0.208; p<0.05). In this study, it was found that the hopelessness level of the patients was low, their life satisfaction was moderate, and as the hopelessness level increased, their life satisfaction decreased. In addition, it was determined that the hopelessness and life satisfaction levels of the patients did not differ by to the diagnosis groups. It is extremely important for mental health professionals to consider aspects such as hope and life satisfaction, which are key in the recovery of patients.

REDUCING LUPUS PATIENTS' HOPELESSNESS THROUGH BEAUTY CLASS IN MALANG CITY IN HONOR OF WORLD LUPUS DAY

Lupus is a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease with mild to severe clinical features and can lead to hopelessness if not treated properly. The purpose of this activity is to give a beauty class and see how it affects the hopelessness of lupus patients in honor of World Lupus Day. Methods: Organizing World Lupus Day activities such as experts seminars on lupus at a glance, being friendly with lupus, and staying beautiful with lupus; a musical drama and dance performance by a lupus support group with the theme “You Are Beautiful”; and a lupus beauty class. The activity was completed in one day in May 2018 by collecting pre-test and post-test data on the incidence of hopelessness in lupus patients using the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). A total of 100 lupus patients participated in the activity, and all of them underwent pre- and post-testing. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with α=0.05 was used to analyze the collected data. Results: All participants expressed delight and satisfaction with their participation in this activity. The mean BHS scores before and after the beauty class were 8.62+2.68 and 6.36+1.59, respectively, with a significant difference (p=0.000). Conclusion: Beauty class is a fun way for lupus patients to feel less hopeless about their illness. Every year, an activity to commemorate World Lupus Day is required, which is beneficial for lupus patients.

Parental bonding, depression, and suicidal ideation in medical students.

BackgroundThe psychological condition of university students has been the focus of research since several years. In this population, prevalence rates of depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety disorders and substance abuse are higher than those of the general population, and medical students are more likely to have mental health issues than other students.AimsThis study deals with the psychological condition of medical students, with a focus on correlations between depression, suicidal ideation and the quality of the perceived parenting style. Gender differences were also considered.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on a population of medical students, with an online questionnaire consisting of a personal data sheet for demographic and anamnestic data, and of three self-rating scales: the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), for the screening of depressive symptoms; the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), to assess suicidal ideation; the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), to investigate the memory of the attitude of one’s parents in the first 16 years of life. Two main affective dimensions were considered by PBI: “care” (affection and empathy) and “protection” (intrusiveness, controlling and constraint). Four different patterns of parenting styles are so evidenced: Neglectful Parenting (low care/low protection), Affectionless Control (low care/high protection), Optimal Parenting (high care/low protection), and Affectionate Constraint (high care/high protection).ResultsOverall, 671 students (182 males and 489 females) participated. Females, compared to males, experienced more distress and self-injurious behaviors, while males experienced more drugs or alcohol abuse. The BHS and BDI-II scores correlated positively with the PBI score for “protection” and negatively with that for “care.” Affectionless Control and Neglectful Parenting were associated with higher medians of BHS and BDI-II scores.ConclusionThe study confirms that the undergraduate medical student population has higher prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation than those detectable in the general population (respectively, 50.2% and 16.7% vs. 15–18% and 9.2%) and that some specific parenting styles correlate with these two clinical variables. The impact of Affectionless Control and Neglectful Parenting on suicidal ideation and depressive symptomatology was more pronounced in females than in males. For males, the role of the father seemed to have less impact on the affective roots of suicidal thoughts and depression.

Predictive Effect of Self-Esteem on Happiness, Life-satisfaction and Hopelessness Level of Nurses

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of self-esteem on the level of happiness, life satisfaction, and hopelessness of nurses. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out with 450 nurses working in 5 hospitals in the province of Gaziantep. Data were collected by using the Informed Consent Form and Individual Information Form, as well as the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory; (RSEI), and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). Study data were analyzed using the package program SPSS 24.0. Number and percentage distribution, multiple regression analysis and stepwise regression analysis, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal Wallis tests were used in the evaluation of the findings in the study. Results: The mean total score of the nurses' LSS was 21.99 ± 6.53, their BHS total score was 5.40 ± 4.62, OHQ total score 111.74 ± 18.29, and RSEI total score average was 18.26 ± 4.03. As a result of the regression analysis, it was determined that self-esteem is a factor that predicts happiness, life satisfaction, and hopelessness. While 15.6% of the change in Self-Esteem Inventory, and Life Satisfaction Scale scores were explained (Y LSS puanı=33,71-0,645*X RSEI), 30.5% of the change in Self-Esteem Inventory and Oxford Happiness Scale scores were explained (Y OHQ puanı=157,63-2,513*X RSEI). 21.9% of the change in Self-Esteem Inventory and Beck Hopelessness Scale scores were explained (Y BHS puanı= -4,42+0,538*X RSEI). Conclusion: The happiness levels of the nurses were moderate, their life satisfaction levels were good, hopelessness levels were low and their self-esteem was adequate. In addition, self-esteem was found to be a predictor of happiness, life satisfaction, and hopelessness.

Suicidal Ideation, Self-esteem, and Hopelessness in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Objective: To investigate the frequency of suicidal ideation and its correlation with other clinical variables in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Methods: Fifty patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension who presented to the cardiology department between 2018 and 2019 and 50 healthy controls were included in the study. A sociodemographic and clinical data form was completed by both the patients and controls, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), and Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) were administered. SPSS version 22 software was used in the statistical analysis. Results: The mean ± SD systolic pulmonary pressure of the patients was 47.48 ± 18.86 and the pulmonary artery pressure was 33.32 ± 19.69. BHS, BDI, and SPS total scores were statistically significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (P < .001, P = .001, P = .026, respectively). RSE scores were also higher in the patient group compared to the control group (P = .017). Conclusions: It is important to identify pulmonary arterial hypertension patients with intense feelings of hopelessness and depressive symptoms and to provide psychiatric treatment and psychotherapeutic interventions to improve their self-esteem.

The Relationship Between Spirituality and Hopelessness Among Cancer Patients in Turkey.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between spirituality and hopelessness in cancer patients. The study used a cross-sectional and correlational design and included 650 cancer patients. The data were collected using a patient information form, the Spiritual Orientation Scale, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale. The data were analyzed by MANOVA and linear regression analysis. Cancer patients had high levels of spirituality (89.74 ± 32.79) and low levels of hopelessness (6.50 ± 5.61). A statistically significant relationship was found between the mean Spiritual Orientation Scale scores of the patients and their sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, marital status, educational status, employment status, income) (p < 0.05). A statistically significant relationship was found between the mean Beck Hopelessness Scale scores of the patients and their sociodemographic characteristics (age, marital status, income status) (p < 0.05). According to the linear regression analysis, a significant negative correlation was found between the spirituality and hopelessness levels of the patients (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.503, b = - 0.641). As the patients' spirituality increased, their levels of hopelessness decreased.

The Relationship Between Anxiety and Hopelessness Levels Among Nursing Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Factors.

Outbreaks caused by environmental effects such as COVID-19, MERS, SARS, or Ebola cause problems such as fear, anxiety, loneliness, depression, and hopelessness for people with or without a high risk of illness. This study aims to determine the levels of hopelessness and anxiety experienced by nursing students during the COVID-19 outbreak. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with students of a state university. In the collection of the data, Descriptive Characteristics Form prepared by the researchers, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Test (GAD-7), and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) were used. The mean GAD-7 score of the students participating in the study was 6.65 ± 5.03 and the mean BHS score was 6.11 ± 4.91. It was determined that the score of GAD-7 and BHS were a significant positive high relationship between them (p < 0.001). Anxiety and hopelessness levels were found to be statistically significantly higher for those whose sleep and eating patterns affected negatively due to the pandemic, those who feared the pandemic and its economic effects, and those who did not want to work in the hospital during the pandemic period. There was a relationship between anxiety and hopelessness levels of nursing students participating in the study.

Investigating the relationship between health-promoting lifestyle behaviors and hopelessness among medical and non-medical students

Background/Aim: Investigating the correlates of healthy lifestyle habits is essential to promote healthy behaviors in university students to be able to prevent developing non-communicable diseases in the long-term. The primary aim of this research was to investigate whether hopelessness is associated with health-promoting lifestyle behaviors among university students. Also, healthy lifestyle habits of medical students were compared with those of students from different fields of study. Methods: Four hundred and thirty-five undergraduate students from the Faculties of Medicine and Science and Literature participated in a paper-based cross-sectional study. The data were collected with the demographic information sheet, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II), and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and analyzed using SPSS 22 statistics software. Results: There were significant negative correlations between BHS scores and HPLP II total (r=-0.39) and all subscale scores, including health responsibility (r=-0.22), physical activity (r=-0.18), nutrition (r=-0.17), spiritual growth (r=-0.53), interpersonal relations (r=-0.30), and stress management (r=-0.25; P

An MMPI-2 hopelessness scale: Construction, initial validation and implication for suicide risk

• Some suicidal patients may deny suicidal ideation/intent on psychodiagnostic questionnaires. • Such patients may show a lower threshold for acknowledging hopelessness. • Acknowledged feelings related to hopelessness predicts suicide risk. • A new 11 or 12 item scale is a valid measure of potential suicide risk. • Replicates findings with a different psychometric instrument. This study documents the development of a new MMPI-2 scale, Hopelessness (Hp), designed to identify suicide risk in examinees who, for whatever reason, may be reluctant to endorse items reflecting explicit suicide content. The psychometric and empirical validity characteristics were examined in a sample of 153 Italian psychiatric inpatients, all of whom were administered the MMPI-2, the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) shortly following admission. Item analysis suggested that the removal of one of the twelve original Hp items enhanced homogeneity of the scale and Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis (BCFA) indicated the fit of a unidimensional model (PPPs = 0.50 [PPC = -36.42/37.07]) for the 11-item version, with adequate reliability (ordinal alpha = 0.86). A regression analysis, with the MINI scores as criterion, and Hp and BHS scores as independent variables, indicated that only Hp scores (beta = 0.25, t = 2.32, p < 0.05) were independently associated with the MINI suicide risk. These findings indicate that the MMPI-2 Hp scale may be considered a valid and potentially useful measure of pessimistic attitudes toward the future and of potential suicide risk.

Religious Coping, Hopelessness, and Suicide Ideation in Subjects with First-Episode Major Depression: An Exploratory Study in the Real World Clinical Practice.

Background. This study aimed to evaluate the potential relationships between religious coping, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in adult outpatients with the first episode of major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods. Ninety-four adult outpatients with MDD were assessed through the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and the Scale of Suicide Ideation (SSI). Religious coping was assessed with the Italian version of the Brief RCOPE scale, consisting of seven positive coping items (PosCop) and seven negative coping items (NegCop). Results. The results showed that the Brief RCOPE PosCop scale exhibited a strong inverse correlation with HAM-D, BHS, and SSI, whereas HAM-D and BHS were positively correlated with SSI. Brief RCOPE NegCop scores were positively correlated only with SSI. Regression analysis with SSI as the dependent variable showed that higher Brief RCOPE PosCop scores were associated with lower suicide ideation, whereas higher HAM-D and BHS scores were associated with higher suicide ideation. Conclusion. Positive religious coping may be a protective factor against the development of suicide ideation, perhaps counteracting the severity of depressive symptoms and hopelessness. The evaluation of religious coping should be performed in all subjects with MDD in everyday clinical practice. However, this study was preliminary, and limitations must be considered.

Determination of Hopelessness Levels of Final Year Students of The Faculty of Medicine

Background: Hopelessness, which includes both the characteristics of depression and anxiety, is thought to be triggered by environmental stress. In case of hopelessness, emotional disorders, despair and inability to solve problems arise. This study was conducted to determine the level of hopelessness of the final year students in medical school and to determine whether there is a difference in the levels of hopelessness according to gender and age variables.Methods: A total of 124 medical faculty last year students, 60 of them (48.4%) male, were included in this study. Using the Beck's Hopelessness Scale Score, the hopelessness levels of the students and the three major aspects of hopelessness, i.e. feelings and expectations about the future, loss of motivation and hopes about the future were evaluated.Results: The mean Beck's Hopelessness Scale Score of the students was 6.29 . 30.6% of the students had no hopelessness, 48.4% had mild hopelessness, 13.7% had moderate hopelessness and 7.3% had severe hopelessness. No statistically significant difference was found between gender and age groups. For the students who preferred medical school to serve humanity, the mean Beck's Hopelessness Scale Score were significantly lower than those who did not prefer for this purpose; Beck's Hopelessness Scale Score means were found to be significantly higher for those who preferred to earn more money. While the majority of the students (89%) did not have any professional future concerns, it was found that the Beck's Hopelessness Scale Score mean was significantly higher in students who were concerned about not being able to earn enough in the future.Conclusion: It was found that the students' feelings and expectations about the future were not negative, the loss of motivation was not significant and the hopes about the future were quite high.

Kanser Hastalarında Umutsuzluk ve Manevi Bakım Algısının Değerlendirilmesi

Aims: This study was conducted descriptively and cross-sectionally to evaluate hopelessness and spiritual care perceptions of cancer patientsMaterials and Methods: The population of this study consisted of all cancer patients treated in an oncology department of a university hospital between June and September 2019. The sample of the study consisted of 125 patients who were 18 years or older, who had cancer and had no physical and mental problems that could prevent participation in the study, voluntarily accepted to participate in the study, and had cognitive competence to answer the questions. Data were collected by researchers using the "Personal Information Form", "BECK Hopelessness Scale" and "Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale" by face to face interview technique.Results: The mean BECK Hopelessness Scale score of the patients was 11.63 ± 5.34. The mean score of spirituality and spiritual care scale of the patients was 66.54 ± 4.90. In addition, it was concluded that there was no statistically significant and linear relationship between spirituality and spiritual care perceptions and hopelessness levels of the patients included in the study (p&amp;gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Cancer patients had moderate hopelessness. Spiritual and spiritual care perceptions of the patients were found to be high. In addition, no statistically significant relationship was found between the perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care and hopelessness levels.

The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure as a Measure of Hopelessness in the Elderly: An Exploratory Study

The current study aimed to investigate whether the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) can be a suitable measure of hopelessness in elderly people. At the moment, studies involving implicit attitude assessments in this population are scarce and this study sought to contribute to the literature in this field. Thirty-seven participants (average age = 65) with normal cognitive functioning completed the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and an IRAP designed to measure hopelessness. Results revealed significant correlations between BHS and IRAP scores. In addition, performance in two IRAP trial types predicted BHS clusters on high and low hopelessness. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first article describing an attempt to apply the IRAP as a procedure for psychological assessment of elderly people. The results suggest that further research for procedural refinement is needed and the potential application of the IRAP as a complement to self-report instruments for the diagnosis of hopelessness and depression.

Psychological problem areas of pregnant women diagnosed with abortus imminens as a result of assisted reproductive techniques: A comparative study

The study was to evaluate the anxiety, depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and perceived social support of women who became pregnant using assisted reproductive techniques and who were both diagnosed or not diagnosed with threatened miscarriage (TM). This comparative and descriptive study was carried out with 194 pregnant women with-TM (96) and non-TM (98). The study data were collected using the Pregnant-Women-Information-Form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Women in the TM group were found to have higher mean scores from the BDI, BAI, and BHS, and a lower mean score from the MSPSS compared to the non-TM group (The group with TM had higher levels of anxiety, depression, and hopelessness than the group without TM, and the level of perceived social support by this group was lower). It was found that there was a strongly significant positive correlation in both groups between the BDI and BAI, and between the BDI and BHS. A strongly significant negative correlation was found between the BDI, BAI, BHS, and MSPSS in the TM group, whereas there was a moderately significant negative correlation in the non-TM group. It was found that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean BDI, BAI, BHS, and MSPSS scores according to age group, educational status, number of interventional in vitro fertilization attempts, and history of depression. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean BDI, BAI, and BHS scores according to previous abortion and family history of depression in the TM group. Monitoring symptoms of depression, anxiety, and hopelessness in women diagnosed with TM who have become pregnant after infertility treatment, intervening due to the risk factors involved, may prevent possible mental problems and have a positive impact on the healthy continuation of the pregnancy.