Beck Depression Test Research Articles

Application the Beck Depression Test to Screen for Depressive Findings Before and After Treatment in Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia and/or Vitamin D Deficiency

Aim: Depression, vitamin D deficiency, and anemia are significant global public health issues. Depression, loss of interest, and a lack of enjoyment are the main warning indicators. In this study, we aimed to compare the results of the Beck depression test before and after replacement therapy in patients with iron deficiency anemia and vitamin D deficiency and to show the relationship between iron deficiency anemia (IDA), vitamin D deficiency anemia and depression in patients. Material and Methods: 139 patients with vitamin D deficiency and/or IDA who applied to the internal medicine outpatient clinics of Dışkapı Hospital between March 2017 and September 2017 participated in the study. Patients with vitamin D deficiency and/or IDA were included in the study, and the Beck depression test (BDI) questionnaire was applied to these patients before and after their treatment. Then, the scores on these two questionnaires were compared. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS version 20.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Results: All patients had Vitamin D deficiency, 59% (n=82) had both IDA and Vitamin D deficiency, and 41% had only Vitamin D deficiency. The mean follow-up time of the patients after treatment was 64.2±23.4 days. There was a significant decrease in BDI scores in both male patients (p=0.025) and female patients (p<0.001) after treatment compared to before. Conclusion: In our study, it was shown that the risk of depression is high in patients with vitamin D deficiency and/or IDA, and depressive symptoms decreased after short-term replacement therapy with vitamin D and iron.

Effectiveness of logotherapy and nutrition counseling on psychological status, quality of life, and dietary intake among breast cancer survivors with depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial.

Breast cancer (BC) can negatively influence multiple facets of survivors' lives including mental health, quality of life (QoL), and dietary behavior. Logotherapy as a psycho-education program may help breast cancer survivors (BCSs) discover their meaning of life throughout distressful events. The present study aimed to determine the effects of logotherapy along with nutrition counseling on psychological status, QoL, and dietary intake among BCSs who were diagnosed with depression.This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 90 BCSs who scored ≥ 14 on Beck's depression test. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive nutrition counseling plus logotherapy (n = 46) or nutrition counseling alone (n = 44) for 8weeks. Primary outcomes (depression, anxiety, and QoL) and secondary outcomes (anthropometric indices, dietary intake, and eating disorder status) were measured at baseline and after 8weeks.All dimensions of QoL, anthropometric measurements, and the compulsive eating scale improved significantly in both groups after 8weeks. A combination of nutrition counseling and logotherapy resulted in a significant reduction in anxiety (P < 0.001) and depression (P < 0.001) scores compared with the nutrition counseling alone. In addition, participants who received logotherapy plus nutrition counseling significantly consumed less energy, carbohydrate, and fat intake after 8weeks compared with the control group (P < 0.001).It can be concluded that logotherapy along with nutrition education would be an important step in improving anxiety, depression, and QoL of patients with BC who had depressive symptoms.Trial registration number: (IR.ACECR.IBCRC.REC.1396.17).

Inflammatory bowel disease is an independent risk factor for male erectile dysfunction

Background and objective: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic diseases involving the gastrointestinal system, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Studies have shown a relationship between inflammatory bowel diseases and sexual dysfunction in men but it has been reported that this is due to surgery or the patient's psychological state. In our study, we aimed to assess the impact of IBD on the sexual functioning of male patients who has no previous pelvic surgery by evaluating the depression status of the patients. Materials and methods: The 334 patients who were followed up in our gastroenterology outpatient clinic between January 2021 and March 2021 were included in the study and they were divided into 2 groups as with (n = 146) and without IBD (n = 188). None of the patients had a history of pelvic surgery or pelvic radiotherapy due to IBD or any other disease. The two groups were compared in terms of demographic data, comorbidities, sexual function, depression status and blood tests. International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) was used in the evaluation of sexual functions, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used in the evaluation of depression. Risk factors for erectile dysfunction (ED) were determined. Results: The mean Beck depression test scores of the two groups were found to be similar (p = 0.361). ED was detected in 52.7% of patients with IBD and 32.4% of patients without IBD (p &lt; 0.0001). In multivariate regression analysis, age (p = 0.008), smoking (p &lt; 0.001), presence of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.02) and presence of IBD (p &lt; 0.001) were determined as independent risk factors for ED. Conclusion: Inflammatory bowel diseases can cause ED regardless of the pelvic surgery performed and the psychological status that occur in these patients.

The prevalence of depression in patients with Parkinson'sdisease and its relationship with clinical and demographic variables at Ahwaz's Golestan Hospital

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of depression in Parkinson's patients is significantly higher than in the general population or patients with general medical status other than Parkinson's. Considering the importance of depression and its preventive and therapeutic potential in patients with Parkinson's disease and the possibility of improving the quality of life in these patients as well as the lack of such a study in Ahvaz, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and effective factors in depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. Material and Method: This study was cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic that was performed on 36 patients referred to the Parkinson's disease association of Ahvaz Golestan Hospital in 2017(march to September). The patients are analyzed by demographic questionnaire and Beck depression test. Finally, all analyses were performed using SPSS software version 22. Results: Of the 36 patients with Parkinson's disease, 4 (11.1%) had no depression, 9 (25%) had borderline symptoms, 8 (22.2%) had mild depression, 10 (27.8%) had moderate depression and 5 Patients (13.9%) had severe depression. In general, mean depression was 20.25±9. depression was higher in married people and urban population and old higher61.(p < 0/05) Conclusion: Overall mean depression in Parkinson's patients was 20.25±9 which was in the range of moderate depression and was not correlated with job, body mass, education level, income, duration of illness and occupation but marital, age And the location was related Keywords: Depression, Parkinson'sdisease,.

Kadın migren hastalarında bilişsel esneklik: vaka-kontrol çalışması

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine if cognition is affected in female migraine sufferers by comparing cognitive domains with a healthy control group.Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with migraine and 50 healthy controls (all female) were enrolled in this cross-sectional case–control study. The Beck Depression test, Beck Anxiety test, California Verbal Learning Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) were performed in both groups. Results: Using a multivariate logistic regression model of migraine, WCST non-perseverative error (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.028–2.568; p = 0.03), WCST percent of perseverative error (OR, 0.23; 95%CI, 0.071–0.786; p = 0.01), WCST perseverative response (OR, 4.55; 95%CI, 1.272–16.298; p = 0.02), no alcohol consumption (OR, 0.006; 95%CI, 0.000–0.943; p = 0.04), family history of hypertension (OR, 4.46; 95%CI, 1.114–17.915; p = 0.03), family history of migraine (OR, 4.028; 95%CI, 1.027–15.799; p = 0.04), and no family history of stroke (OR, 0.034; 95%CI, 0.003–0.448; p = 0.01) were significant factorsConclusion: Among WCST scores, non-perseverative error provides insight into the patient’s problem solving ability. Meanwhile, percent perseverative error and perseverative response scores provide insight into cognitive flexibility ability. Therefore, in our study group, patients with migraine show better problem solving and cognitive flexibility ability than the healthy control group.

The effect of high dose of intramuscular vitamin D supplement injections on depression in patients with type 2 diabetes and vitamin D deficiency: A randomized controlled clinical trial

AimAlthough antidepressants can relieve the symptoms of depression in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, the effect of vitamin D supplementation as an antidepressant remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of intramuscular vitamin D supplement injections on depression and anthropometric indices in patients with type 2 diabetes who had vitamin D deficiency. MethodsIn this randomized controlled clinical trial, 50 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had vitamin D deficiency were randomly divided into two groups of 25 participants. The experimental group received 200,000 IU of vitamin D injection at week 0 and week 4 of the study. Anthropometric indices, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and Beck depression test were evaluated at the beginning and after 8 weeks. ResultsThere were no significant differences in the baseline measures of 25(OH)D concentrations between the experimental and the non-experimental groups (P = 0.78). No significant correlation was observed between the depression score and serum 25(OH)D concentrations (r = -0.008, P = 0.95). After two months, serum 25(OH)D concentrations significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the non-experimental group (p < 0.001). The mean measures of weight, fat level, waist to hip circumference ratio and the mean depression score were not significant in the two groups after the intervention. ConclusionsThe intramuscular vitamin D supplement injections increased serum 25(OH)D concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had vitamin D deficiency, while it had no significant effect on the depression status. (http://www.irct.ir:IRCT20171003036539N2).

Effects of Portable Computerized Cognitive Rehabilitation Program on Visual Perception, Depression, and Satisfaction in Older Stroke Patients: A Preliminary Study

목적: 본 예비 연구는 휴대용 전산화 인지재활 프로그램이 뇌졸중 노인의 시지각과 우울, 만족도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 14명의 뇌졸중 노인 환자가 본 연구에 참여하였다. 대상자는 실험군 7명과 대조군 7명으로 할당되었다. 실험군은 휴대용 전산화 인지재활 프로그램을 통한 인지훈련을 받았으며, 대조군은 보편적인 인지훈련을 받았다. 모든 환자는 6주 동안, 주 3회, 하루 30분의 중재를 받았다. 측정은 시지각을 측정하기 위하여 MVPT-3, 우울을 알아보기 위하여 Beck 우울검사가 평가되었다. 중재 후, 재활 만족도를 알아보기 위하여 시각상사 만족척도를 이용하였다. 결과: 실험군은 중재 전과 후로 MVPT-3 총점, 시각단기기억 1, 시각단기기억 2, 시각단기기억 총점, 공간 지남력, Beck 우울검사에서 유의한 향상이 있었다. 대조군은 중재 전과 후로 MVPT-3 총점, 시각단기기억 2, 시각단기기억 총점, 전경배경에서 유의한 향상이 있었다. 두 군 사이의 재활만족도를 비교는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론: 이러한 결과는 휴대용 전산화 인지재활이 뇌졸중 노인환자의 시지각과 우울에 긍정적인 변화를 나타낼 수 있는 중재방법이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the effects of the portable computerized cognitive rehabilitation program on visual perception, depression, and satisfaction in older stroke patients. Fourteen older stroke patients participated in this study. Subjects were assigned to two groups: the experimental group (n=7) or control group (n=7). The experimental group received a portable computerized cognitive rehabilitation program based on cognitive training, and the control group received conventional cognitive training. All patients received interventions for 30 min/days, and three times a week, for six weeks. To assess the visual perception, the depression, and the satisfaction of rehabilitation, Motor-free Visual Perception Test-3 (MVPT-3), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Visual Analog Satisfaction Scale (VASS) were measured. The experimental group showed significant improvement in MVPT-3 total score, short-term visual memory 1, short-term visual memory 2, visual short memory total score, spatial orientation, and Beck depression test before and after the intervention(p<0.05). The control group showed significant improvement in the MVPT-3 total score, short-term visual memory-2, short-term visual memory total score, and figure-ground before and after the intervention(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the satisfaction of rehabilitation between the two groups(p>0.05). These findings suggest that the portable computerized cognitive rehabilitation program may be a positive intervention for the improvement of visual perception and reduction of depression in older stroke patients.

Beneficial Impact of Group Psychotherapy on Depression and Quality of Life in Cirrhotic Patients on the Liver Transplant Waiting List

Introduction It is well known that there is a high incidence of depression in patients on the liver transplant (LT) waiting list. Moreover, these patients usually present with deterioration in their quality of life. However, there have been few studies about psychological intervention on patients on the transplant waiting list that have assessed both of these aspects. Objectives: to assess the impact of group psychotherapy on psychopathological symptoms and on the quality of life of these patients. Materials and Methods Study population: patients on the LT waiting list who received group psychotherapy (n=15). Patient selection was carried out randomly using the list of patients waiting for a LT. Measurement instruments: Beck's depression test, which was provided before psychotherapy was initiated and after it was completed (after 6 months, with a total of 12 sessions). The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) was used to assess the quality of life. It consists of 38 items belonging to six health dimensions: Energy, Pain, Physical mobility, Emotional reaction, Sleep and Social isolation. The score is obtained by calculating the average of the addition of affirmative answers for each dimension, the higher the score the worse the assessment. The two tests were completed at the same point in time. The group psychotherapeutic method consisted of having a discussion about patients' emotions and feelings. The role of the therapists was to facilitate the expression of emotions and to give meaning to them. Those patients who received a transplant were excluded and those patients who did not attend more than 6 group psychotherapy sessions were also excluded (>50%). Results Three patients were given a transplant before the psychotherapy had finished and five patients were excluded for not having attended more than 50% of the sessions (three attended two sessions and two attended three sessions). Therefore, the study was completed on 7 patients. The indication of LT was due to chronic alcoholic liver disease in four patients (all were Child-Pugh class B), two patients had HCC (both were Child A), and one patient had chronic hepatitis C virus (Child B). Initially 5 patients had depression-related symptoms; one patient had moderate depression, and four patients had intermittent states of depression. When the second survey was administered, all the patients improved in their psychopathological assessment (Table 1). Table 2 shows the average assessment for the six dimensions of quality of life before and after therapy. Overall, a better assessment can be seen in the second questionnaire.Conclusion Our data suggest an improvement in depressive symptoms and quality of life in patients on the LT waiting list after receiving group psychotherapy. Assuming that these results were confirmed in a larger number of patients, it would be interesting to implement group psychotherapy in the largest number of LT units possible.

Group Psychotherapy Could Improve Depression in Cirrhotic Patients on the Liver Transplant Waiting List

BackgroundIt is well-known that there is a high incidence of depression in patients on the liver transplant (LT) waiting list. However, there have been few studies of psychological intervention on these patients. ObjectivesTo determine symptoms of depression in patients on the LT waiting list and the impact of group psychotherapy. MethodsStudy population: patients on the LT waiting list who received group psychotherapy (n = 15). Control group: patients who did not receive psychotherapy (n = 10). Measurement instrument: Beck's depression test, which was provided before psychotherapy was initiated and after it was completed (after 6 months). The control group was given the questionnaire at the same 2 points in time as the study group. The psychotherapeutic method consisted of discussing patients' feelings, which dealt with several matters related to transplantation. Different coping strategies were considered. ResultsMore than half of those surveyed initially had depressive symptoms. When the second survey was administered to the study population, all the patients improved in their psychopathological assessment. When the survey was administered to the control group, a worse psychopathological assessment was obtained in all cases. ConclusionsOur data suggest an improvement in depressive symptoms in patients on the LT waiting list after receiving group psychotherapy.

Achillea millefolium is beneficial as an add-on therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease for which to date there is no cure and the existing disease-modifying drugs just slow down the disease progression. PurposeIn this clinical trial we evaluated the efficacy of Achillea millefolium (A. millefolium) aqueous extract in MS patients. MethodsA triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled parallel group trial was conducted on 75 MS patients. The patients were randomized into three groups including placebo and two groups receiving A. millefolium with two different doses, i.e. 250 mg/day and 500 mg/day, for 1 year. The primary outcome was the annualized relapse rate. Also, number and volume of lesions were obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Furthermore, we performed a comprehensive neurological and cognitive tests as follows: changes in the expanded disability status scale (EDSS), the multiple sclerosis functional composite (MSFC), fatigue severity scale (FSS), Ashworth spasticity assessment, Beck depression test, State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), mini-mental status examination (MMSE), Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST), tower of London test (TOL), word-pair learning, paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) and standard laboratory tests. ResultsThis study showed one year administration of A. millefolium (both doses) decreased the annual relapse rate in MS patients. The mean volume change of lesions significantly decreased in the 500 mg A. millefolium group. The add-on therapy also increased time to first relapse and the MSFC z-score; it decreased the EDSS score and improved performance in word-pair learning, PASAT, and WCST. ConclusionWe found beneficial effects of A. millefolium aqueous extract as an add-on therapy in MS patients.

Comparison of the Effects of Attachment and Relaxation Instruction on the Third Trimester Depression and Post-partum Blues

Aims: This study was conducted to compare the effects of attachment and relaxation instruction on the third trimester depression and post-partum blues.Methods: Randomized controlled trial in three arms (teaching relaxation, maternal-fetal attachment skills and control) of 42 women each among 126 nulliparous women in a selected educational center (Hafez) affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran from January 2012 to February 2012. The patients filled out the demographic data sheet, Cranley maternal-fetal attachment test questionnaire, Beck depression questionnaire, Spilberger anxiety and written consent Questionnaires.Results: The mean and standard deviation of the Beck depression test scores after the intervention were 20.5±3/10, 21.1±3.8, and 23.2±3.8 for the attachment, relaxation, and control group, respectively. The changes were statistically significant according to the one-way ANOVA test (P= 0.002). The post-hoc test was statistically significant for the decrease in the depression groups after delivery in the attachment (P = 0.01) and relaxation group (P = 0.01).The reduction in the depression scores before, and after the intervention in the attachment (P=0.001) and relaxation group (P = 0.002) was significant based on paired-t-test results. However, the control group showed an increase in the depression scores which were statistically significant (P= 0.04).Conclusions: Prenatal educational program based on attachment and relaxation training can improve maternal identity role and reduce maternal depression. This study showed that preventing post-partum depression by simple, available and cost beneficial training programs skills.

Investigating guided imagery on depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes

Background: Diabetes is one of the major health problems and one of the most prevalent metabolic chronic diseases and its resulting complications are one of the main mortality factors in the world. Prevalence of depression in this disease is 3 times than other chronic diseases. Thus, its diagnosis and treatment is crucial. Aims and Objectives: The current study was conducted aiming at investigating guided imagery on depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 76 patients referring to diabetes center of Sabzevar city in 2015. Participants competed Beck depression test, and in case of gaining score 14–28 (mild and moderate depression), final approval of depression was done by the clinical psychologist. Then, following completion of the consent form, the patients were divided into guided imagery group (n = 36) and control group (n = 40) randomly. Imagery was done twice weekly for 20–30 min under supervision of the researcher within 6 weeks, and Beck depression test was again completed at the end of 6th week. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way variance analysis in SPSS (Version 16) Software, and P as 0.05 was considered as significance level. Result: Mean depression scale after intervention in guided imagery group reached to 12.41 ± 2.84 from 19.05 ± 4.26, and it reached to 19.99 ± 3.61 from 20.60 ± 4.21 in control group. Independent t-test showed no significant statistical difference between two groups in terms of depression score before intervention (P = 0.117), while there was significant statistical difference between two groups in terms of depression score after intervention (P < 0.001). Pairwise statistical t-test showed significant statistical difference in terms of depression score before and after intervention in guided imagery (P < 0.001). While there was no significant difference statistically in control group (P = 0.204). Conclusion: According to results of the present study, guided imagery is an effective approach to reduce depression in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Depression in Main Caregivers of Dementia Patients: Prevalence and Predictors.

Background:The most common neurodegenerative disease is dementia. Family of dementia patients says that their lives have been changed extensively after happening of dementia to their patients. One of the problems of family and caregivers is depression of the caregiver. In this study, we aimed to find the prevalence of depression and factors can affect depression in the dementia caregivers.Materials and Methods:This study was cross-sectional study with convenient sampling method. Our society was 96 main caregivers of dementia patients in the year 2015 in Iran. We had two questionnaires, a demographic and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). BDI Cronbach's alpha is 0.86 for psychiatric patients and 0.81 for nonpsychiatric persons, and Beck's scores are between 0 and 64. We used SPSS version 22 for statistical analysis.Results:According to Beck depression test, 69.8% (n = 67 out of 96) of all caregivers had scores in the range of depression. In bivariate analysis, we found higher dementia severity and lower support of other family members from the caregiver can predict higher depression in the caregiver. As well, in regression analysis using GLM model, we found higher age and lower educational level of the caregiver can predict higher depression in the caregiver. Moreover, regression analysis approved findings about severity and support of other family members in bivariate analysis.Conclusion:High-level depression is found in caregivers of dementia patients. It needs special attention from healthcare managers, clinicians and all of health-care personnel who deals with dementia patients and their caregivers.

TSH cut off point based on depression in hypothyroid patients

BackgroundThe prevalence of depressive symptoms in hypothyroidism is high. Considering that hypothyroidism and depression share some clinical features, some researchers use the “brain hypothyroidism” hypothesis to explain the pathogenesis of depression. We aimed to detect a new TSH cut-off value in hypothyroidism based on depression symptoms.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on hypothyroid patients referred to endocrine clinics. Individuals who had developed euthyroid state under treatment with levothyroxine with TSH levels of 0.5–5 MIU/L with no need for dosage change were included in the study. After comprehensive history taking, laboratory tests including TSH, T4 and T3 were performed. Beck depression questionnaire was completed for all patients by trained interviewers. TSH cut-off values based on depression was determined by Roc Curve analysis.ResultsThe participants were 174 hypothyroid patients (Female; 116: 66.7%, Male; 58: 33.3%) with mean age 45.5 ± 11.7 (19–68) years old. Based on Beck depression test, scores less than 10 was considered healthy and more than 10 were considered depressed. According to Roc curve analysis, the optimal cut- off value of TSH was 2.5 MIU/L with 89.66% sensitivity. The optimal TSH cut- off based on severe depression was 4 MIU/L.ConclusionThe present study suggests that a clinically helpful TSH cut-off value for hypothyroidism should be based on associated symptoms, not just in population studies. Based on the assessment of depression, our study concludes that a TSH cutofff value of 2.5 MIU/L is optimal.

Translation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children

Context: Psychological disorders afflict a great number of youths throughout the world. The early beginning of psychological disorders not only affects all of the life of a person but also affects Children's, Depression Questionnaire (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children), Iranian Version, Psychometric properties the welfare of next generations. It is necessary to develop acceptable psychometric tools to measure the depression of children and youths. Aims: This study deals with the psychological properties of the Persian version of the Center for the Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for children. Setting and Design: This study is a cross sectional study with a methodological design. 342 students with the age range of 11–17 were selected by random cluster sampling in multiple stages from among students in Khoy. Material and Methods: Original version of the scale was translated from English to Persian language using Backward Forward translation method. Statistical Analysis: The validity of the instrument was determined using face validity and exploratory factor analysis. Reliability was reported by Alpha Cronbach coefficient and test–retest and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The SPSS was used to analyze the data. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the scale with four factors and a cumulative variance of 50.443. The correlation with Beck's Depression Test for Children is quiet strong r= 0.738. Cronbach's alpha = 0.872, ICC = of 0.97 that both show a good validity for the Persian version. Conclusion: The Persian version of the Children's Depression Questionnaire has a good reliability and validity and can be used as a proper tool for the screening of the depression of children and youth

The Efficiency of Social Skills Training and the Fordys Cognitive- Behavioral Model of Joy in Incrased Happiness of Students

This research were done in order to investige the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral instruction of social skills in comparison with Fordyce's trainings in increased happiness of secondary school in Neyshabour. Therefore, 120 students was selected. Atfirst, thejoy level of students was assessed by Oxford's Happiness test and their anxiety and depression levels were measured by Beck's Depression test and Schpilbergere's Trait-state Anxiety questionnaire. Then four experiment faced with independent variables by seven to ten sessions. Onceagain, at the end of the training period, all groups were assessed by the above-mentioned tests. Also, follow–up assays were conducted one month after the end of training. The results were analyzed by one- and two–factor variance analysis tests as well as the Shefe's ad-hoc test. The study results indicated that trial and control groups have significant difference in respect of happiness rate. The results of Shefe's ad-hoc test showed that cognitive-behavioral instruction of social skills is more efficient than Fordyce Trainings. In respect of anxiety level of students, there was no significant effect of cognitive-behavioral instruction of social skills and Fordyce trainings on increased happiness of students. But the students who had a higher level of depression were more affected by these trainings. Also, it was shown that age and education variables had no effect on effectiveness of trainings. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n3s3p119

Erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: Effect of quality of life and psychology

ObjectiveRadical prostatectomy may have a significant impact on quality of life (QoL) because of erectile dysfunction, depression and incontinence. In this study, the mood and QoL of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy due to localized prostate Ca and were non-relapsed at least 12 months after operation were evaluated. Materials and methodsWe evaluated 35 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy operation between 2000 and 2011 and showed no reduction during 12 months observation. IIEF, Beck Depression test, and EORTC 3.0 quality of life were given and scored. In this study, the effects of erectile dysfunction according to Beck depression test and QoL scores and correlation between the mood and QoL are evaluated. ResultsIn our study, ED groups categorized as mild, moderate and severe had no correlation with Beck depression scores (p=0.874). But only the patients with severe and moderate erectile dysfunction had moderate and severe depression scores. Negative correlation was determined (p=0.013) when Beck Depression scores with IIEF scores without categorizing ED groups. Correspondingly, negative correlation was determined (p=0.048) between QoL and IIEF scores, whereas positive correlation was determined (r=0.756 and p<0.001) between QoL and Beck Depression scores. ConclusionsWe observed that an increase of erectile dysfunction elevated depression symptoms and resulted in bad quality of life. During tumor control, it is important to use methods that do not affect QoL.

Prevalence of depression among undergraduate students: gender and age differences

Depressive disorders are the most typical disease affecting many different factors of humanity. University students may be at increased risk of depression owing to the pressure and stress they encounter. Therefore, the purpose of this study is comparing the level of depression among male and female athletes and non-athletes undergraduate student of private university in Esfahan, Iran. The participants in this research are composed of 400 male and female athletes as well as no-athletes Iranian undergraduate students. The Beck depression test (BDI) was employed to measure the degree of depression. T-test was used to evaluate the distinction between athletes and non-athletes at P≤0.05. The ANOVA was conducted to examine whether there was a relationship between level of depression among non-athletes and athletes. The result showed that the prevalence rate of depression among non-athlete male undergraduate students is significantly higher than that of athlete male students. The results also presented that level of depression among female students is much more frequent compared to males. This can be due to the fatigue and lack of energy that are more frequent among female in comparison to the male students. Physical activity was negatively related to the level of depression by severity among male and female undergraduate students. However, there is no distinct relationship between physical activity and level of depression according to the age of athlete and non-athlete male and female undergraduate students. This study has essential implications for clinical psychology due to the relationship between physical activity and prevalence of depression.

Correlation of striatal dopamine transporter binding with substantia nigra cell counts

Correlation of striatal dopamine transporter binding with substantia nigra cell counts

317 – A survey of post-schizophrenic depression and the impact of demographic factors on the patients in tabriz

Introduction Schizophrenia is one of the important diseases of mental illnesses. Objectives Determining the impact of demographic factors on the depression intensity and the type of schizophrenia on the depression intensity is important in this research. Aim Our goals are determining the rate of post-schizophrenic incident in hospitalized patients. Methods The present study is an analytical prospective one. We selected 187 patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia and completed the demographic questionnaire and Beck depression test and analyzed the data using the statistical software SPSS and the descriptive statistics (frequency-percent) and the deductive statistics (Chi square-variance analysis). P value Results The average age of the patients was 38.3+10.1and %46.6 of them suffered from depression, among whom %50 of the females %71.8 of the males suffered from depressio. Considering P=0.162. The relation between the patient's age and the depression intensity was P=0.07, marital status was P=0.09,the different levels of education was P=0.3,the residence was P=0.5,and the previous record of depression was P=0.5. Tthere was a previous record of depression with P= 0.002 and the relation of schizophrenia among the nearest relatives was P=0.7 the record of depression in the nearest relatives was P=0.4 the age was P=0.065 hospitalization with P=0.42 and suicide with P=0.18 also the relation between the schizophrenia type with the depression intensity was P= 0.346. Conclusion Our study showed that just the relation between the patient's age and the depression intensity, a previous record of depression patients and suicide whose relations with depression intensity were meaningful.