Beating Effect Research Articles

Effects of inaudible Binaural beats on visuospatial memory performance and hemodynamic responses

This study aimed to observe the impact of pure Binaural Beats (BB) stimulation in the inaudible frequency range, excluding the influence of sound, on visuospatial memory. Additionally, we investigated whether the brainwave changes induced by BB stimulation directly affect brain activation. The experiment involved 17 participants (12 males with a mean age of 23.2 ± 1.7 and 5 females with a mean age of 21.0 ± 0.7) in their 20s. Each participant received 10 Hz BB stimulation by presenting frequencies of 18,000 Hz and 18,010 Hz to the left and right ears, respectively. The experiment consisted of Rest phase (5 min), Task phase (5 min), and Rest phase (5 min). The Task phase included conditions where participants performed the task either without BB stimulation “Task only” or with BB stimulation “Task + BB”. Visuospatial memory was evaluated using the 3-back task. To observe brain activation, functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) was employed to measure hemodynamic responses in all phases. The cognitive task performance (Accuracy, Reaction time) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentration during the Task phase were compared between conditions with and without BB stimulation using paired t-tests. Results indicated a significantly shorter Reaction time in the Task + BB condition compared to the Task only condition. Moreover, an increase in HbO concentration was observed in the F1-F3, F2-F4, and P2-P4 regions during the Task + BB condition. In conclusion, the observed increase in HbO concentration suggests a positive influence on task performance. This study is meaningful in objectively demonstrating the impact of inaudible BB stimulation on visuospatial memory, utilizing both behavioral data and direct neural activation reflected in hemodynamic responses.

A proposed methodology for measuring the effects of binaural beats in music on concentration, working memory, and calmness following the Garcia-Argibay Protocol

Binaural beats are perceived when two different frequencies are presented dichotically to a listener, causing the perception of a beating sound. They have been associated with beneficial effects on cognitive functions such as learning, concentration, and creativity. Studies however often yield incomparable or inconclusive results, due to inconsistent methodologies. Through a systematic examination, following the Garcia-Argibay Protocol, we aim to provide a more detailed understanding of the effects of binaural beats in music on cognitive functions. Specifically, we will compare auditory stimulation with music containing binaural beats of the alpha and gamma frequencies to a control condition presenting music without binaural beats. We will measure the differential effect of 12 Hz and 40 Hz binaural beats on working memory performance, operationalized through the N-back task, and investigate the impact of these frequencies on concentration levels measured via the global-local task. Lastly, heart rate will be used as a continuous measurement throughout the experiment in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the different frequencies in inducing calmness.

Predicting the effectiveness of binaural beats on working memory.

Working memory is vital for short-term information processing. Binaural beats can enhance working memory by improving attention and memory consolidation through neural synchronization. However, individual differences in cognitive and neuronal functioning affect effectiveness of binaural beats, necessitating personalized approaches. This study aimed to develop a machine learning model to predict binaural beats's effectiveness on working memory using electroencephalography. Sixty healthy participants underwent a 5-min electroencephalography recording, an initial working memory evaluation, 15 min of binaural beats stimulation, and a subsequent working memory evaluation using digit span tests of increasing difficulty. Recall accuracy and response times were measured. Differential scores from pre-evaluation and post-evaluation labeled participants as active or inactive to binaural beats stimulation. electroencephalography data, recorded using 14 electrodes, provided brain activity estimates across theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands, resulting in 56 features (14 channels × 4 bands) for the machine learning model. Several classifiers were tested to identify the most effective model. The weighted K-nearest neighbors model achieved the highest accuracy (90.0%) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (92.24%). Frontal and parietal electroencephalography channels in theta and alpha bands were crucial for classification. This study's findings offer significant clinical insights, enabling informed interventions and preventing resource inefficiency.

Modal gain characteristics of few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with pump mode beating

Using the linear polarization (LP) mode decomposition method, we theoretically analyze the beat effect between the same polarization components of the vector pump modes and propose a pump beat model of few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (FM-EDFAs). The relationship of the overlap factor with the signal gain in the beat model is verified by the amplification of LP01 and LP11 modes for the first time, that is, the differential modal gain (DMG) is dependent on the integral of the overlap factor difference over the EDF length. We also simulate the effect of pump mode beating on signal amplification: the modal gain varies periodically with the pump mode phase, and the beat length can affect the fluctuation period and amplitude of the DMG. The DMG can further be reduced by controlling the initial phases of the vector modes and properly designing the beat length of the FM-EDF. The similar process can expand to more signal modes, such as the simultaneous amplification of LP01x, LP11ex, LP11oy, LP21ex and LP21oy modes. The LP mode decomposition method is also applied to the beat effect between signal modes or the amplification of orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes. One can expect to implement an experiment on the FM-EDFA amplification with pump mode beating by optimally designing the FM-EDF structure, using a properly narrow linewidth pump laser and precisely controlling the pump mode coherence.

The Effects of Music Mood and Binaural Beats on Academic Advertising

How music affects our mood, cognition, and feelings has been studied extensively. Since the effect of music on mood and cognition has been demonstrated many times, it has found significant applications, particularly in advertising. In recent years, the use of music in advertising has grown significantly, with 86% of advertisements now incorporating some form of musical stimuli. Our study specifically analyzed the effect of music mood in advertising while introducing the new concept of binaural beats. Conducted in a lab setting, the study incorporated biometric measures such as electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking to enhance the research. The results revealed that calming music combined with binaural beats led to the highest levels of information retention and engagement, as indicated by increased left frontal beta power, relative theta power, and area of interest (AOI) dwell time percentages. Left frontal beta power is associated with increased attention and cognitive engagement, while relative theta power is linked to enhanced memory encoding and relaxation. The area of interest (AOI) dwell time percentages reflects the time participants focused on key areas of the advertisement, indicating higher attention levels. Although the study found unique connections between music mood and binaural beats, calming music with binaural beats produced the most favorable conditions for attention and memory retention. These findings provide valuable guidelines for future marketing strategies, particularly in academic advertising.

Perceived Trajectories of Cyclic Sound Movement

Binaural beats are a phenomenon that occurs during dichotic stimulation due to binaural integration. It takes the form of cyclic movement of the sound image in the listener’s acoustic space when the beat frequency range is below 3 Hz. Our subjects used the inserted earphones to listen to the stimuli that created a sense of sound movement due to changes in the interaural time difference (ITD). We used three types of dichotic stimuli which simulated smooth azimuthal cyclic movement and cyclic abrupt shifts. The ITD changes determined central or lateral positions of movement trajectories. The results confirm that both types of movement created the effect of binaural beats. The range of beats depended on the spatial position of the trajectory: in the frontal sector of acoustic space, the range of beats was greater than on the left or right. The perceived trajectories of smooth motion were shorter than the trajectories of abrupt shift. The influence of spatial position on the perceived trajectory length is interpreted from the standpoint of nonlinear features of lateralization. It is suggested that the effect of ITD pattern on the perceived trajectory length is mediated by temporal integration mechanisms of binaural hearing.

Effect of Binaural Beats on Anxiety and Tolerance in Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Without Sedation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: Binaural beats, or the perceptual auditory illusions created when simultaneously presenting two similar frequencies to each ear separately, have been used to reduce anxiety in various procedures. Unfortunately, no prior study involved preprocedure binaural music exposure among patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and this study sought to investigate its effect on anxiety and tolerance among participants undergoing sedation-free upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Methods: The prospective, controlled, randomized trial included the participation of 96 Turkish patients aged between 18 and 70 years who were scheduled for an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, regardless of sex or illness, and were divided randomly into two different groups to undergo endoscopy, namely, the binaural beats group (n = 48) and a control group (n = 48). Patients in the binaural beat music group wore headphones, and music was given 15 mins before endoscopy; however, no particular treatment was given for either group. Anxiety levels were assessed by using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire, in addition to changes before and after endoscopy to measure patient satisfaction based on the physician's recorded numbers of retches noted by doctors as tolerance was documented and compared among both groups. Results: The results showed that following this procedure, in the music group, state scores remained significantly lower than before them (p = 0.016), compared with the control group (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference regarding changes in diastolic or systolic heart rate or blood pressure (p > 0.05). However, the procedure tolerance and satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the music group than those without music (p < 0.05). Conclusion: For patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, music with binaural beats was found to significantly reduce anxiety levels and increase patient tolerance, providing an alternative option to sedative medications as a potential sedative treatment option.Clinical trials registration number: NCT06114524.

A pilot study exploring the effectiveness of binaural beats at reducing anxiety associated with cadaveric dissection.

This study explored the effects of a novel intervention, binaural beats (BB), on anxiety levels of anatomy students during cadaveric dissections and its impact on the learning environment. The study was quasi-experimental, employing a purposive sampling strategy. State (SA) and trait (TA) anxiety levels were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory during two routine dissection sessions. SA was measured at three time points: at the start, after a 3-min control (silence)/intervention (10 Hz BB) session, and at the end of the dissection. A post-study survey was distributed to the participants to obtain qualitative feedback on their perceptions of BB use during cadaveric dissections. Thirteen female students participated in this study (mean age 19.62 ± 0.65 years). Both control and intervention measures significantly reduced SA levels, with BB demonstrating a greater effect size (Hedges' g = 0.98 for intervention vs. 0.76 for control). SA decreased significantly after the BB intervention (t(12) = 3.78, p = 0.003) and remained low throughout the session, in contrast to the control session, where the reduction post-measure was not sustained (t(12) = -0.64, p = 0.54). Feedback from the post-study survey indicated that most students found the BB intervention effective in reducing their anxiety levels before the dissection. The BB intervention was effective in reducing and maintaining students' SA levels during dissection. Students reported positive experiences with BB. Further investigations are warranted to determine whether the findings of this study can be generalized to larger and more heterogeneous populations.

Guided Mode Evolution and Ionization Injection in Meter-Scale Multi-GeV Laser Wakefield Accelerators.

We show that multi-GeV laser wakefield electron accelerators in meter-scale, low density hydrodynamic plasma waveguides operate in a new nonlinear propagation regime dominated by sustained beating of lowest order modes of the ponderomotively modified channel; this occurs whether or not the injected pulse is linearly matched to the guide. For a continuously doped gas jet, this emergent mode beating effect leads to axially modulated enhancement of ionization injection and a multi-GeV energy spectrum of multiple quasimonoenergetic peaks; the same process in a locally doped jet produces single multi-GeV peaks with <10% energy spread. A three-stage model of drive laser pulse evolution and ionization injection characterizes the beating effect and explains our experimental results.

Determination of dynamic component reactions in support bearings of rotor saws for cutting hot rolled (message 2)

For modern rolling production, the issue of strength and reliability of rotary saw designs, which are designed for cutting hot rolled products, is relevant. One of the factors that reduces the reliability of a rotary saw is the insufficient durability of the bearings of the shaft of the high-speed disk, which perceives the cutting forces. Practice shows that the applied methods of calculating the strength of support bearings do not allow taking into account all possible factors that affect the reliability of bearings in the cutting process. First, as it turned out, during operation, the saw blade has a radial beat, possibly due to an error when cutting the teeth of the blade and the eccentric landing of the blade on the seat when replacing it. Also, due to the fact that the process of cutting with a rotary saw is very short-term, the cutting force is considered to be the impact force. The purpose of this work is to determine the durability of the bearings of the disc shaft of a rotary saw, considering such factors as the radial beating of the disc and the shock load during the cutting process. As you know, during long-term operation of the object, the place for landing the cutting disc on the faceplate wears out, sometimes there is an error in the hole when making a new disc. Therefore, there is an eccentricity of the center of gravity of the disc. The presence of this eccentricity is considered in the work when determining the required forces using D'Alembert's principle of conditional balancing of forces. Given that the duration of cutting is a short-term process (lasts 0.105 sec.), when determining the reactions in the supports of the disk shaft that occur under the action of cutting forces, it is possible to consider the cutting process as an impact phenomenon. Due to the fact that the process of cutting with a circular saw is very short-term, the cutting force is considered the impact force. The magnitudes of the reaction forces in the bearings are determined during cutting using the theorems of impact dynamics: the theorem of impulses and the change of kinetic moment. For the possibility of theoretical determination of the effect of disk beating on the reaction in the bearings of the bearing shaft, experimental studies of disk beating and determined cutting forces were carried out

Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Binaural Beats on Craving and Comorbidities of Sexual Hyperactivity: A Pilot, Exploratory Quasi-Experimental Study.

Sexual hyperactivity, often linked with substantial psychological and social disturbances, remains under-researched, particularly in contexts like Iran where cultural and social norms may influence the reporting and treatment of such conditions. This study explores the therapeutic potential of cognitive rehabilitation (CR) and binaural beats (BB) in addressing this issue. The primary objective was to compare the effectiveness of CR and BB in reducing symptoms of sexual hyperactivity and associated comorbid conditions, with a focus on fluctuations in sexual desire and overall mental health. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the study involved pretest, posttest, and follow-up assessments to evaluate the interventions' impacts. Recruitment through social media yielded 45 participants from a larger pool, who were then assigned to either the CR group, the BB group, or a control group. The CR and BB interventions were administered over a period of 10 sessions, each lasting 20 min, 3 times a week. Significant improvements were observed in both intervention groups compared to the control group. The CR group showed a marked reduction in Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) scores from an initial average of 24.87 to 6.80 at follow-up, indicating a reduction in symptoms of sexual hyperactivity. The BB group also showed improvement, with SAST scores decreasing from 19.93 to 9.57. In terms of mental health comorbidities, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) scores decreased notably in the CR group from a baseline of 8.53 to 3.07 post-intervention, and in the BB group from 10.33 to 5.80. Both interventions showed similar effectiveness in reducing anxiety and stress, with no statistically significant differences between the groups for most of the outcomes studied, affirming their potential for clinical application.

0434 Effect of Dynamic Binaural Beats on Sleep Quality: A Proof-of-Concept Study with Questionnaire and Biosignals

0434 Effect of Dynamic Binaural Beats on Sleep Quality: A Proof-of-Concept Study with Questionnaire and Biosignals

Effect of dynamic binaural beats on sleep quality: a proof-of-concept study with questionnaire and biosignals.

Binaural beat (BB) has been investigated as a potential modality to enhance sleep quality. In this study, we introduce a new form of BB, referred to as dynamic BB (DBB), which incorporates dynamically changing carrier frequency differences between the left and right ears. Specifically, the carrier frequency of the right ear varied between 100 and 103 Hz over a period, while the left ear remained fixed at 100 Hz, yielding a frequency difference range of 0 to 3 Hz. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of DBB on sleep quality. Ten healthy participants were included in a cross-over design, where they experienced both DBB and a SHAM (absence of sound) condition across two consecutive nights, with polysomnography evaluation. DBB was administrated during pre-sleep initiation, sleep onset, and transition from rapid eye movement (REM) to non-REM stage. DBB significantly reduced sleep latency compared to the SHAM condition. Electrocardiogram analysis revealed that exposure to DBB led to diminished heart rate variability during the pre-sleep initiation and sleep onset periods, accompanied by a decrease in low-frequency power of heart rate during the sleep onset period. DBB might be effective in improving sleep quality, suggesting its possible application in insomnia treatments.

Separation of noisy multitone signals based on variational mode decomposition

We have observed that Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) exhibits instability in the denoising and separation of noisy multitone signals. Specifically, minor changes in factors such as signal-to-noise ratio, frequency spacing, sampling rate, and probability distribution can significantly impact the decomposition results. To address this issue, we have developed the Dual-VMD-correlation algorithm. This algorithm effectively mitigates the impact of beat effects when harmonics of closely spaced frequencies are superimposed, enabling stable denoising of noisy multitone signals and the separation of each individual tone signal. The algorithm holds promise for applications in frequency-modulated continuous wave laser detection. It can address challenges related to denoising laser echo signals interfered with by aerosols and the difficulty in separating backscatter interference from the target reflected signal spectrum.

Influences of electric guitar pickup magnetic force on string vibrations

The design of a magnetic pickup has a significant impact on the tone of an electric guitar. In particular, the magnetic force from the pickup can influence the string vibrations and cause a beating effect, depending on the strength of the magnetic force and the amplitude of the string vibrations. To understand this behavior, we performed experiments and simulations. We measured and modeled the transversal string restoring force at various displacements from the magnetic pickup in directions both parallel and perpendicular to the guitar body. We observed that the magnetic force distribution is asymmetric in the perpendicular direction but symmetric in the parallel direction, which distorts the frequency of vibrations in opposite ways for the two directions and causes a resultant beating. This effect increases with larger string amplitudes or greater magnetic force and also varies over the duration of a plucked tone.

The Effect of Brainwave Synchronization Using Binaural Beats on Improving Working Memory and Reducing the Severity of Symptoms in Women With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder.

Binaural beats are one of the new methods of brainwave synchronization. However, there is little knowledge about its clinical applications. The positive effect of this method on executive functions, such as attention and working memory, in the γ band has been mainly confirmed in healthy individuals. Still, its effectiveness on disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with a prominent cognitive profile, has not been established. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the effect of binaural beats on working memory and the severity of OCD symptoms in the γ band in the affected women. Twenty-nine OCD women aged 25-40 years referring to psychological clinics in Tehran City, Iran, were selected by convenience sampling. After completing the symptom checklist 90 (SCL90) and the Yale-Brown severity scale (SS), the participants were given the Wechsler memory scale (WMS) digit repetition subtests. Then, they were randomly assigned to the experimental (n=15) and control (n=14) groups. The audio file of the binaural beats in the γ band was provided to the experimental group. The participants in the control group listened to the normal (no-wave) audio file. Both groups listened to the audio files for two weeks, three times a week, for 30 minutes each time. The Yale-Brown SS and digit repetition in post-test and one-month follow-up periods were obtained from both groups. According to the results, the severity of OCD symptoms was significantly reduced in the post-test and follow-up stages by the γ binaural beats (P<0.05). Also, the working memory function was improved, although it was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results of this study show that binaural beats can be used as a complementary treatment to reduce the severity of OCD symptoms. Also, it seems that the patients' working memory is strengthened with this method.

Music Rhythmic Cueing for the Production of Non-native Speech Rhythm: Evidence from Chinese Learners of French.

The present study examined the cross-modal cueing effect of musical rhythmic beats on non-native speech rhythm production. Two groups of Chinese learners of French were cued respectively with rhythmic beats that either matched (matching group) or mismatched (mismatching group) the rhythm patterns of the target French sentences. The participants were asked to produce the target sentences after cueing and their speech production was compared with their baseline condition in which no cueing was used. The results showed that the matching group produced the target French rhythm significantly better after cueing with musical rhythmic beats that matched the French rhythm, in contrast to the mismatching group where no significant improvement was found. Individual differences in auditory short-term memory and rhythmic skills were not related to improvement in producing French rhythm after cueing. The results suggest that musical rhythmic cueing can be used to improve non-native speech rhythm production, further indicating a close link between speech and music in the temporal domain.

Does brain entrainment using binaural auditory beats affect pain perception in acute and chronic pain?: a systematic review

BackgroundPain is a major clinical problem across all ages with serious social and economic consequences and a great negative impact on quality of life. Brain entrainment using binaural beats is a non-pharmaceutical intervention that is claimed to have analgesic effects in acute and chronic pain. We aimed to systematically review the available randomized clinical trials on the efficacy of binaural auditory beats in reducing adults’ pain perception in acute and chronic pain. A systematic search in electronic databases including Medline (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Embase was performed. The search was completed through Google Scholar and a manual search of the reference lists of all included studies. Randomized clinical trials with full text available in English that investigated the effect of binaural auditory beats on pain perception in acute and chronic pain in adults were included. The risk of bias was assessed by the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias (RoB 2) tool. Furthermore, The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach was used to assess the quality of the evidence. Sixteen studies (three on chronic pain and thirteen on acute pain perception) fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Because of substantial heterogeneity of the studies, a meta-analysis was inappropriate and this review focused on the narrative interpretation of the results. The risk of bias in most studies was high and the quality of evidence was low to very low. Although the effects of binaural beats on pain perception seem to be influenced by the etiology of pain or medical procedures, our review identifies alpha or a combination of tones in the range of delta to alpha as a potential non-pharmacological intervention in reducing acute pain. However, drawing a conclusion regarding the efficacy of binaural beats for chronic pain requires more high-quality studies.RegistrationThe protocol of this review was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42023425091).

Beat phenomena of oscillating readouts.

To demonstrate slowly varying, erroneous magnetic field gradients for oscillating readouts due to the mechanically resonant behavior of gradient systems. Projections of a static phantom were acquired using a one-dimensional (1D) EPI sequence with varying EPI frequencies ranging from 1121 to 1580 Hz on clinical 3T systems (30 mT/m, 200 T/m/s). Phase due to static B0 inhomogeneities was eliminated by a complex division of two separate scans with different polarities of the EPI readout. The temporal evolution of phase was evaluated and related to the mechanical resonances of the gradient systems derived from the gradient modulation transfer function. Additionally, the impact of temporally varying mechanical resonance effects on EPI was evaluated using an echo-planar spectroscopic imaging sequence. A beat phenomenon resulting in a slowly varying phase was observed. Its temporal frequency was given by the difference between the EPI frequency and the mechanical resonance frequency of the activated gradient axis. The maximum erroneous, oscillating phase during phase encoding was ±0.5 rad for an EPI frequency of 1281 Hz. Echo-planar spectroscopic imaging images showed the resulting time-dependent stretching/compression of the FOV. Oscillating readouts such as those used in EPI can result in low-frequency, erroneous phase contributions, which are explained by the beat phenomenon. Therefore, EPI phase-correction approaches may need to include beat effects for accurate image reconstruction.

Experimental modal and FEM analysis of a historical building

The CEDRAV building in Cerreto di Spoleto, originally a monastery, was built in the 14th century on the top of a rock ridge. The two seismic events that occurred on September 26th, 1997, with magnitude Ms=5.4 and Ms=6, respectively, caused some damages to it, but the event occurred on 14 October 1997 caused the main damages. This study includes analyses mainly related to the part of the data acquired corresponding to tests and configurations using temporary deployments. The building is very complex and rigid. In fact, translational and torsional frequencies are close to one another, coupling occurs and damping ratio is low. Coupling of the frequencies and the low damping are two factors that cause beating effect when shaking is strong enough. For example, the approximate beating period is computed for the June 28th 2000 earthquake as (taking T1 = 1/9.7 = 0.104 s, and T2 = 1/10.4 = 0.096 s) Tb = 2.5 s, observable in the time history plots. On the basis of the experimental results obtained by means of temporary arrays, a permanent network was designed and installed, which recorded several seismic events. A preliminary analysis in frequency domain, based on the determination of auto and cross power spectral density, has been first performed; subsequently the modal structure identification by means of the Ibrahim time domain technique and the Frequency Domain Decomposition technique in the frequency domain, have been carried out. A frequency domain analysis of the structure has also been performed by means of the Frequency Response Function (FRF) analysis. The experimental results have been finally compared with those obtained from a FEM.