Bean Common Mosaic Research Articles

Northwestern Himalayan common beans: A Treasure Trove for breeding resistant bean cultivars for multiple foliar pathogens

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris. L) is attacked by a lot of important foliar diseases like anthracnose, Bean Common Mosaic Virus, angular leaf spot, Bean Golden Yellow Mosaic Virus, and common bacterial blight. In the present study, we exploited anthracnose resistant germplasm of 122 common bean genotypes for the identification of broad spectrum and durable resistance for multiple foliar diseases. We utilized linked molecular markers and found some promising genotypes with 11 resistance genes. These genotypes possess significant potential as parental lines for gene pyramiding strategies, to enhance disease resistance in common beans. We also highlighted the need for new generation markers over SCAR markers to streamline genotypic screening and expedite the breeding of disease-resistant common bean varieties. Our phenotypic studies identified a few bean landraces highly resistant to the new BCMV NL-1n strain. Consequently, the genome wide association study also confirms the presence of already identified resistance genes. Additionally, our study reconfirms the presence of the recently identified bc-urgene in our material. The bean landraces of northern India contain novel regions associated with BCMV resistance on Pv03, Pv05, Pv04, Pv06, Pv07, Pv09, and Pv11. This study provides the list of bean genotypes that can be used to breed resistant cultivars and may also contain new resistance genes to a most important viral disease of common beans.

Correction: Identification and molecular validation of Bean Common Mosaic Virus Resistant Donors in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Correction: Identification and molecular validation of Bean Common Mosaic Virus Resistant Donors in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

A Genetic Study of Spillovers in the Bean Common Mosaic Subgroup of Potyviruses.

Nine viruses of the bean common mosaic virus subgroup of potyviruses are major international crop pathogens, but their phylogenetically closest relatives from non-crop plants have mostly been found only in SE Asia and Oceania, which is thus likely to be their "centre of emergence". We have compared over 700 of the complete genomic ORFs of the crop pandemic and the non-crop viruses in various ways. Only one-third of crop virus genomes are non-recombinant, but more than half the non-crop virus genomes are. Four of the viruses were from crops domesticated in the Old World (Africa to SE Asia), and the other five were from New World crops. There was a temporal signal in only three of the crop virus datasets, but it confirmed that the most recent common ancestors of all the crop viruses were before inter-continental marine trade started after 1492 CE, whereas all the crown clusters of the phylogenies are from after that date. The non-crop virus datasets are genetically more diverse than those of the crop viruses, and Tajima's D analyses showed that their populations were contracting, and only one of the crop viruses had a significantly expanding population. dN/dS analyses showed that most of the genes and codons in all the viruses were under significant negative selection, and the few that were under significant positive selection were mostly in the PIPO-encoding region of the P3 protein, or the PIPO protein itself. Interestingly, more positively selected codons were found in non-crop than in crop viruses, and, as the hosts of the former were taxonomically more diverse than the latter, this may indicate that the positively selected codons are involved in host range determination; AlphaFold3 modelling was used to investigate this possibility.

Reverse Transcription-polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Based Detection and Identification of Monopartite Bean Common Mosaic Virus in Mungbean

Background: Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) which belongs to the genus Potyvirus and the family Potyviridae, causes significant yield losses in legumes across the globe. Traditional methods for BCMV detection and diagnosis, such as visual inspection and serological assays, are often time-consuming, labour-intensive and may lack the sensitivity required for early detection. Advances in molecular techniques have made RT-PCR a powerful tool for the accurate detection of BCMV-infected plants. Methods: Three pairs of specific primers that flank the BCMV coat protein and polyprotein gene were designed using the Primer 3web tool to amplify fragments approximately ranging from 191 to 205 bp. The RT-PCR protocol was then standardized, including the optimization of annealing temperatures for all three primers, followed by the sequencing of the amplified PCR products. The, specificity and sensitivity of primer pair BCMV2 were then established. Result: Three pairs of specific primers were designed and RT-PCR protocol was standardized. The sequenced PCR products showed 98.03% to 99.50 % nucleotide similarity with the corresponding sequences of BCMV isolates used in primer designing. Further, the BCMV2 primer pair specifically amplified the target amplicon (200 bp) from the suspected leaf sample and no amplicon was observed when tested against other pathotypes of potyvirus such as BCMNV, BYMV, CABMV, SMV and PeMoV. The designed primer was sensitive enough to detect 0.05% of target cDNA. Additionally, the RT-PCR protocol was validated using field samples collected from Hyderabad, India. ELISA in combination with RT-PCR using the developed specific BCMV primer pair will ensure a foolproof, sensitive and rapid, procedure for diagnosis of BCMV in the quarantine processing of imported germplasm.

Release of ‘Kikatiti’ a multiple disease resistant pinto bean cultivar with superior productivity in Tanzania identified from evaluation of the Durango Diversity Panel

Abstract‘Kikatiti’ pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. no. CV‐361, PI 705149) was developed by the dry bean breeding program at the University of Nebraska, Agricultural Research Division, and submitted for release in 2021 by the Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro as an upright indeterminate pinto bean with high yield potential and multiple disease resistance across bean production environments in Tanzania. Kikatiti was officially released in 2024 by the National Seed Committee. Kikatiti is an F7:8 derived line developed using the pedigree breeding method in Nebraska. The exceptional performance of Kikatiti in Tanzania was first identified by evaluation of the Durango Diversity Panel (DDP), which consisted of 200 accessions in on‐station trials conducted in Arusha and Mbeya. Kikatiti was identified as accession DDP‐094 (advanced breeding line NE2‐09‐3). Kikatiti yielded 1584 kg ha−1 across 5 years of trials in Tanzania and matured in 89 days. Kikatiti is resistant to bean rust conferred by the Ur‐3 and Ur‐11 genes, resistant to all strains of Bean common mosaic virus and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus conferred by the I and bc‐3 genes, moderately resistant to common bacterial blight conferred by the SAP6 quantitative trait locus, avoids white mold disease due to its upright architecture, and is moderately susceptible to angular leaf spot disease. Kikatiti has large seed size (35.9 g 100 seeds−1), and in on‐farm trials, farmers ranked Kikatiti above local pinto cultivars for its performance and market potential. Kikatiti has the potential to expand pinto bean production across East Africa.

Epidemiology and Management of Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) in Traditional Phaseolus vulgaris L. Landraces within Protected Geographical Indications

Protected geographical indications (PGIs) share health problems related to plant propagation material. The PGI “Faba de Lourenzá” encompasses a 1660 km2 area in northern Galicia, Spain, renowned for its “Faba Galaica” (FG) and Faba do marisco” (FM) bean cultivars. The lack of certified virus-free seeds poses a challenge. From 2019 to 2023, seeds from 60 lots were tested for BCMV. Plants from several plots were tested periodically to develop disease progress curves (DPCs). Control methods (plots out PGI zone, virus-free seedlings, rogueing, corn borders, and intercropping) were tested. Yields in five plots were used to assess BCMV’s economic impact. Seed lots were 22.3% FG-infected and <5% FM-infected. The transmission rate of BCMV from infected FG plants to their seeds was 25.5 ± 5%, while for FM it was 12 ± 3%. FG yield losses were on average 31.6 ± 4.5%. Combining virus-free seedlings and infected plant removal in plots outside the PGI area proved effective at reducing infection rates; combining with intercropping resulted in the lowest incidence in an FG plot. Farmer training and off-site plot selection to produce healthy sowing beans are key to improving results.

Reduction in vertical transmission rate of bean common mosaic virus in bee-pollinated common bean plants

Vertical transmission, the transfer of pathogens across generations, is a critical mechanism for the persistence of plant viruses. The transmission mechanisms are diverse, involving direct invasion through the suspensor and virus entry into developing gametes before achieving symplastic isolation. Despite the progress in understanding vertical virus transmission, the environmental factors influencing this process remain largely unexplored. We investigated the complex interplay between vertical transmission of plant viruses and pollination dynamics, focusing on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The intricate relationship between plants and pollinators, especially bees, is essential for global ecosystems and crop productivity. We explored the impact of virus infection on seed transmission rates, with a particular emphasis on bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Under controlled growth conditions, BCMNV exhibited the highest seed transmission rate, followed by BCMV and CMV. Notably, in the field, bee-pollinated BCMV-infected plants showed a reduced transmission rate compared to self-pollinated plants. This highlights the influence of pollinators on virus transmission dynamics. The findings demonstrate the virus-specific nature of seed transmission and underscore the importance of considering environmental factors, such as pollination, in understanding and managing plant virus spread.

Identification and Molecular Validation of Bean Common Mosaic Virus Resistant Donors in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Identification and Molecular Validation of Bean Common Mosaic Virus Resistant Donors in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Anthracnose and bean common mosaic necrosis virus resistance in wild and landrace Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) genetic stocks

AbstractWild crop germplasm and landrace varieties have long been considered as a source of novel genetic variation for improving domesticated crops. Due to genetic bottlenecks that occurred during domestication, dissemination, and subsequent crop improvement, many beneficial genes are absent from commercial varieties and elite breeding germplasm, yet are still present in wild populations. To catalog potential novel disease resistance genes useful for breeding more resilient dry beans, we screened wild and landrace Phaseolus vulgaris L. accessions archived in the USDA GRIN seed bank for untapped resistance to anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV). A population of 194 wild and 55 landrace accessions were screened for resistance to two highly virulent races of anthracnose (race 2047 and race 3481) and for resistance to the BCMNV strain NL‐3. Thirteen accessions, all wild, were resistant to both anthracnose races, with MX‐QT‐3 and PI 661812 displaying complete resistance with no disease symptoms across all replications. Surprisingly, no natural resistance to BCMNV strain NL‐3 was detected in the wild germplasm. PI 442541, PI 661891, and W6 10164 were the only three accessions that expressed the I‐gene phenotype and all three have some history of cultivation. This study provides a resource for introgression of genetic diversity for anthracnose resistance into cultivated beans and reveals that innate resistance to BCMNV may not exist in wild populations of P. vulgaris.

Incidence, transmission, host range and population dynamics of aphids transmitting bean common mosaic virus of cowpea

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Wilczek] is an important pulse crop which belongs to family Fabaceae. Bean Common Mosaic is a major viral disease in cowpea resulting in significant yield losses to a tune of 70 per cent. The results showed that disease was widespread in all the surveyed areas, with the highest average per cent disease incidence being observed in Bagalkote (29.82%) followed by Vijayapur (27.41%), Dharwad (25.47%) and Belagavi district (18.89%). The disease incidence varied from 3.25 per cent to 69.56 per cent among the villages and from 12.94 per cent to 44.80 per cent among the taluks. The host range and transmission studies revealed that BCMV infecting cowpea is readily transmissible by sap, aphids and through seeds. The mechanical transmission was 71.43 per cent, aphid transmission was found to an extent of 54.42 per cent and the seed transmission of BCMV infecting cowpea was 64.00 per cent. The population of aphid (Aphis craccivora) was maximum during the 38th and 39th Standard Meteorological Weeks (SMWs) with the mean value of 92.70 and 81.20, respectively. The aphid population varied at different crop stages. Aphid population build up showed a strong significant negative correlation with rainfall. There was a significant negative correlation with minimum temperature and morning RH.

Characterization of a New, Country Bean (Lablab purpureus) Lineage of Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus.

Country bean (Lablab purpureus, family Fabaceae) is grown in subsistence agriculture in Bangladesh as a multipurpose crop for food, animal feed, and green manure. This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic diversity of bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) in country beans. Leaf samples from country beans showing yellowing, vein banding, and mosaic symptoms were collected during field surveys between 2015 and 2019 cropping seasons from farmers' fields in different geographic regions. These samples were tested by serological and molecular diagnostic assays for the presence of BCMNV. Virus-positive samples were subjected to high-throughput Illumina sequencing to generate near-complete genomes of BCMNV isolates. In pairwise comparisons, the polyprotein sequences of BCMNV isolates from Bangladesh showed greater than 98% identities among themselves and shared less than 84% sequence identity at the nucleotide level with virus isolates reported from other countries. In the phylogenetic analysis, BCMNV isolates from Bangladeshi country beans formed a separate clade from virus isolates reported from common beans in other countries in the Americas, Africa, Europe, and from East Timor. Grow-out studies showed seed-to-seedling transmission of BCMNV, implying a possible seedborne nature of the virus in country beans.

Molecular Characterization of an Isolate of Bean Common Mosaic Virus First Identified in Gardenia Using Metatranscriptome and Small RNA Sequencing.

Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides) is a popular and economically vital plant known for its ornamental and medicinal properties. Despite its widespread cultivation, there has been no documentation of plant viruses on gardenia yet. In the present study, gardenia leaves exhibiting symptoms of plant viral diseases were sampled and sequenced by both metatranscriptome and small RNA sequencing. As a consequence, bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) was identified in gardenia for the first time and named BCMV-gardenia. The full genome sequence of BCMV-gardenia is 10,054 nucleotides (nt) in length (excluding the poly (A) at the 3' termini), encoding a large polyprotein of 3,222 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that the N-termini of the polyprotein encoded by BCMV-gardenia is less conserved when compared to other BCMV isolates, whereas the C-termini is the most conserved. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that BCMV-gardenia was clustered closely with other BCMV isolates identified outside the leguminous plants. Our results indicated that the majority of BCMV-gardenia virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) were 21 nt and 22 nt, with 21 nt being more abundant. The first nucleotide at the 5' termini of vsiRNAs derived from BCMV-gardenia preferred U and A. The ratio of vsiRNAs derived from sense (51.1%) and antisense (48.9%) strands is approaching, and the distribution of vsiRNAs along the viral genome is generally even, with some hot spots forming in local regions. Our findings could provide new insights into the diversity, evolution, and host expansion of BCMV and contribute to the prevention and treatment of this virus.

Molecular Characteristics of Bean Common Mosaic Virus Occurring in Inner Mongolia, China.

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) was detected on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants showing wrinkled and/or narrow leaves, curling, shrinking and chlorosis of leaves, dwarfing of plants, and mottled pods in Inner Mongolia and named BCMV-22Huhe. Its genome has a size of 10,062 bp and was deposited in GenBank under the accession number OR778613. It is closely related to BCMV-Az (GenBank accession no. KP903372, in China) in the lineage of AzBMV. A recombination event was detected for BCMV-22Huhe among the 99 BCMV isolates published in the NCBI GenBank database, showing that BCMV-CJ25 (MK069986, found in Mexico) was a potential major parent, and the minor parent is unknown. This work is the first description of the occurrence of BCMV in Inner Mongolia, China.

Registration of ‘USDA Diamondback’ slow‐darkening pinto bean

AbstractThe pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar ‘USDA Diamondback’ (Reg. no. CV‐353, PI 698822) was released by the USDA‐ARS in 2022 as a high‐yielding cultivar with an upright architecture and the slow‐darkening seed coat trait. It was bred for tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in a “purgatory” plot purposely managed to have compacted soil, low soil fertility, and intermittent drought conditions. Conversely, selection for high yield potential was conducted in non‐stress trials with tillage, irrigations, and fertilizers applied for optimal production. USDA Diamondback exhibits wide adaption to production regions across the United States, as evidenced by an average seed yield of 3808 kg ha−1 across 14 location‐years in the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. Virus testing and resistance gene–linked markers indicate USDA Diamondback has a three‐gene combination (bc‐ud, bc‐1, and bc‐3) that confers durable resistance to all known strains of Bean common mosaic virus and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. A similar combination of pathogen and marker testing indicated that USDA Diamondback possesses the Ur‐3 and Ur‐6 genes for resistance to bean rust. The seed size, appearance, and canning quality characteristics of USDA Diamondback meets the industry standards for packaging and processing.

Screening of Bean Genotypes Against Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) by Artificial Inoculation and Molecular Confirmation

Bean mosaic virus (BCMV) is a widespread plant pathogen that causes significant bean yield losses in several bean-growing regions worldwide. The use of resistant common bean varieties to BCMV is considered the most efficient and feasible approach to control its effects. Numerous genes and molecular markers associated with resistance to these pathogens have been discovered and used extensively in breeding studies around the world. Screening bean genotypes for resistance to these viruses is a critical step in developing resistant varieties. The goals of the study are to identify virus sources in the region and artificially inoculate Lake Van basin bean genotypes with BCMV. The recovered BCMV strain NL-4 was inoculated with 45 bean cultivars, most of which originated from the Lake Van basin in Turkey. Differentiation between resistant and susceptible was based on visual symptoms, and of the 45 genotypes, 29 were found to be resistant to NL-4, while 16 genotypes were susceptible (8 of them moderately susceptible and 8 of them highly susceptible).

Release of multiple virus and bruchid resistant Mesoamerican bean germplasm lines PR1303‐129 and PR1743‐44

AbstractPR1303‐129 (Reg. no. GP‐317, PI 702998) and PR1743‐44 (Reg. no. GP‐318, PI 702999) are multiple virus‐ and bruchid‐resistant common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm lines developed and released cooperatively by the University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, the USDA‐ARS, the Instituto Dominicano de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, the Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícola, and Zamorano University. The black bean PR1303‐129 and small dark red bean PR1743‐44 combine resistance to Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) and the common bean weevil [Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)] with partial resistance to the Mexican bean weevil [Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman)]. Marker‐assisted selection was used to identify the presence of the bgm‐1 gene and the SW12 quantitative trait locus (QTL) for BGYMV resistance and the I and bc‐3 genes for resistance to BCMV and BCMNV. The parents of PR1303‐129 and PR1743‐44 were reported to possess the I gene for resistance to BCMV. Greenhouse inoculations were used to confirm the presence of the bc‐3 gene. Lines were screened in the laboratory and field for resistance to bruchids. Mean seed yields of PR1303‐129 and PR1743‐44 in six trials conducted in Puerto Rico were comparable to the check cultivar ‘Verano’. The release of these germplasm lines should contribute to the development of Mesoamerican cultivars for Central America and the Caribbean with enhanced levels of resistance to viral diseases and pests.

The alleles bc-ud and bc-ur (previously bc-4 gene), representing coding mutations within Vps4 AAA+ ATPase ESCRT protein, interact with other genes to condition resistance to BCMV and BCMNV in common bean.

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) have a damaging impact on global common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivation, causing potential yield losses of over 80%. The primary strategy for controlling these viruses is through host plant resistance. This research aimed to identify and validate structural variations for the bc-ud gene as revealed by long-read sequencing, develop an efficient DNA marker to assist selection of bc-ud in snap and dry beans, and examine the interactions between the bc-ud allele and other BCMV resistance genes. A gene (Phvul.005G125100) model on chromosome Pv05, encoding a vacuolar protein-sorting 4 (Vps4) AAA+ ATPase endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) protein, was identified as the best candidate gene for bc-ud. An 84-bp repetitive insertion variant within the gene, exhibited 100% co-segregation with the bc-ud resistance allele across 264 common bean accessions. The 84-bp repetitive insertion was labeled with an indel marker IND_05_36225873 which was useful for tracking the bc-ud allele across diverse germplasm. A different single nucleotide polymorphism variant within the same candidate gene was associated with the bc-4 gene. Segregation in F2 populations confirmed bc-ud and bc-4 were alleles, so bc-4 was renamed bc-ur to fit gene nomenclature guidelines. The interactions of bc-ud and bc-ur with other resistance genes, such as bc-1 (receptor-like kinase on Pv03) and bc-2 (Vps4 AAA+ ATPase ESCRT protein on Pv11), validated gene combinations in the differential "host groups" effective against specific BCMV/BCMNV "pathogroups." These findings increase our understanding of the Bc-u locus, and enhance our ability to develop more resilient bean varieties through marker-assisted selection, reducing the impact of BCMV and BCMNV.

Investigating the interactions of endornaviruses with each other and with other viruses in common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris

BackgroundPlant viruses of the genus Alphaendornavirus are transmitted solely via seed and pollen and generally cause no apparent disease. It has been conjectured that certain plant endornaviruses may confer advantages on their hosts through improved performance (e.g., seed yield) or resilience to abiotic or biotic insult. We recently characterised nine common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties that harboured either Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus (PvEV1) alone, or PvEV1 in combination with PvEV2 or PvEV1 in combination with PvEV2 and PvEV3. Here, we investigated the interactions of these endornaviruses with each other, and with three infectious pathogenic viruses: cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), and bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV).ResultsIn lines harbouring PvEV1, PvEV1 and PvEV2, or PvEV1, PvEV2 plus PvEV3, the levels of PvEV1 and PvEV3 RNA were very similar between lines, although there were variations in PvEV2 RNA accumulation. In plants inoculated with infectious viruses, CMV, BCMV and BCMNV levels varied between lines, but this was most likely due to host genotype differences rather than to the presence or absence of endornaviruses. We tested the effects of endornaviruses on seed production and seedborne transmission of infectious pathogenic viruses but found no consistent relationship between the presence of endornaviruses and seed yield or protection from seedborne transmission of infectious pathogenic viruses.ConclusionsIt was concluded that endornaviruses do not interfere with each other’s accumulation. There appears to be no direct synergy or competition between infectious pathogenic viruses and endornaviruses, however, the effects of host genotype may obscure interactions between endornaviruses and infectious viruses. There is no consistent effect of endornaviruses on seed yield or susceptibility to seedborne transmission of other viruses.

Screening for resistance of the common bean genotypes to common bacterial blight, and bean common mosaic virus

Common bacterial blight (CBB), and bean common mosaic (BCMV) limit common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production worldwide. This study was carried out to perform phenotypic screening and asses the leaf reaction of a resistant line to CBB and BCMV. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized design with three replications under screen-house conditions. Four improved bean genotypes for bruchid resistance were collected from bean improvement projects at the Sokoine University of Agriculture and one commonly cultivated susceptible cultivar was collected from a local market. Bean seeds were sown in a pot with sterilized soil and Xap inoculated by spraying with a bacterial suspension at 18 days after planting, while mechanical inoculation was performed for BCMV on 10 days old leaves. Disease severity of CBB was assessed three times at 14, 21, and 35 days after inoculation using a 1-9 CIAT scale, while for BCMV, symptoms were assessed at 15 days after inoculation. Results show significant differences (p≤0.001) on resistance to both diseases among the common beans genotypes tested. 13A/59-98-3x3-3A (scored 1.3 for CBB; no infected plant with BCMV), AO 29-3-3A (scored 2.0 for CBB; no infected plant with BCMV) and KT020 (scored 1.3 for CBB; only 1 plant was infected with BCMV) had resistance to both diseases while BR59-63-10 was resistant to BCMV and intermediate resistance (scored 3.5) to CBB. Kablanketi was susceptible to both diseases (scored 8 for CBB; 2 plants infected with BCMV). This study verified the resistance against CBB and BCMV in three lines obtained from SUA used for breeding multiple disease resistant cultivars.

Exploring I, bc-12 and bc-3 Gene Locus in Promising Common Bean Lines

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), known as the "poor man's meat", is an internationally important legume crop that appeals to farmers as well as consumers. Many biotic stressors such as bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) cause significant yield and quality losses in common bean. The most efficient and cost-effective way to lessen of these factors is to develop resistant cultivars. Local genotypes have been cultivated in many areas for years and have varied distinguishing characteristics as a result of spontaneous mutations. Identifying bean germplasm harboring gene sources is critical for developing resistant cultivars against BCMV and BCMNV. For this purpose, a total of 43 promising common bean lines selected from local genotypes cultivated across various regions of Türkiye were subjected to screening using diverse molecular markers (ROC11, SBD-5 and SW-13) to investigate gene sources associated with BCMV and BCMNV. The findings revealed that 21 lines had both I and bc-12 gene locus. In addition, the bc-12+bc-3 gene loci were discovered to be present in the 8 common bean lines. The combination of I+bc-3 resistance genes, which guarantees immune reaction to BCMV and BCMNV, was found in only one line; YLV-32. These gene sources can be evaluated in marker-assisted breeding to develop modern cultivars resistant to BCMV and BCMNV by breeders.