Colored Beads Research Articles

Pengaruh Media Manik-manik Warna Terhadap Keterampilan Berhitung Siswa Kelas 1 SD

One of the reasons for the low numeracy skills in elementary schools is the lack of application of instructional media which provides opportunities for students to practice directly and train themselves to be skilled at counting. To improve students' numeracy skills, learning innovations are needed that involve students actively through direct learning experiences. One alternative solution to this problem is to use colored beads as learning media in learning Mathematics in Elementary Schools. This study aims to find out 1) to know the application of color bead media to grade 1 elementary school mathematics 2) to find out the increase in math skills in grade 1 elementary school students after using color bead media, and 3) to know the effect of using the media the color of the beads on the numeracy skills of 1st grade students. This research is a systematic literature study. Based on this discussion, the media of colored beads is very effective for improving students' numeracy skills, because students have the opportunity to directly practice and train themselves to be skilled at counting. The results of the research are expected to provide an overview for developing further research regarding improving numeracy skills through learning media of colored beads in mathematics in elementary schools.

Necklaces count polynomial parametric osculants

We consider the problem of geometrically locally approximating a general complex analytic curve in the plane at a point by the image of a polynomial parametrization t↦(x1(t),x2(t)) of bidegree (d1,d2). We show the number of such approximating curves is the number of primitive necklaces on d1 white beads and d2 black beads. We show that this number is odd when d1=d2 is squarefree and use this to give a partial solution to a conjecture by Rababah. Our results naturally extend to a generalization regarding hypersurfaces in higher dimensions. There, the number of parametrized curves of multidegree (d1,…,dn) which optimally osculate a given hypersurface are counted by the number of primitive necklaces with di beads of color i. The proofs of these results give rise to a numerical homotopy algorithm for computing all multidegree (d1,…,dn) osculants to a general hypersurface at a point.

Droplet Microfluidics: Coding of Experimental Conditions in Microfluidic Droplet Assays Using Colored Beads and Machine Learning Supported Image Analysis (Small 4/2019)

Droplet Microfluidics: Coding of Experimental Conditions in Microfluidic Droplet Assays Using Colored Beads and Machine Learning Supported Image Analysis (Small 4/2019)

Coding of Experimental Conditions in Microfluidic Droplet Assays Using Colored Beads and Machine Learning Supported Image Analysis.

To efficiently exploit the potential of several millions of droplets that can be considered as individual bioreactors in microfluidic experiments, methods to encode different experimental conditions in droplets are needed. The approach presented here is based on coencapsulation of colored polystyrene beads with biological samples. The decoding of the droplets, as well as content quantification, are performed by automated analysis of triggered images of individual droplets in-flow using bright-field microscopy. The decoding strategy combines bead classification using a random forest classifier and Bayesian inference to identify different codes and thus experimental conditions. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of nine different antibiotics and the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration of a specific antibiotic against a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli are presented as a proof-of-principle. It is demonstrated that this method allows successful encoding and decoding of 20 different experimental conditions within a large droplet population of more than 105 droplets per condition. The decoding strategy correctly assigns 99.6% of droplets to the correct condition and a method for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration using droplet microfluidics is established. The current encoding and decoding pipeline can readily be extended to more codes by adding more bead colors or color combinations.

A Multiplex Immunochromatographic Assay Employing Colored Latex Beads for Simultaneously Quantitative Detection of Four Nitrofuran Metabolites in Animal-Derived Food

A rapid and sensitive high-throughput latex bead immunochromatographic assay (LB-ICA) for simultaneously quantitative detection of four major nitrofuran metabolites, including semicarbazide (SEM), 1-aminohydantoin (AHD), 3-amino-5-methylmorpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), and 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) in animal-derived food (chicken, fish, and shrimp) was developed. Four different coating antigens were separately immobilized on nitrocellulose (NC) membrane as capture reagents; red latex beads were sprayed as constant control line. Specific monoclonal antibodies labeled with blue- or red-colored latex bead reacted with analytes in standard or sample and flowed along the strip, exhibiting visible and colorful test lines after unbound antibodies coupled with corresponding antigens on four test lines. No mutual interference was found in the simultaneous detection of the four analytes even at concentrations (100 μg L−1) higher than their respective cutoff values. The limits of detection (LODs) for SEM, AHD, AMOZ, and AOZ were 0.02–0.1 μg kg−1 in chicken, 0.02–0.15 μg kg−1 in fish, and 0.03–0.12 μg kg−1 in shrimp, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 73.5 to 109.2% at fortified concentration of LOD, 2LOD, and 4LOD, with coefficient of variation < 15%. Analysis of field animal-derived food samples by LB-ICA was in accordance with that of LC-MS/MS. Therefore, this proposed multiplex LB-ICA was a promising method for on-site screening of multiple analytes in animal-derived food.

A new laboratory model using bull and boar spermatozoa and fluorescent beads to assess a membrane's occlusive potential.

The objective of the present study is to assess the potential of bull and boar spermatozoa and fluorescent beads to be used as a surrogate cell model to determine the cell occlusive potential in vitro using membranes of standardized porosities. A two-chamber model system consisting of upper and lower chambers, which could be separated by membranes, was constructed. Isopore polycarbonate membranes with different standardized pore diameters were used to assess the mobile cellular penetration behavior of spermatozoa or the more passive non-cellular permeability of fluorescent particles (beads) of different diameter and color. In a first experiment, spermatozoa were placed in the lower chamber, whereas semen extender only was placed in the upper chamber. After 10min of incubation at 37°C, the sperm number was assessed in the latter. In a second experiment, a bead solution was drawn through resorbable collagen membranes from the upper into the lower chamber by vacuum using a syringe and bead number and size was analyzed by flow cytometry. All experiments were carried out in triplicates. A non-porous polyester membrane was used as negative control to assess the overall tightness of the setup. Boar and bull spermatozoa had average cell body lengths and widths of 9 × 5μm and were unable to pass through pores ≤2μm, whereas they were detectable at pore sizes ≥3μm. Their number increased with increasing pore diameters, i.e., from minimal concentrations of 0.1 × 106/ml for boar and 0.5 × 106/ml for bull spermatozoa at 3μm to maximal concentrations of 2.1 × 106/ml for boar and 13.1 × 106/ml for bull spermatozoa at 8μm. The fluorescent beads followed the expected pattern of permeability reliably correlating bead and pore diameter. Within the limitations of this laboratory study and the xenogeneic cell surrogate material, the model allows to easily assess cell and particle penetration through porous structures like membranes. We hope to further assess, improve, and validate this model, which we aim to use for the screening of dental membranes after being exposed to different degradation methods. Convenient and rapid test procedures to evaluate membranes for regenerative procedures are still warranted.

Statistical characterization of social interactions and collective behavior in medicinal leeches

In the present study we analyzed the behavior and interactions among leeches in the same observation tank. Colored beads were glued onto their skin so that their behavior could be followed and quantified. When two or three leeches were present in the observation tank, they searched around for a maximum of 2 h and their motion and behavior were independent from those of their conspecifics. When the number of leeches in the tank was increased to 10, leeches were attracted to each other and exhibited episodes of highly correlated behavior. Solitary leeches injected with serotonin or dopamine increased the portion of time spent pseudoswimming and crawling, respectively. The behavior of three to five leeches injected with serotonin was not statistically independent, and leeches were attracted to their conspecifics and exhibited episodes of correlated behavior. Therefore, serotonin not only induces pseudoswimming in leeches but also promotes social interactions, characterized by a mutual attraction and by episodes of correlated/collective behavior.

Splitting multidimensional necklaces

The well-known “splitting necklace theorem” of Alon [N. Alon, Splitting necklaces, Adv. Math. 63 (1987) 247–253] says that each necklace with k ⋅ a i beads of color i = 1 , … , n , can be fairly divided between k thieves by at most n ( k − 1 ) cuts. Alon deduced this result from the fact that such a division is possible also in the case of a continuous necklace [ 0 , 1 ] where beads of given color are interpreted as measurable sets A i ⊂ [ 0 , 1 ] (or more generally as continuous measures μ i ). We demonstrate that Alon's result is a special case of a multidimensional consensus division theorem about n continuous probability measures μ 1 , … , μ n on a d-cube [ 0 , 1 ] d . The dissection is performed by m 1 + ⋯ + m d = n ( k − 1 ) hyperplanes parallel to the sides of [ 0 , 1 ] d dividing the cube into m 1 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ m d elementary cuboids (parallelepipeds) where the integers m i are prescribed in advance.

Evaluation of association between body size and large intestinal transit time in healthy dogs

To compare large intestinal transit time (LITT) in dogs of various body sizes and determine whether fecal quality was correlated with LITT. 6 Miniature Poodles, 6 Standard Schnauzers, 6 Giant Schnauzers, and 6 Great Danes. LITT was calculated as the difference between total (TTT) and orocecal transit time (OCTT). Minimum and mean OCTTs were determined by use of the sulfasalazine-sulfapyridine method. Minimum TTT was estimated by use of chromium and ferric oxide as color markers, and mean TTT was calculated from the recovery from feces of ingested colored plastic beads. Fecal moisture content was determined and fecal consistency was scored during the same period. Large-breed dogs had higher fecal moisture content and more watery fecal consistency. No association between body size and OCTT was detected, but there was a positive correlation between body size and mean TTT. Mean LITT increased significantly with body size, from 9.1 +/- 1.1 hours in Miniature Poodles to 39.4 +/- 1.6 hours for Giant Schnauzers. Significant correlations were detected among mean LITT, mean TTT, and fecal scores, whereas no correlation was observed between fecal moisture content and TTT or LITT. LITT was correlated with fecal consistency in dogs of various body sizes. Mean LITT can be predicted from values for mean TTT in healthy dogs.

Diagnosis of Subsegmental Pulmonary Emboli

We measured sensitivity, positive predictive value, and free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) of 20 radiologists detecting subsegmental-sized pulmonary emboli in a porcine model using either contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or digital subtraction (DS) pulmonary angiography. Colored methacrylate beads (4.2 and 3.8 mm diameter) were injected into 9 anesthetized juvenile pigs. CT and DS pulmonary angiography images were obtained before and after a pulmonary infiltrate was introduced into the lower lobes. Following imaging, the pigs were euthanized, and the pulmonary arterial tree was cast using clear methacrylate allowing direct visualization of emboli. The 20 radiologists used a custom-made computer application to display the images on their personal computer and record their diagnoses. The results were mailed electronically to the coordinating center for comparison with the cast of the pulmonary vasculature. Twenty-three emboli were included in the statistical analysis. Overall sensitivity for spiral CT and angiography, respectively, was: 60 +/- 18% and 72 +/- 11% (P = 0.06). Positive predictive value for spiral CT and angiography, respectively, was: 49 +/- 24% and 58 +/- 23% (P = 0.25). There was a large variation in both sensitivity and positive predicted values between Readers. There was no difference in sensitivity or positive predictive value between radiologists from community or academic centers (P > 0.27). FROC analysis showed no significant difference between CT or DS (P = 0.27). In conclusion, in this porcine model, there is no overall diagnostic advantage to using DS pulmonary angiography rather than contrast-enhanced spiral CT for the diagnosis of PE when images are interpreted by radiologists located in either academic or community hospital settings.

Flow patterns and velocity fields of granules in Dorfan Impingo filters for gas cleanup

Inside a two-dimensional model of the louvered Dorfan Impingo panel with transparent front and rear walls the flow regions of filter granules without gas the cross-flow were observed. The white PE beads were used as filter granules. Colored PE beads served as tracers. Filter granules were discharged and circulated to the bed. The flow rate of filter medium was controlled by the belt conveyor. The image processing system was used to record the granular flow. The flow patterns and the quasi-stagnant zones history in the moving granular bed were evaluated. The experiment showed that there exists a fast central moving region (flowing core) of filter granules and two quasi-stagnant zones along the louver walls. The velocity fields in the moving bed in the Dorfan Impingo filter systems were also measured and analyzed. The results indicate that the velocity profiles of filter granules are influenced by the louver geometry.

Influence of horizontal tube banks on the behavior of bubbling fluidized beds: 2. Mixing of solids

Video image analysis techniques were used to investigate the solids mixing behavior in a two-dimensional (thin) fluidized bed containing “simulated” horizontal tube banks. Colored glass beads were used as the tracer, and the image intensity was used to deduce the variation of axial concentration profiles with time. A three-phase counter-current back-mixing model was developed for data interpretation. The model accounted for the axial variations in bubble properties and in flow (of gas and solids) in the presence of tubes. These variations induce cross-flow of material between phases (for volume conservation). Mathematical form for the cross-flow term for inclusion in the conservation equations was deduced. The model equations were solved using finite difference techniques; bubble parameters for use in the model have been described in a previous paper, part 1 in this series. Calculations compare favorably with experimental data. The results also show that both tube position and tracer feed location have significant effects on the mixing time. Tubes located in the top and the bottom of the bed lead to smaller mixing times; tracer fed in the middle of the bed provides the fastest mixing rate.

A Simple Membrane Immunobead Assay for Detecting Ciguatoxin and Related Polyethers from Human Ciguatera Intoxication and Natural Reef Fishes

A simple membrane immunobead assay (MIA) for detecting ciguatoxin (CTX) and related polyethers directly from fish tissue is presented. A membrane laminated onto a solid plastic support is immersed with a piece of fish tissue in methanol. The membrane is thoroughly dried and placed into an immunobead suspension containing polystyrene particles coated with monoclonal antibody to CTX (MAb-CTX). Two beads of different diameter and color are used. The color intensity of the membrane is related to the concentration of the toxin bound to the membrane. Twelve of 13 fish implicated in human ciguatera fish poisoning showed borderline or positive responses in the assay. A Sphyraena barracuda sample that tested negative with the MIA and was highly toxic with the mouse toxicity bioassay showed only weak CTX-like toxin activity in the guinea pig atrial assay, indicating that the major toxin in the sample was not CTX-like. Examination of 154 routinely caught reef fish from Hawaii, Kosrae, and Kwajalein by MIA found 132 (86%) negative and 8 (5%) positive for CTX, with 14 (9%) giving a borderline response. Fish from Hawaii showed a higher frequency of borderline or positive responses than those from Kosrae and Kwajalein, probably because several species of fish from several islands of Hawaii were tested, whereas only one species from a single area was examined from each of the islands of Kosrae and Kwajalein.

A Visual Tagging Process for Mix and Sort Combinatorial Chemistry.

Colored glass beads and caps provide a simple color-coding strategy adapted to porous plastic containers and allow visual identification of the individual constituents of combinatorial libraries.

Learning Impairment in 1–2‐Day‐Old Epileptic Chicks

The cause of learning impairment in children with seizure disorders is obscure, in part because of the lack of adequate animal models of learning deficiencies that can be used for study. The discriminating passive avoidance test has been used extensively to study learning behavior in chicks. In the present study, we applied the passive avoidance test to epileptic chicks to determine if learning deficiencies could be demonstrated in this epileptic model. Epileptic fowl have a hereditary form of primary generalized epilepsy characterized by tonic-clonic seizures. The seizures occur spontaneously and can also be induced by photic stimulation. The epileptic phenotype is the result of an autosomal recessive mutation. Heterozygotes do not have seizures and were used as age-matched controls. The discriminating passive avoidance test used in the present study was based on the observation that chicks readily peck at bright shiny beads. Once chicks taste a colored bead coated with a bitter chemical (methylanthranilate), they refuse to peck the bead on subsequent presentations. In addition, chicks can discriminate between colored beads and will continue to peck at a bead of different color than the methylanthranilate (MeA)-coated bead. compared to carriers, epileptic chicks demonstrated significantly less ability to discriminate between colored beads. Furthermore, this learning impairment was observed in epileptic chicks treated with phenobarbital (PB), indicating that the learning impairment in epileptic chicks is an inherent neurological problem and not a consequence of seizure activity.

Conserving Ndebele Beadwork

Curator: The Museum JournalVolume 31, Issue 2 p. 85-95 Conserving Ndebele Beadwork JUNE HOSFORD, JUNE HOSFORD DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICASearch for more papers by this authorPATRICIA DAVISON, PATRICIA DAVISON DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICASearch for more papers by this author JUNE HOSFORD, JUNE HOSFORD DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICASearch for more papers by this authorPATRICIA DAVISON, PATRICIA DAVISON DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICASearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1988 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.1988.tb00677.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume31, Issue2June 1988Pages 85-95 RelatedInformation

Splitting necklaces

Let N be an opened necklace with ka i beads of color i, 1 ⩽ i ⩽ t. We show that it is possible to cut N in ( k - 1) · t places and partition the resulting intervals into k collections, each containing precisely a i beads of color i, 1 ⩽ i ⩽ t. This result is best possible and solves a problem of Goldberg and West. Its proof is topological and uses a generalization, due to Bárány, Shlosman and Szücs, of the Borsuk-Ulam theorem. By similar methods we obtain a generalization of a theorem of Hobby and Rice on L 1 -approximation.

Bisection of Circle Colorings

Consider $2n$ beads of k colors arranged on a necklace, using $2a$, beads of color i. A bisection is a set of disjoint strings (“intervals”) of beads whose union captures half the beads of each color. We prove that any arrangement with k colors has a bisection using at most $\lceil k / 2 \rceil $ intervals. In addition, if k is odd, an endpoint of one interval can be specified arbitrarily. The result is best possible. For fixed k, there is a polynomial-time algorithm to find such a bisection; it runs in $O ( n^{k - 2} )$ for $k\geqq 3$. We consider continuous and linear versions of the problem and use them to obtain applications in geometry, VLSI circuit design, and orthogonal functions.

A Method for Permanent Identification of Materials Sealed in Small Containers

Bacterial cultures, viruses, bacteriophages, and other materials which might be dried and sealed in small containers under the original vacuum are frequently kept for months or years before use. Methods commonly used for identification of such tubes, frequently only 7-10 mm. in diameter, are unsatisfactory. Gummed-paper labels are defaced or soak off during the customary preliminary freezing. If a spiral strip of paper is used, the contents of the tube may not be readily visible for inspection. Paper labels of any type are likely to become dry and frequently fall off during prolonged storage under varying conditions of humidity; furthermore, they are subjected to the attentions of the cockroaches and silverfish which are too frequently present in many laboratories. Adhesive tape is awkward to handle and difficult to write on. Scotch tape protects labels to some extent, but eventually dries. Writing on the container itself with wax pencil is impermanent, while the use of a diamond point introduces the possibility of weakening the glass. Most small containers do not afford sufficient area to permit inscribing adequate data. Introduction of a marker into the tube before use is more satisfactory. Permanent identification can be afforded by colored seed glass beads now available at 5and 10-cent stores. These beads, about 2 mm. in diameter and 1 mm. in height, can be obtained for about 15 cents per vial containing approximately 1,000 beads. Ten clearly differentiated colors are sold. The beads are made of colored glass and do not change color after being subjected to autoclaving or treatment in the hotair sterilizer. No toxic effect has been apparent. They can be introduced into the tube and sterilized with it or can be sterilized separately and put into the tube with aseptic precautions. The colors are readily visible after the culture or other material has been dried in the usual amounts. A standard code for identification of cultures dried by lyophile, cryochem, or other processes would permit exchange of materials between laboratories and ready identification. By a suggested system, now in use, a single bead is assigned to each of the major groups as follows: red, Clostridium; purple, Corynebacterium; green, Hemophilus; blue, Neisseria; white, Pasteurella; yellow, Salmonella; brown, Shigella; black, Streptococcus; gold, bacteriophage; and silver, virus. Forty-five additional generic combinations can be made by using two beads, each of different color. The use of an indicator code for each genus reduces records to a minimum, permits rapid recognition, and will simplify correspondence. Amplifying this system, the species is represented by two beads of the same color. With a single genus indicator bead, 10 species can be identified, using a total of three beads per tube. An additional 10 species can be identified by using three similarly colored beads with the single genus indicator color. When this possibility is exhausted, the number of combinations becomes greatly increased, since the addition of four beads to the genus indicator permits the possibility of representing the species by pairs differing in color from each other. If the genus is represented by two single beads of different colors, the 8