Bazar In Bangladesh Research Articles

Bangladeş'in Chattogram ve Cox's Bazar bölgesindeki çamur yengeci (Scylla serrata) ve ortam çamurundaki ağır metal konsantrasyonu

Heavy metal levels have increased due to increased industrialization, which has a negative impact on crab, an essential source of protein. This study aimed to measure the level of certain heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Hg) in edible tissue from mud crab (Scylla serrata) and related soil collected from Chattogram and Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh. The concentration of heavy metals in mud crab and the soil were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (Model ICE 3300). While the mean values of heavy metals in crab tissue samples from Chattogram were 0.06 mg/kg for Cd and 0.45 mg/kg for Pb, in the related soil samples these values were determined as 0.52 mg/kg for Cd and 7.24 mg/kg for Pb. In Cox's Bazar, the mean Pb content was 4.1 mg/kg in related soil, but the levels of Cd and Hg were below the detection limit. In S. serrata tissues, all heavy metal concentrations were below the detection limit. The heavy metal values obtained in the study were compared with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), European Union (EU) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Results concluded that metal concentrations were within permissible limits and did not pose an immediate risk to public health or human consumption. Specifically, the measured concentration levels are considered poor when compared to national and international requirements.

Nexus dynamics: the impact of environmental vulnerabilities and climate change on refugee camps

Abstract Climate change and forced migration are often thought about in terms of the sheer numbers of people who might be displaced by a transforming environment. But the potential for ‘environmental refugees’—whether from long-term degradation or short-term catastrophe—extends far beyond those directly affected. Understanding the forces that produce, respond to and amplify such forced migration patterns requires a complex and nuanced view of them. In this article, I explore the question of environmental displacement through the lens of nexus dynamics and look at how environmental refugees complicate our understandings of place, belonging, stability and resilience. I do so through a focus on the largest global refugee camps in the world and the particular environmental vulnerabilities that each faces. Using Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh (Rohingya refugees), Dadaab in Kenya (Somali refugees) and Za’atari in Jordan (Syrian refugees), I examine the ways that political, economic and ecological factors have driven the inhabitants to the camps, keep them vulnerable within them, and raise questions about both their and the camps’ respective futures. By cataloguing some of the environmental risks within the region of each camp and examining each camp’s response in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, I consider the broader logic, viability and purpose of each of these camps, as representative of parallel spaces globally. What does resilience and vulnerability mean in a refugee camp? How does a nexus dynamics approach to climate change and migration help us to understand a complex system such as this?

Smoking and pre-existing co-morbidities as risk factors for developing severity of COVID-19 infection: Evidence from a field hospital in a rural area of Bangladesh.

Since August 2020; the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) in collaboration with UNICEF has been operating a COVID-19 field hospital at the Teknaf sub-district of Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh. This paper is focused on estimating the effects of a history of tobacco smoking and pre-existing co-morbidities on the severity of COVID-19 infection among adult patients admitted into the aforesaid hospital. We conducted a retrospective data analysis of COVID-19 adult patients hospitalized from August 27, 2020 to April 20, 2022. Based on inclusion criteria; a total of 788 admitted patients were included in the analysis. We conducted a Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test for the categorical variables to see their associations. Multinomial logistic regression models were performed to explore the risk factors for the severity of COVID-19 infection. Among 788 patients, 18.4%, 18.8%, 13%, 7.1%, 3.4%, and 1.9% have had a history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and asthma respectively. Overall, the mean age of the patients was 40.3 ± 16.4 years and 51% were female. In multivariate analysis, history of smoking and co-morbidities were identified as the risk factors for the severity of COVID-19 infection; the history of smoking was found linked with an increase in the risk of developing critical, severe, and moderate level of COVID-19 infection- notably 3.17 times (RRR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.3-7.68), 2.98 times (RRR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.87-4.76) and 1.96 times (RRR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.25-3.08) respectively more than the patients who never smoked. It was evident that patients with at least one of the selected co-morbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, COPD, CVD, and asthma exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing severe illness of COVID-19 compared to patients without any co-morbidity. History of tobacco smoking and pre-existing co-morbidities were significantly associated with an increased severity of COVID-19 infection.

The Role of ‘Home School’ in Improving Sustainability for Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh

During the COVID-19 pandemic, most education providers could not offer face-to-face educational support to Rohingya children in the camp at Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh; however, some sector partners provided education online, and ‘Home School’ was one of them. This article intends to examine and learn to what extent and how home school education produced new knowledge for Rohingya children and promoted the sustainability of Rohingyas in the camp during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative research approach was used to discern the impact of online education on the sustainable livelihood of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Using purposive sampling, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with Rohingya refugee children, key informant interviews with education providers, and teachers who worked in the camp during COVID-19. The conversation analysis technique was applied to analyse data. The findings of this study uncover that, regardless of some downsides, including the lack of endowment for formal education, the shortage of community mobilisers, the limited subjects offered, the limited duration of class time, and weak internet connection, home school education contributed enormously to ensuring the sustainable livelihood of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh by ensuring a safe and securing learning space and upholding the equal participation of boys and girls, and contributed to recovery from trauma and fear of violence in the camp.

Problem of Rohingya Repatriation and Current Trends of Violence: A Critical Analysis

This study attempts to examine in what manner violent and non-violent incidents of Rohingya are increasing in Bangladesh especially in the camps in Cox’s Bazar since August 2017 due to the delay of sustainable repatriation. It also investigates how increasing violent incidents among the Rohingya make the threat for themselves as well as for the people of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh. From the first influx of 1.3 million Rohingya, the camps are becoming a red zone of growing violent activities. Continuous delay of the repatriation process of those stateless people is creating possibilities for expanding criminal activities among them. To some extent, it is recorded, Rohingyas are involved in violent activities with the local people as well as the law enforcement agencies inside and outside the camps. Unexpectedly, there may have the same risk of violence in the relocated Rohingya refugees in the Bhasan Char (an Island in the Bay of Bengal). Against this backdrop, this is a mixed-method study where case studies and in-depth interviews are conducted as a qualitative method. Moreover, it analyzes the secondary numeric data from Bangladesh Police and Bangladesh Peace Observatory (BPO) database. Overall scenarios of violence from the Rohingyas inside and outside the camp areas are posing challenges for Bangladesh. Only sustainable repatriation can stop the turbulence among the Rohingya residing in Bangladesh.

The World Health Organization's Actions Within the United Nations System to Facilitate a Whole-of-Society Response to COVID-19 at Country Level.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic highlighted that managing health emergencies requires more than an effective health response, but that operationalizing a whole-of-society approach is challenging. The World Health Organization (WHO), as the lead agency for health within the United Nations (UN), led the UN response at the global level through the Crisis Management Team, and at the country level through the UN Country Teams (UNCTs) in accordance with its mandate. Three case studies—Mali, Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh, and Uzbekistan—provide examples of how WHO contributed to the whole-of-society response for COVID-19 at the country level. Interviews with WHO staff, supplemented by internal and external published reports, highlighted that the action of WHO comprised technical expertise to ensure an effective whole-of-society response and to minimize social disruption, including those affecting peacekeeping in Mali, livelihood sectors in Cox's Bazar, and the education sector in Uzbekistan. Leveraging local level volunteers from various sectors led to both a stronger public health response and the continuation of other sectoral work. Risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) emerged as a key theme for UN engagement at country level. These collective efforts of operationalizing whole-of-society response at the country level need to continue for the COVID-19 response, but also in preparedness for other health and non-health emergencies. Building resilience for future emergencies requires developing and exercising multi-sectoral preparedness plans and benefits from collective UN support to countries. Coronavirus disease had many impacts outside of health, and therefore emergency preparedness needs to occur outside of health too.

Rohingya Refugees: Implications of the Right to Return and the Right to Remain

This study explores two related notions – the right to return and the right to remain of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar, now living in camps in Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh, across the border. The study views these rights, and tries to make sense of them, through the light of human rights, human security and human capital approaches, combined. Based on secondary studies, official and NGO reports and various other on-line documents, the study looks for discussion of the constraints on the capabilities of the Rohingya to fulfil their right to return and their right to remain. With this background, it is not surprising that the main causes of Rohingyas displacement have included: rejection of their historic right to citizenship and identity; patterns of land colonization; ethnic discrimination in livelihoods and education; ethnic and religious exclusion that as has been mentioned bear some similarities to internationally condemned forms of apartheid segregation. Denial of the rights of ethnic Rohingyas to equal citizenship rights is both one of the root causes of the Rohingya refugee question and an element that worsens the problem of statelessness. Torn between the impossibility of returning, and the fact of their statelessness in Bangladesh, the Rohingya are really stuck in Bangladesh, and the prospects for them to be granted citizenship in Bangladesh are also poor.

Quantitative assessment of tree species diversity of Himchari National Park (HNP) in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Abstract. Hossen S, Hossain MK, Hossain MA, Uddin MF. 2020. Quantitative assessment of tree species diversity of Himchari National Park (HNP) in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. Asian J For 5: 1-7. The aim of the study was to assess the tree species composition, dominance, and quantitative distribution of tree species of Himchari National Park, Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh through stratified random sampling method using sample plots (51) of 20 m x 20 m in size during the period of January 2017 to May 2018. A total of 961 stems (dbh ≥ 5 cm) of 88 tree species belonging to 64 genera and 37 families were enumerated where the stem density and basal area were 457.39 stem ha-1 and 10.979 m2 ha-1 respectively. On the other hand, the species diversity index, Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index, Shannon’s maximum diversity index, species evenness index, Margalef’s diversity index, and Simpson’s diversity index were 0.092, 3.733 ± 0.0071, 4.477, 0.834, 12.667 and 0.039 ± 0.0003 respectively. The highest Importance Value Index (IVI) was found for Acacia auriculiformis (23.23) followed by Tectona grandis (13.05), Gmelina arborea (12.66), Syzygium fruticosum (12.34), Casuarina equisetifolia (10.57), and Dipterocarpus turbinatus (10.55). The IVI value represents that Acacia auriculiformis possess highest dominance that is followed by Tectona grandis and Gmelina arborea. Percentage distribution of tree individuals into different height classes found in quadrats showed that height range 3 - <8 m had the highest (59.83%) percentage of tree individuals. On the other hand, different dbh (having dbh ≥5 cm) classes showed that most of the trees (65.97%) belonged to dbh range 5 - <15 cm. The outcome of present study suggests for the protection, sustainable management, and conservation of the tree resources of HNP, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh.

Emergence of Rohingya Refugee: Present Situation and Future Impact on Local Peoples of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh

Rohingya crisis is not a newly emerged problem in Bangladesh. Almost two and half years ago, it has been emerged as a great problem in Bangladesh, because of the quantity of Rohingya refugees. The main objective of the study is to understand the present and future situation of Rohingya refugee at cox’s bazaar in Bangladesh and its impact on local people of cox’s bazar. That will include social strains, political impact, security challenges. Economic effects, environmental destruction etc. The study is based on primary data will be collected from Rohingya refugee from Teknaf Upazila of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh. Cox’s bazar to find out the present situation and future impact for emerging Rohingya refugee on local people of cox’s bazar. Which could help to identify the problems of Rohingya refugee for Bangladesh context.

Spiritual capital (Adhyatmik Shompatti) – a key driver of community well-being and sustainable tourism in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

In this paper, we examine two dimensions of social interface as key contributors to spiritual capital in the coastal community of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh. These include an extended set of interactional networks or meaning-making processes that serve as the base for communal spirituality and a committed sense of personal spiritual calling. Our findings reveal how spiritual capital, which is made up of both organised religious practices and individual spiritual beliefs, brings about a commitment to social responsibility and to the environment and contributes both to community well-being and to the development of sustainable tourism. The value of our work lies not only in its provision of theoretical insights, but also in its potential to inform policy-making activities aimed at the promotion of the sustainable growth of tourism in Cox’s Bazar, where concerns and expectations related to the sector remain overlooked.

Immunogenicity of a killed bivalent whole cell oral cholera vaccine in forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

After the large influx of Rohingya nationals (termed Forcibly Displaced Myanmar National; FDMN) from Rakhine State of Myanmar to Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh, it was apparent that outbreaks of cholera was very likely in this setting where people were living under adverse water and sanitation conditions. Large campaigns of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) were carried out as a preemptive measure to control cholera epidemics. The aim of the study was to evaluate the immune responses of healthy adults and children after administration of two doses of OCV at 14 days interval in FDMN population and compare with the response observed in Bangladeshi’s vaccinated earlier. A cross-sectional immunogenicity study was conducted among FDMNs of three age cohort; in adults (18+years; n = 83), in older children (6–17 years; n = 63) and in younger children (1–5 years; n = 80). Capillary blood was collected at three time points to measure vibriocidal antibodies using either plasma or dried blood spot (DBS) specimens. There was a significant increase of responder frequency of vibriocidal antibody titer at day 14 in all groups for Vibrio cholerae O1 (Ogawa/Inaba: adults-64%/64%, older children-70%/89% and younger children-51%/75%). There was no overall difference of vibriocidal antibody titer between FDMN and Bangladeshi population at baseline (p = 0.07–0.08) and at day 14, day 28 in all age groups for both serotypes. The seroconversion rate and geometric mean titer (GMT) of either serotype were comparable using both plasma and DBS specimens. These results showed that OCV is capable of inducing robust immune responses in adults and children among the FDMN population which is comparable to that seen in Bangladeshi participants in different age groups or that reported from other cholera endemic countries. Our results also suggest that the displaced population were exposed to V. cholerae prior to seeking shelter in Bangladesh.

Status of Rohingya in Refugee Camps of Bangladesh: A Review Study

More than 500,000 Rohingya refugees are living in the refugee camps of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh, where the living conditions are ominous. Most of the families are deprived of enough food and sustained livelihood. This review study was conducted to understand the present status of Rohingyas with Bangladesh Government’s stand and that of international community as well. This study also focused on the humanitarian responses, forestry and wild life, disaster risk management, shelter facilities, WASH activities, health facilities, adolescent sexual reproductive health, gender-based violence, and human trafficking to understand the current situation of Rohingya refugees in camps. This study will help national and international stakeholders to take necessary steps to manage Rohingya refugees in camps of Cox Bazar, Bangladesh.

An appraisal of the economic outlook for the tourism industry, specially cox's bazar in bangladesh

Currently, Cox's Bazar from Bangladesh has been recognized as a rising tourism spot amongst the fastest-growing destinations in the world. Tourism in this area has led to the development of facilities such as hotels, restaurants, airports, souvenir shops, etc., and has supported local communities in the form of job opportunities. Recently, the region has shown signs of negative environmental impacts such as overcrowding, poor waste management, security concerns, and the creation of unplanned hotels to meet very high local tourism demand. The results of the study show that Bangladesh has great opportunity for its economy to thrive on tourism and that the internationally recognized legacy of Cox's Bazar has many tourism products to attract tourists from all over the world. However, due to a lack of resources and other reasons, government initiatives are not sufficient to develop tourism in the country. The author attempts to consider some areas that need immediate attention, based on the concept of sustainability. The study methodology is descriptive based on empirical data and a wide range of literature from various disciplines, and it concludes with recommendations that interventions are necessary to develop and modernize Cox's Bazar, including other potential tourism destinations in Bangladesh.

Probability Modeling of Monthly Maximum Sustained Wind Speed in Bangladesh

Wind speed is one the most important parameter of wind energy. However, the probability density functions (pdfs) are usually used to describe the characteristics of wind speed. In literature, several pdfs have been investigated to justify the suitability of modeling the wind speed in different regions all over the world. Therefore, the choice of the pdf is very crucial. This paper, firstly finds the estimates of the parameters of all probability distribution considered in this study to describe wind speed characteristics by using the maximum likelihood method and iterations were carried out with Newton-Raphson technique. Finally, the appropriate pdf for monthly maximum sustained wind speed at Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh is selected with the help of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic, the coefficient of determination , the Chi-square statistic, Root mean square error (RMSE), AIC and BIC. Here, results depict that, among the distributions considered in this study, the Skewed t (ST) distribution provides the best fit to the wind speed data.

Treating Rohingya refugees at Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh

A first-person account of a trip to the huge Rohingyan refugee camp that has sprung up in response to Burmese persecution.

The Pregnant and Lactating Mother’s KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Practice) and Nutritional Care during Antenatal and Postnatal Period in Ukhia, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

The nutritional status of women before, during and after pregnancy contributes a good deal to their own health and, to the health of their children and other family members. In Bangladesh, there is enormous amount of mother and child death and morbidity related to inadequate nutrition, socioeconomic condition, education level, hygienic condition and various care practices. The study was conducted to see the nutritional KAP (knowledge, attitude and practice) during antenatal and postnatal care of the pregnant and lactating mother in Ukhia Upazilla of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh among 337 pregnant and lactating mothers who had at least one child aged less than five years old by random sampling in 2010.The antenatal and postnatal care services availability was observed unsatisfactory. The study revealed that the nutritional lacking was not only poverty stricken, but also their poor knowledge, attitude and practice on health, hygiene, reproductive health, antenatal care, post natal care and nutritious food.

Contribution of Homestead Forests to Rural Economy and Climate Change Mitigation: A Study from the Ecologically Critical Area of Cox’s Bazar—Teknaf Peninsula, Bangladesh

Homestead forests in the Teknaf Peninsula ecologically critical area of Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh have not been widely studied. This paper explores floristic diversity of homestead forests together with their contribution to the household economy and climate change mitigation. Data were collected from a survey of 140 households and a vegetation survey of 70 homesteads in three sites. Villagers allocated 70 % of their homestead area for homestead forestry and altogether 73 plant species were recorded from the study sites. The average density was 4,000 plants/ha. The above-ground biomass was estimated 235.45 Mg/ha, equivalent to 117.73 Mg C/ha. Villagers maintain sustainability of homestead forests by planting seedlings every year and thus ensure several diameter and height classes. Homestead forests contribute substantially to household income, provide fuelwood and timber for own consumption and sale, and protect villagers during cyclones. Homestead forests thus meet the conditions to be a clean development mechanism forestry project which would provide a win–win strategy for involving small-scale farmers in climate change mitigation and adaptation initiatives, and biodiversity conservation.

A Field Study of Factors and Variables Regarding Tour Destination Loyalty of Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh

It is a generally held belief that a tourism destination gets maximum benefit from loyal visitors compared to nonloyal visitors. Although literature on loyalty covers different issues, it lacks a comprehensive study of factors and variables that influence destination loyalty. Therefore, this article aims to investigate the main factors affecting destination loyalty in adopting and applying it to the world's longest beach, Cox's Bazar in Bangladesh. Initially a conceptual destination loyalty framework was developed based on the literature. An exploratory field study utilizing a deductive methodological approach was undertaken by conducting field interviews with 10 experienced visitors from multiple disciplines. Then, we utilized a content analysis based on transcription of the interviews to extract the factors and variables and further developed a loyalty framework. The outcomes of the field interviews identify three new factors (Religious Belief, Seasonal Variation, and Level of Income) that play important roles in destination loyalty judgment. In addition, nine variables (natural beauty, longest beach, reputed place, adjacent attractions, nontraditional items, time, rational price of tourism products, recommendable place, and visit again) are also found to be common and of utmost importance. The article concludes by highlighting the methodological, theoretical, managerial implications, and future research directions.