Bazar District Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Resilience Building after Violent Attack on Buddhist Community: The Case of Ramu in Cox’s Bazar District of Bangladesh

This study delves into the analysis of communal violence in Bangladesh, focusing on the 2012 violent attack on the Buddhist community in Ramu, Cox’s Bazar. It examines the extent to which the attack affected the social cohesion of the local Muslim and Buddhist communities and evaluates the efficacy of post-violence responses for strengthening social cohesion and building resilience. We applied a mixed-method approach by using descriptive statistics from a survey of 300 local people and qualitative data from Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews. Based on an analytical framework of communal violence and resilience-building, this paper argues that communal violence is an ideologically motivated phenomenon that endangers inter-community relations, which cannot be fully recouped as various inadequacies undermine post-violence initiatives. The violent attack on the Buddhist community in Ramu was, in this vein, instigated by rumour and misinformation, igniting communal sentiment using a questionable Facebook post/tagging, intentionally used to mobilise locals and outsiders. Besides immediate consequences such as the destruction of property and the desecration of ancient religious places, it damaged inter-community relations by creating trauma, mistrust, and fear, which ruptured social interaction. The authorities could not prevent the attack due to their inability to understand the gravity of the issue. The immediate recovery support was quick and sufficient. However, it remained limited to reinstating the structures destroyed by the attack. Steps undertaken by different authorities for resilience-building were restricted. Therefore, grassroots people remain unattached in social cohesion building and coexist in subtle discomfort, if not anxiety. Social Science Review, Vol. 40(2), December 2023 Page: 143-170

Prevalence of scabies and its associated environmental risk factors among the Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals living in the Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh

IntroductionThe Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMNs) residing in refugee camps face various health challenges, including a rising prevalence of scabies, exacerbated by overcrowded conditions and limited healthcare access. This study aims to assess scabies prevalence, clinical features, and environmental factors among FDMNs, aiding interventions and recommendations for better health outcomes. MethodologyA cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2023 in six camps of Teknaf/Ukhia Cox's Bazar. Using a multistage sampling technique, 12 blocks were identified, and FDMNs seeking healthcare services from Primary Health Care posts were invited to participate in the study. Participants were adults, and children who volunteered to participate in this study. Scabies diagnosis was based on clinical examinations of exposed body areas by trained health professionals. Data on sociodemographic factors, environmental risk factors, and scabies symptoms were obtained through a semi-structured questionnaire administered by trained interviewers. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression models to explore associations between scabies infection and other explanatory factors. ResultA total of 679 FDMNs participated in the study, with a mean age of 29.13 years. Overall, 66.42 % of participants were diagnosed with scabies. Age, marital status, history of scabies infection, previous skin infection, family history of scabies and skin infection, floor type, pet animal, dust exposure, and seasonal exposure were significantly associated with the scabies infection. Binary logistic regression suggested that having history of scabies infection (OR 3.98, 95 % CI: 1.86 to 8.49, p < 0.001), skin infection (OR 2.46, 95 % CI: 1.32 to 4.58, p = 0.004), having family history of scabies infection (OR 3.06, 95 % CI: 1.29 to 7.23, p = 0.011), family history of skin infection (OR 27.41, 95% CI: 14.46 to 51.97, P < 0.001), having contact with street animal (OR 2.16, 95% CI: 1.27 to 3.66, P = 0.004), and winter season (OR 3.33, 95 % CI: 1.89 to 5.87, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with scabies infection. ConclusionTailored public health measures targeting hygiene, living conditions, and animal contact can mitigate the spread of scabies, particularly among vulnerable groups like Rohingya refugees, necessitating collaboration between stakeholders.

Nutritional status of under-5 Rohingya Children admitted for Diarrheal Diseases at Primary Health Centers in Cox’s Bazar District of Bangladesh

Background: One of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in under-5 children is Diarrhea. Malnutrition, in association with the diarrheal disease, affect children negatively. On 2018, Bangladesh saw massive influx Rohingya people with almost 29% under-5 children. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among children admitted with acute diarrheal diseases at the Primary health Centers at Cox’s Bazar. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among the diarrhea affected under-5 Rohingya children who reported to primary health centers at cox’s bazar. The study was conducted from January to December 2018. Primary caregiver of 276 respondents were interviewed, their hospital records were reviewed. Data were collected by face-toface interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: The majority (60.1%) of the participants were male. Only 2.9% of the participants reported passing of macroscopic blood in stool. Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) was not taken by most of the participants (50.7%), prior to visit to the hospital. The mean (±SD) age was 18.54 (±12.44) months. Among the participants, 14.1% had severe underweight (&lt;-3 WAZ score) and 27.2% had moderate underweight (-3 to &lt;-2 WAZ score). No death was reported, and 97.1% were discharged with advice from the hospital. Statistically significant relationship was found between age of the participants and underweight (p&lt;0.05) with a Moderate effect size (Φ=.21). Conclusion: The study findings would be helpful to identify the need for raising awareness among Rohingya caregiver and help healthcare providers to become more cautious in treating diarrheal patients. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2023;10(1):31-37

Social cohesion and reconciliation between the Rohingya and host communities in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

PurposeThe Rohingyas are forcefully displaced from Myanmar and sheltered in the Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh. They have outnumbered the local people indicating a critical condition of their living situation after the year 2017 influx. The aim of this paper is to present how coexistence has impacted social cohesion and reconciliation among different groups of Rohingyas and host communities.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey was conducted with 903 households through a multistage stratified random sampling. Social cohesion and reconciliation (SCORE) index was measured as a multifaceted theoretical construct based on the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.FindingsThe findings of this study are inclined toward the miracle of social cohesion and reconciliation between the Rohingya and host communities. Also, it is revealed that youth, males and Rohingyas who came before the year 2017 influx are more cohesive. In the host or local community, people having lower income, less education and involvement with the informal sector are revealed as less cohesive.Practical implicationsThis study suggests vocational training as a short-term, cash-for-work as a mid-term and repatriation, proper identity, and protection services as long-term strategic plans to make the two communities more cohesive.Originality/valueThis study focuses on the SCORE indexes with a quantitative format, applying a second-order factor model.

An assessment of gender vulnerability in the humanitarian crisis in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh: Developing a gender-based vulnerability index in the Rohingya and Host community contexts

The massive influx of Rohingya refugees in Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh has created a severe humanitarian crisis, which has been exacerbated by the COVID–19 pandemic. The research focused on the most vulnerable groups (MVGs) of Rohingya and adjacent host communities, such as pregnant and/or lactating women, elderly people (64+ years), persons with disabilities (PWD), single female household heads, and adolescents, with the aim to assess the vulnerability among the MVGs and between the households in both communities by developing a gender-based vulnerability index (GBVI), using data from a cross-sectional study in selected Rohingya camps and surrounding host communities. The GBVI―developed as a linear combination of several indicators under nine different themes reflecting vulnerabilities in humanitarian crises―was used to classify the households of both communities into three levels of vulnerability: low (bottom 33.33%), medium (middle 33.33%) and acute (upper 33.33%). Findings show the intensity of vulnerability is significantly greater among the Rohingya households than those in the host community; almost 65% of Rohingya households were ‘acutely vulnerable’ compared to 2% of host households. In both communities, female-headed households (including single female) are found to be more vulnerable (the highest percentage of households with acute vulnerability), followed by households with elderly and PWDs. Further analysis suggests that households with acute vulnerability in both communities are deprived of receiving certain services, such as COVID–19 monetary support and disability allowances. It is recommended to identify acutely vulnerable households consisting of MVGs from both communities, understand their needs, and implement urgent policies/interventions.

Addition of a new report Acriopsis liliifolia (J. Koenig) Ormerod (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) to the flora of Bangladesh

Occurrence of an epiphytic orchid species viz. Acriopsis liliifolia (J. Koenig) Ormerod was recorded from more than ten countries of the world, but there is no previous report from Bangladesh. Recently it was collected from Fasiakhali Wildlife Sanctuary at Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh, a tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen type of forest close to the coast, and reported here as a new distributional record for Bangladesh. Detailed taxonomic description of the species along with phenology, ecology, geographical distribution, and medicinal value is provided here with illustration and photograph. The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Singapore. In Bangladesh, it may be categorized for time being as Data Deficient according to International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red Listing criteria.

Climate Risks and Truncated Opportunities: How Do Environmental Challenges Intersect with Economic and Social Disadvantages for Rohingya Adolescents in Bangladesh?

Integration of environmental, economic, and social approaches to development is crucial to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Global evidence reflects that this integration is often imbalanced, with development policies and programs in many low- and middle-income countries placing greater emphasis on economic needs than environmental vulnerabilities. Drawing on qualitative research undertaken in mid-2021, this article explores how limited integration of environmental, economic, and social aspects has affected the development of Rohingya refugee adolescents who were forcibly displaced from Myanmar to the Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh. Cox’s Bazar is one of the most climate-vulnerable areas in Bangladesh and is subject to extreme rainfall, landslides, and flash floods. The article highlights the ways in which Rohingya adolescents are highly vulnerable to both the direct and indirect consequences of these environmental conditions due to poverty, and inadequate housing infrastructure and water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities. It discusses the ways in which these environmental challenges intersect with socioeconomic disadvantage, especially limited education, skills development, and livelihood opportunities for young people, which are in turn compounded by limited voice and agency, and a dearth of security and protection measures. For some Rohingya adolescent girls and boys, the findings suggests that these multi-dimensional vulnerabilities place them at risk of exploitation by traffickers, smugglers, extremist groups, and criminals. The article concludes by highlighting the importance of explicitly integrating environmental aspects into policy and programs that support Rohingya adolescents to develop their full capabilities, and encouraging their meaningful participation in policy dialogues and accountability processes.

Livelihood Diversity of Forcibly Displaced Rohingyas Encamped in Bangladesh

This paper assesses the livelihood strategies of the forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals encamped in Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh. Although the predominant source of livelihood of the encamped Rohingya households is supposed to be various sources of assistance and transfer receipts, almost 76 per cent of them report positive income from various sources, including farm activities, enterprises, labour market, remittance, and non-food transfers, despite restrictions on mobility and income generation through employment. While a few of the sources dampen income inequality, others exacerbate it. Similarly, while several factors facilitate participation in income generation both at the extensive and intensive margins, a few others appear to hinder the process. Both the diversity and the level of income appear to be higher for households in the old wave (arrived before 25 August 2017) compared to that in the new wave (arrived after 25 August 2017), possibly due to better integration and adaptation to the local environment and context. The encamped Rohingya households with supplementary earned income and receipts rather than exclusively depending on WFP assistance enjoy relatively better well-being, at least in terms of higher expenditure and dietary diversity. The evidence on the impact of earned income and receipts on household well-being indicators reinforces their appeal for the right to work.

Difficulties faced by older Rohingya (forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals) adults in accessing medical services amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh

BackgroundCOVID-19 has seriously disrupted health services in many countries including Bangladesh. This research aimed to explore whether Rohingya (forcefully displaced Myanmar nationals) older adults in Bangladesh faced difficulties accessing medicines...

Description of a new species of giant guitarfish, Glaucostegus younholeei sp. nov. (Rhinopristiformes: Glaucostegidae) from the northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh.

A new species of giant guitarfish, Glaucostegus younholeei sp. nov., is described from 13 specimens, 730933 mm total length, collected from fish landing center of Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation in Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh. The new species is distinguished from congeners in having the following combination of characters: Body brownish or greyish in color with a narrowly wedge-shaped disc, and long narrow bluntly pointed snout (angle 3140°), and broad oblique nostrils with the narrow anterior opening. Nostrils about half of the mouth width, subequal (0.981.33) to internasal width; ~5557 nasal lamellae; anterior nasal flaps slightly penetrating into internasal space, their interspace 2.20 2.61 in length of the posterior nasal aperture. Orbit very small in adults, diameter 8.1911.62 in preorbital length, 2.252.69 in interorbital space. Rostral ridges almost joined along their entire length; margin of cranium sharply demarcated before eyes. Spiracular folds very short and widely separated. Skin rough, densely covered with small denticles, more coarsely granular on the dorsal surface than ventrally, enlarged between orbits and in a distinct band between nape and first dorsal fin. Tail relatively longer, length 1.151.48 in disc length; dorsal fins narrowly spaced, interspace 1.322.11 in base length of the first dorsal fin. Clasper length in adult male 4.375.70 in total length. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA barcode sequences also shows the clear divergence of Glaucostegus younholeei from other congeneric species obtained from GenBank. A key is provided to the 8 known members including new species of the genus Glaucostegus.

Improving Spatial Agreement in Machine Learning-Based Landslide Susceptibility Mapping

Despite yielding considerable degrees of accuracy in landslide predictions, the outcomes of different landslide susceptibility models are prone to spatial disagreement; and therefore, uncertainties. Uncertainties in the results of various landslide susceptibility models create challenges in selecting the most suitable method to manage this complex natural phenomenon. This study aimed to propose an approach to reduce uncertainties in landslide prediction, diagnosing spatial agreement in machine learning-based landslide susceptibility maps. It first developed landslide susceptibility maps of Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh, applying four machine learning algorithms: K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM), featuring hyperparameter optimization of 12 landslide conditioning factors. The results of all the four models yielded very high prediction accuracy, with the area under the curve (AUC) values range between 0.93 to 0.96. The assessment of spatial agreement of landslide predictions showed that the pixel-wise correlation coefficients of landslide probability between various models range from 0.69 to 0.85, indicating the uncertainty in predicted landslides by various models, despite their considerable prediction accuracy. The uncertainty was addressed by establishing a Logistic Regression (LR) model, incorporating the binary landslide inventory data as the dependent variable and the results of the four landslide susceptibility models as independent variables. The outcomes indicated that the RF model had the highest influence in predicting the observed landslide locations, followed by the MLP, SVM, and KNN models. Finally, a combined landslide susceptibility map was developed by integrating the results of the four machine learning-based landslide predictions. The combined map resulted in better spatial agreement (correlation coefficients range between 0.88 and 0.92) and greater prediction accuracy (0.97) compared to the individual models. The modelling approach followed in this study would be useful in minimizing uncertainties of various methods and improving landslide predictions.

Rohingya Influx and Changing Gender Perception among the Host Community: the Context of Cox’s Bazar of Bangladesh

The paper aims to understand the causes of changing gender perception in Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh after the Rohingya influx. Rohingyas have been playing a significant role in the life and attitude of host communities. The study revealed that Rohingya people and their culture are blending with the local people and culture which eventually is affecting the existing hosts’ tradition and practice. Even this blending is restructuring the socio-economic and religion-cultural practices of the host people. On the other hand, NGOs and INGOs are offering jobs to local women and girls. This opportunity though benefiting the stakeholders’ family is ultimately breaking the long-practiced social and religious structure of the society. By and large, the host people are conservative. Women and girls wear veils and they have no practice to work or job by going outside. So, this type of economic, societal, and cultural empowerment of women and girls sometimes contrasts with religious and social long drilled practices in the host area. Further, families who could not afford to manage any job in the camp feel frustrated and sometimes play a negative impression on the women's and girls’ mobility and job. Hence, the key question of the article is to know why the perception of gender in the host area is changing after the Rohingya arrivals. Methodologically, this is explorative research that followed the qualitative method instrumented with the Case studies, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The paper has also endeavored to address the changing nature of women’s empowerment and gender dimension in the host area that occurred after the Rohingya influx which is not explored yet. Therefore, this study can be a fairy source for posterior researchers.

Translational Strategies to Control and Prevent Spread of COVID-19 in the Rohiynga Refugee Camps in Bangladesh

The highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected 213 countries and territories and six continents as of 1st June 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified this highly pathogenic outbreak as posing a severe health threat to the global population. The disease is particularly concerning for approximately one million Rohingya refugees living in the world’s largest refugee camp in the Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh because of existing poor health determinants. As of 15th May 2020, Bangladesh and UN officials confirmed that ‘two refugees tested positive at the refugee camps in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh where 1,900 other refugees — who may have been in contact with them — are being isolated for tests. Although the incidence rate is low at this stage, epidemiological modelling estimates a mortality rate of 1,500 Rohingya refugees per day. This high rates of mortality warrants to undertake rapid and comprehensive preventative measures to control the COVID-19 outbreak and subsequently reduce aggravating existing humanitarian crisis in the refugee camp. This paper highlights epidemiological insights into the need for a rapid response to COVID-19 in the refugee camps. Subsequently, it offers community, health, and political level-recommendations to help control the spread of COVID-19 among the extremely vulnerable Rohingya refugees. This paper draws upon secondary sources of data, grey literature, published studies as well as personal communication with field officers to offer translational strategies to control and prevent the spread of COVID 19 in the camps.

Oral Health of the Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh and the COVID-19 Pandemic

Approximately a million Rohingya refugees from the Rakhine State, Myanmar is residing at refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh. Whereas maintaining the general health and hygiene of these refugees residing in the densely-crowded camps are highly challenging, maintaining their oral health is often neglected. Angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE-2) receptors play an essential role in spreading the COVID-19. Hence, it is present in the oral cavity, predominantly in the tongue, and oral mucosa may predispose to infection with 2019-nCoV. Here, we have highlighted the importance of regular monitoring and improving the oral health of the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh and how it may contribute to preventive measures in spreading this highly contagious disease.

English

The present study is aimed at investigating clinical poultry diseases in an Upazila Government Veterinary Hospital of Bangladesh through passive surveillance and to know the frequency distribution of antimicrobial drugs prescription pattern. The study was conducted in Ramu Upazila Government Veterinary Hospital under Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh from February to March, 2016. A total of 180 cases including 73 broiler, 84 layer, 18 duck and 5 pigeon were included in this study. Diseases were diagnosed based on clinical history, clinical signs, post mortem lesions and rapid kit test. The most prevalent diseases were Newcastle disease (ND) 17.8% (95% CI 12-24%), colibacillosis 11.5% (95% CI 6-17%), infectious bursal disease (IBD) 10.8% (95% CI 6-16%) and aspergillosis 9.6% (95% CI 5-14%) in broiler and layer chickens; duck plague 69.6% (95% CI 49-90%) in duck and pigeon pox 13% (95% CI 0.2-24%) in pigeon. Regarding production type, the prevalence of colibacillosis, IBD and aspergillosis was significantly higher in broiler chickens (17.8, 19.2 and 16.4%) when compared with layer chickens (6.0, 3.6 and 3.6%) (p<0.05). On the contrary, ND and avian influenza (AI) were significantly greater in layer (27.4 and 10.7%) than broiler chickens (6.8 and 1.4%). Within age group, aspergillosis and omphalitis were higher at 1 to 10 days age groups while IBD and ND were greater in older age groups. In layer chickens, the prevalence of ND, AI, salmonellosis and fowl cholera were recorded higher in number between the ages of 9 and 83 weeks. Among the antibiotic drugs, ciprofloxacin (46.7%), colistin (42.2%), trimethoprim and sulphur drug (37.8%) were mostly prescribed to treat the diseases. Poor biosecurity practices and lack of appropriate laboratory diagnostic facilities are associated with these disease distributions in the study area. Strict biosecurity and continuous surveillance program can minimize the disease prevalence. Key words: Poultry diseases, veterinary hospital, antimicrobial drugs, Bangladesh, surveillance.

Change of Vegetation Cover at Rohingya Refugee Occupied Areas in Cox’s Bazar District of Bangladesh: Evidence from Remotely Sensed Data

Nearly one million Rohingya Refugees are living in Cox’s Bazar—a south-eastern district of Bangladesh; among them, more than half a million have fled Myanmar since August 2017. There are always some impacts of refugee settlements on the host environment. Hence, this study has made an initiative to investigate the changes of vegetation covers in four refugee occupied Unions of Teknaf and Ukhia Upazila. Analysing the remotely sensed Landsat imageries using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index method, the spatial extent of sparse vegetation, moderate vegetation, and dense vegetation before and after the occurrence of 2017 Influx have been quantified. The result reveals that nearly 21,000 acres of dense vegetation and more than 1700 acres of moderate vegetation have been reduced within the period of one year in-between 2017 and 2018. On the other hand, during the same period, the refugee sites have been expanded by almost 6000 acres. The main reasons for this drastic reduction of vegetation include the construction of refugee camps by felling the forest and consumption of firewood by refugees from the surrounding forest of their camps. Arrangement of alternative cooking fuel, relocation of refugees, reforestation, and accelerating the repatriation process may reduce the further degradation of vegetation.&#x0D; J. Environ. Sci. &amp; Natural Resources, 11(1-2): 9-16 2018

History of Rakhine State and the Origin of Rohingya Muslims

Myanmar is a resource-rich country especially in oil and gas. The country is involved in ethnic conflicts since its independence in 1948. Recently violation of human rights against the Rohingya Muslims become severs. The main cause of Rohingya crisis is a question about its origin. Rakhine (or Arakan) is a State located in the west coast of Myanmar. The population of Arakan State is largely agrarian and more than 43.5% live below the poverty line. The Rohingya, a Muslim ethnic minority group in Rakhine, consider as the most persecuted, vulnerable, and oppressed minorities around the globe. Recently, the persecution on Rohingya Muslims has increased due to Buddhist nationalism in Myanmar. Rohingyas are continued to suffer from several forms of restrictions and human rights violations in Myanmar due to deny Myanmar citizenship. They are victim of various oppressions, such as, arbitrary taxation, land confiscation, destruction of mosques, torture and ill-treatment, extrajudicial executions, restrictions on movements, forced eviction and house destruction, forced laborers on roads and at military camps, and financial restrictions on marriage. Oppression on Rohingya started since 1962, when General Ne Win took power of Myanmar after a coup. Since the 1970s, a number of crackdowns on the Rohingya in Rakhine have forced hundreds of thousands to flee to neighboring countries. Sever Rohingya oppression took place in 2017 and 2018. More than one million Rohingya have migrated in Kutupalong-Balukhali, and Nayapara refugee camps, respectively, in Ukhia, and Teknaaf of Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh. This article deals with the origin of Rohingyas and their citizenship in the Rakhine State of Myanmar.

Seroprevalence of Salmonella Infection in Commercial Layer Chickens in Cox’s Bazar District, Bangladesh

Salmonellosis is a zoonotic disease, usually transmitted from animal to human and vice versa and causes huge economic losses in poultry industry of Bangladesh. This study was aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of Salmonella infection in commercial layer farms of Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh, during the period from February to April, 2016. A total of 200 blood samples were collected from 20 farms of 4 randomly selected upazillas of Cox’s Bazar considering the age groups, and flock sizes. Rapid serum plate agglutination test was done and 42% chickens were found positive for Salmonella infection. With respect to age groups, the seroprevalence was higher (68%) in adults compared to young (20%) chickens. However, the seroprevalence of Salmonella infection was recorded remarkably (54.28%) in large flocks compared to small flocks. In conclusion, we can say that, Salmonella infection is prevalent in the commercial layer chickens of Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh. Appropriate measures and strategies should be taken for successful prevention and control of this disease in Bangladesh.

Gender-based violence among Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh: a public health challenge.

On August 25, 2017, the military and paramilitary forces of Myanmar launched "clearance operations" against the Rohingya population in Rakhine state of Myanmar. In the resulting humanitarian crisis, a Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) report estimated that the number of deaths crossed 9000 within the first 31 days of these "operations". In addition to mass murder, other atrocities including burning down of residences, torture, rape, kidnapping continued to be practised on the Rohingya living in Myanmar. Those who could escape, braved great risks to cross the border between Bangladesh and Myanmar to seek refuge in Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh. Currently, the number of refugees living in temporary camps has crossed one million, and local and international agencies are attempting to support them with basic living amenities and medical care. Their physical and mental health status is a global concern calling for immediate action. The magnitude of violence has been much higher among the adolescent girls and women of reproductive age.

Studies on the Proximate Composition, Quality and Heavy Metal Concentration of Sun-dried Bombay Duck and Sun-dried Ribbon Fish of Cox’s Bazar District of Bangladesh

Proximate composition, quality aspect and heavy metal concentration of sun-dried Bombay Duck (Harpodon nehereus) and sun-dried Ribbon fish (Trichiurus haumela) were studied in a series of laboratory experiments. Sun-dried fishes were collected from a fish market of Cox‟s Bazar town. These sun-dried marine fishes were collected from the stock after first drying procedure. Organoleptically most of these sun-dried fishes were in „B‟ grade that means in „Good‟ condition (SDP 2.33 and 2.35 respectively). Crude Protein, Lipid, Moisture, Ash, TVB-N and TMA-N content (%) of sun-dried Bombay Duck (Harpodon nehereus) was 32.21±1.05 %, 3.51±0.38 %, 37.26±0.70 %, 16.22±0.56 %, 115.45±1.73 mg/100g, 9.37±0.13 mg/100g respectively. Whereas in sun-dried Ribbon fish (Trichiurus haumela) the content (%) of Crude Protein, Lipid, Moisture, Ash, TVB-N and TMA-N was 31.64±1.28 %, 5.06±0.10 %, 35.78±0.97 %, 12.33±0.27 %, 107.69±1.37 mg/100g and 9.91±0.23 mg/100g respectively. Heavy metal concentration i.e. Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn concentration (ppm) in sun-dried Bombay Duck (Harpodon nehereus) was 0.82, 8.38, 8.28, 2.21, 55.38 ppm. Whereas heavy metal concentration (ppm) in sun-dried Ribbon fish (Trichiurus haumela) was Cd 0.48 ppm, Cr 6.96 ppm, Pb 5.46 ppm, Cu 1.40 ppm, Zn 19.95 ppm.J. Environ. Sci. &amp; Natural Resources, 10(1): 55-60 2017