Bay-substituted Perylene Bisimide Research Articles

Modulating the Conduction Band Energies of Si Electrode Interfaces Functionalized with Monolayers of a Bay-Substituted Perylene Bisimide.

The confinement of π-conjugated chromophores on silicon (Si) electrode surfaces is a powerful approach to engineer electroresponsive monolayers relevant to microelectronics, electrocatalysis, and information storage and processing. While common strategies to functionalize Si interfaces exploit molecularly dissolved building blocks, only a handful number of studies have leveraged the structure-function relationships of π-aggregates to tune the electronic structures of hybrid monolayers at Si interfaces. Herein, we show that the semiconducting properties of n-type monolayers constructed on Si electrodes are intimately correlated to the initial aggregation state of π-conjugated chromophore precursors derived from bay-substituted perylene bisimide (PBI) units. Specifically, our study unravels that for n-type monolayers engineered using PBI π-aggregates, the cathodic reduction potentials required to inject negative charge carriers into the conduction bands can be stabilized by 295 mV through reversible switching of the maximum anodic potential (MAP) that is applied during the oxidative cycles (+0.5 or +1.5 V vs Ag/AgCl). This redox-assisted stabilization effect is not observed with n-type monolayers derived from molecularly dissolved PBI cores and monolayers featuring a low surface density of the redox-active probes. These findings unequivocally point to the crucial role played by PBI π-aggregates in modulating the conduction band energies of n-type monolayers where a high MAP of +1.5 V enables the formation of electronic trap states that facilitate electron injection when sweeping back to cathodic potentials. Because the structure-function relationships of PBI π-aggregates are shown to modulate the semiconducting properties of hybrid n-type monolayers constructed at Si interfaces, our results hold promising opportunities to develop redox-switchable monolayers for engineering nonvolatile electronic memory devices.

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Novel, one bay-substituted perylene bisanhydride (6) and two bay-substituted perylene bisimides (7, 10) have been successfully synthesized with a large and swallow tail type, 2-decyl-1-tetradecanoyl substituents at the bay area (1 and 7 positions). The non-bay-substituted perylene bisimides with the same N-substituents were prepared as model compounds (3, 9) for comparison. Absorption and fluorescence, electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, morphological properties of the compounds were investigated, and then, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were conducted. The compounds 6, 7 and 10 have shown J-aggregated featureless, very broad absorbance through the UV–vis-NIR region with a strong fluorescence quenching attributed to efficient intramolecular electron transfer from electron donor 2-decyl-1-tetradecanoyl substituent to PDI acceptor and scaffolds allow π–π intermolecular interactions, induced molecular aggregation. The absolute positions of LUMO and HOMO values for 3, 9, 6, 7 and 10 in solutions were −3.91/−6.09 eV, −3.93/−6.08 eV, −4.02/−5.90 eV, −4.02/−5.91 eV and −4.02/−5.97 eV, respectively. The onset reduction potential of compounds 6, 7 and 10 are lower than those of compounds 3 and 9. Similarly, the onset oxidation potential values of the compounds 6, 7 and 10 are smaller than those of the non-bay-substituted perylene dyes 3 and 9. The synthesized compounds (3 with 7; 9 with 10) can be exploited as an off-on fluorescence probes for photonic applications.

Thienyl/phenyl bay-substituted perylenebisimides: Intersystem crossing and application as heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers

Different perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (abbreviated as perylenebisimides, or simply PBI) compounds (MT-PBI, DT-PBI, MP-PBI and DP-PBI) with thienyl and phenyl substituents at the bay position were prepared to study the effect of substitution on the photophysical properties, especially the intersystem crossing (ISC) efficacy. We found that the derivative with a monothienyl substituent (MT-PBI) shows efficient ISC (singlet oxygen quantum yield ΦΔ = 72%) and longer triplet state lifetime (τT = 64.4 μs) as compared to reference compounds (derivative with monophenyl substituent at bay position, MP-PBI, ΦΔ = 23% and τT = 48.5 μs). Theoretical computations reveal that the ISC efficiency is dependent on the magnitude of the spin orbit couplings (SOC) between the singlet and triplet excited states, and the SOC matrix element is up to 2 cm−1 for compound showing the highest ISC efficiency. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra show the ISC rate constant of 8 × 109 s−1 for MT-PBI, and no charge transfer exists. Photo-driven electron transfer was observed with the PBI derivatives in the presence of sacrificial electron donor triethanolamine (TEOA), and reversible formation of PBI radical anion (PBI−•) was observed, which shows absorption in the range of 600 nm–800 nm and 900 nm–1000 nm. Delayed fluorescence (P-type) in MT-PBI was also observed (τT = 31.0 μs). These finding are useful for the design of PBI-derived heavy atom-free compounds to be used as triplet photosensitizers.

Swallow tail bay-substituted novel perylene bisimides: Synthesis, characterization, photophysical and electrochemical properties and DFT studies

Novel, one bay-substituted perylene bisanhydride (6) and two bay-substituted perylene bisimides (7, 10) have been successfully synthesized with a large and swallow tail type, 2-decyl-1-tetradecanoyl substituents at the bay area (1 and 7 positions). The non-bay-substituted perylene bisimides with the same N-substituents were prepared as model compounds (3, 9) for comparison. Absorption and fluorescence, electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, morphological properties of the compounds were investigated, and then, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were conducted. The compounds 6, 7 and 10 have shown J-aggregated featureless, very broad absorbance through the UV–vis-NIR region with a strong fluorescence quenching attributed to efficient intramolecular electron transfer from electron donor 2-decyl-1-tetradecanoyl substituent to PDI acceptor and scaffolds allow π–π intermolecular interactions, induced molecular aggregation. The absolute positions of LUMO and HOMO values for 3, 9, 6, 7 and 10 in solutions were −3.91/−6.09 eV, −3.93/−6.08 eV, −4.02/−5.90 eV, −4.02/−5.91 eV and −4.02/−5.97 eV, respectively. The onset reduction potential of compounds 6, 7 and 10 are lower than those of compounds 3 and 9. Similarly, the onset oxidation potential values of the compounds 6, 7 and 10 are smaller than those of the non-bay-substituted perylene dyes 3 and 9. The synthesized compounds (3 with 7; 9 with 10) can be exploited as an off-on fluorescence probes for photonic applications.

Solvent-Modulated Charge-Transfer Resonance Enhancement in the Excimer State of a Bay-Substituted Perylene Bisimide Cyclophane.

Excimer, a configurational mixing between Frenkel exciton and charge-transfer resonance states, is typically regarded as a trap state that hinders desired energy or charge-transfer processes in artificial molecular assemblies. However, in recent days, the excimer has received much attention as a functional intermediate in the excited-state dynamics such as singlet fission or charge-separation processes. In this work, we show that the relative contribution to charge-transfer resonance of the excimer state in a bay-substituted perylene bisimide dimer cyclophane can be modulated by dielectric properties of the solvents employed. Solvent-dependent time-resolved fluorescence and absorption measurements reveal that an enhancement of charge-transfer resonance in the excimer state is reflected by incomplete symmetry-breaking charge-separation processes from the structurally relaxed excimer state by means of dipolar solvation processes in the high dielectric environment.

Dynamic DNA architectures: spontaneous DNA strand exchange and self-sorting driven by perylene bisimide interactions.

Three differently bay-substituted perylene bisimides together with the conventional unsubstituted chromophore were synthetically incorporated as homodimers in DNA double strands. If preannealed DNA duplexes with two different perylene bisimide homodimers are mixed together they undergo spontaneous DNA strand exchange. The dynamic self-sorting forms DNA architectures preferentially with perylene bisimide heterodimers and can be controlled by the electronic density in the chromophores.

Transition metal complexes of axially chiral tetrathioether bay-substituted perylene bisimide dyes

Nucleophilic substitution of 1,6,7,12-tetrachloro perylene bisimide (PBI) with n-butanethiol provided a novel, highly twisted PBI bearing four sulphur coordination sites at the bay positions, from which silver and palladium complexes were prepared.

Quantum Chemical Parametrization and Spectroscopic Characterization of the Frenkel Exciton Hamiltonian for a J-Aggregate Forming Perylene Bisimide Dye

Quantum chemical and quantum dynamical calculations are performed for a bay-substituted perylene bisimide dye up to its hexameric aggregate. The aggregate structure is determined by employing the self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) approach including dispersion corrections. It is characterized by a stabilization via two chains of hydrogen bonds facilitated by amide functionalities. Focusing on the central embedded dimer, the Coulomb coupling for this J-aggregate is determined by means of the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to be -514 cm(-1). Exciton vibrational coupling is treated within the shifted oscillator model from which five strongly coupled modes per monomer are selected for inclusion into a minimal dynamic model. Performing wave packet propagations for a model employing up to 7 electronic states and 30 vibrational modes using the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method, aggregate absorption spectra are obtained and compared to experiment.

Bay-substituted perylene bisimide dye with an undistorted planar scaffold and outstanding solid state fluorescence properties

Single crystal X-ray analysis reveals a flat perylene π-scaffold for a perylene bisimide bearing bulky 2,6-diphenylphenoxy substituents at the 1,7 bay positions. The flat structure provides sharp vibronic progressions in the absorption and fluorescence spectra, the sterical shielding outstanding fluorescence quantum yields in the solid state.

Air stable electron-transporting and ambipolar bay substituted perylene bisimides

Four new perylene bisimides containing carbazolyl and triphenylamino electron-donor groups in the bay region have been designed, synthesized and characterized. The materials possess high thermal stability and form uniform films. They display a wide absorption window extending to the near infrared region of the spectrum and demonstrate efficient photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer. Ionization potential values of these perylene bisimide derivatives measured by photoelectron spectroscopy range from 5.8 eV to 6 eV. Charge-transporting properties were investigated by the xerographic time of flight (XTOF) technique. Complementary ambipolar charge-transport was observed in differently linked carbazolyl substituted perylene bisimides while the triphenylamino substituted material exhibited competent electron drift mobility (>10−3 cm2 V−1 cm−1) under ambient conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for carbazolyl bay substituted perylene bisimides in order to understand the complementary ambipolar charge transport as well as the difference in the optical properties.

Supramolecular p-n-heterojunctions by co-self-organization of oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) and perylene bisimide dyes.

Comparative studies on hydrogen-bonded versus covalently linked donor-acceptor-donor dye arrays obtained from oligo(p-phenylene vinylene)s (OPVs) as donor and bay-substituted perylene bisimides (PERYs) as acceptor dyes are presented. Both systems form well-ordered J-type aggregates in methylcyclohexane, but only hydrogen-bonded arrays afford hierarchically assembled chiral OPV-PERY dye superstructures consisting of left-handed helical pi-pi co-aggregates (CD spectroscopy) of the two dyes that further assemble into right-handed nanometer-scale supercoils in the solid state (AFM study). In the case of hydrogen-bonded arrays, the stability of the aggregates in solution increases with increasing conjugation length of the OPV unit. The well-defined co-aggregated dyes presented here exhibit photoinduced electron transfer on subpicosecond time scale, and thus, these supramolecular entities might serve as valuable nanoscopic functional units.