Bawean Deer Research Articles

Population trend and ecology of the most isolated deer in the world, Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii): conservation challenges

The Bawean deer plays a vital role in its small and isolated ecosystem as a herbivore and effective seed disperser, as well as holds cultural importance to the local community. However, the ecology of this Critically Endangered deer is poorly studied. Using random encounter and occupancy modeling based on 29,350 camera trap days between 2017 and 2019, we aimed to provide population estimates, habitat preferences, and behavioral data for this species. The population was 120–277 mature individuals, much less than the number in 1978. The density of Bawean deer could be related to the type of forest and the predation by free-roaming dogs as well as other factors such as the increase of wild pigs on Bawean Island. According to the best occupancy model, the tall and community forests far from human settlements are the most suitable areas for this species. Bawean deer is mainly crepuscular with significant daytime activity. Our results point out free-roaming dogs as a major threat to the native mammal community on Bawean island. We suggest the Bawean deer be listed as Critically Endangered following criteria B1a,b (ii, iii, v) of IUCN. Therefore, effective law enforcement and an adequate conservation strategy, including free-roaming dog control, are required to reduce the impacts of both direct and indirect threats.

AGEING AND THE AMOUNT OF DNA EXTRACTED FROM BAWEAN DEER (A xis kuhlii ) FECES

Noninvasive genetic sampling is the most reliable approach to collect endangered species which are typically rare and elusive. However, the approach is hampered by poor quality and quantity of DNA amount, and therefore, a pilot study is required. Our current short communication article reports the first noninvasive genetic sampling approach using feces of critically endangered Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) to test the effect of aging on the amount of DNA extraction. Fecal samples of the Bawean deer were collected from the Bawean Deer Captive Unit in Sangkapura Village, Bawean Island, East Java. The samples were grouped into two different categories, namely: 1) New samples: for feces that had just been expelled for less than a day and 2) Old samples: for feces that were estimated to have been expelled for more than a day. There were 11 New samples and 16 Old samples. The samples were extracted using the QIAGEN Mini Stool Kit. The DNA quantification was carried out by using a fluorometer. The results of the extraction between the two categories were analyzed by the Kruskal Wallis test. The results showed that the mean rank value of the New samples was better (15.27) than the Old samples (13.13). The P value of the Kruskal Wallis test, however, was higher than the Asymp significant value, indicating that there was no meaningful differences (P = 0.49) between the two samples categories. The work described in this short communication article is a preliminary result and an important step in the study of Bawean deer population genetic.

Detection of Fertility Levels of Female Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) Based on Fecal Steroid Metabolic

The aim of the study was to detect the fertility level of females Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) through fecal steroid metabolic which were tested using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The study used five females Bawean deer in Taman Flora Surabaya, which were marked using R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 necklaces. The feces of each deer was collected on the 1st day, 6th day, 11th day, 16th day, and 21st day. The samples which were collected then extracted using the freeze dry method. Samples were tested using ELISA. The results of the measurement of the levels of fecal steroid metabolic in five Bawean deers showed that three Bawean deer (R1, R4, and R5) were in the luteal or pregnant phase as indicated by the increased of progesterone from 1st day to 21st day. While the other two Bawean deer (R2 and R3) were in the follicular or estrous phase as indicated by the decreased of level of faecal steroid metabolic on 11th day for deer R2 and 16th day for deer R3. The results showed that the levels of the fecal steroid metabolic can be used to determine the follicular phase and luteal phase and the pregnancy status of female Bawean deer.

Factors influencing the activity patterns of two deer species and their response to predators in two protected areas in Indonesia

Facing change of environmental conditions, the activity rhythm of animals may habituate. Remote cameras were used to quantify Bawean deer and red muntjac activity patterns and to examined differences by season, sex and lunar cycle to respond predator presence, in Bawean Island and Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia. Photographs of Bawean deer (n = 118) were taken during March to November 2014 and for red muntjac (n = 4,142) were taken during January 2013 to July 2014. Data were analyzed by using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) to test the relationship between activity patterns and the lunar cycle, further, the pattern of daily activity overlap between deer and their predators calculated by kernel density estimation. The number of captures by camera trapping were less for both sexes of both deer in wet season. Male and female Bawean deer were active throughout the day and night during all seasons, with several activity peaks during the 24h period, while male and female red muntjac show diurnal activity levels with higher peaks 1h after sunrise until 1h before sunset. There was no significant difference in activities between males and females for both deer. The amount of nocturnal activity corresponding to differences in nocturnal luminosity for Bawean deer varied, but not for the red muntjac. Free-roaming dog and Bawean deer presented opposite peak activities, while dhole as (the predator of the red muntjac) and red muntjac were both cathemeral. The differences between the two similar-sized species could be closely related to reduction of predation risk and increasing foraging success.

Karakter Morfologi Rambut Kelompok Cervidae Indonesia

Identification through animal hair character is one of a very important forensic tool given the high level of animal trade in Indonesia, one of which is the deer family (Cervidae). Indonesia has four species of Cervidae, there are Rusa timorensis (Javan deer), Rusa unicolor (Sambar deer), Muntiacus muntjak (Barking deer) and Axis kuhlii (Rusa Bawean). Until now, no information about the morphological character of Indonesian cervidae’s hair. In this study, we used 30 shaft/individual/species from Javan deer (8 individuals), Sambar deer (5 individuals), Barking deer (5 individuals) and Bawean deer (5 individual) from specimens collection of Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and field collections. Hairs were analyzed for macroscopic and microscopic, with several parameters of morphology, cuticular structure, medula, cross-section, and medullary index. The result showed that the special character of this family was filled lattice medulla structure and can be used for species identification.

Identification of Gastrointestinal Worms Egg on Spotted Deer (Axis axis) and Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) at Wonorejo Bibit Park and Surabaya Flora Park

The purpose of this study was to identify the type of gastrointestinal worms egg of Spotted Deer (Axis axis) and Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) at Wonorejo Bibit Park and Surabaya Floral Park. The research was conducted in October-December 2017 used total 50 specimen of sample faeces, 40 sample faeces from Surabaya Flora Park and 10 sample faeces from Wonorejo Bibit Park, the samples analyzed at the Department of Parasitology Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University. The results showed that the degree of helmint gastrointestinal in Bawean Deer and Spoted Deer at Wonorejo Bibit Park showed 0% while at the Surabaya Flora Park is 15%. The type of worm found were Trematoda class it was Fasciola sp. The resuls of the analysis used Chi-Square test and showed no significantly differences degree of gastrointestinal helminth infection (p>0.05) .

Timor Deer (Cervus Timorensis) Arrest System Marind People with Tidal Local Wisdom

Deer are wildlife that has economic value because it can produce meat, leather, and velvet (young horn). Deer populations in nature have decreased due to uncontrolled wild poaching and damage to habitat. Indonesia has five types of deer, i.e., Cervus unicolor, Cervus timorensis, Axis kuhlii, Muntiacus Muntjak, and Axis axis (deer total). However, deer in Indonesia that have the opportunity to be empowered, there are several types, namely Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor and Axis axis, and in Merauke, especially in the had tribe0 has its distinctive characteristic in the process of catching deer. The purpose of the study was to know the pattern of deer arrest by the Malind tribe. The method used in this research is to conduct surveys and Wawan ways as well as observation of the field, the data in the analysis in a descriptive approach to conclude the investigation. The results showed that the pattern of deer caught in the Marind tribe traditionally done with snares, bamboo rinsing, as well as patterns carried out covering the forest burning Sawvana in the dry season of the cattle, besieged fire and dwelling on the land, and the season The community rained to the deck area (dense forest) that became the deer's dwelling and avoided the puddle of the sea, and the community captured it quickly. The chance of this research is the process of catching deer, in general, is done by the had in 2 ways that in the summer by burning and drought with the trap system.

Penentuan Pakan Rusa Bawean dengan Analisis Kotoran, di Pulau Bawean

The research was conducted in the Bawean island, East Java, where endemic Bawean deer’s inhabited naturally. The objective was to assess what kind of plant species as food resources in natural habitat of Bawean deer. The most Bawean deer habitats particularly lowland forests, are under the greatest pressure. Logging and land conversion have caused dramatic decreases in the forest cover of Bawean island, mainly in lowland, and forest margins are progressively shifting towards higher elevations. In that conditions, therefore a management practices should be implemented soon, for improving deer habitat. This study was focused on availability of food resources in the natural habitat of Bawean deer. Using indirect methods in the field to assess the remaining of food resources, which was consumed by Bawean deer, and fecal analysis was executed for identifying food deer items. The result, there were many species of plants as a food resources including Imperata cylindrical (lalang), Pericampylus glaucus (ancucu), Caryota mitis (andudur), Discorea hispida (gadung), Symplocos adenophylla (kayu sape), Coelorhachis muricata (lampedung), Scheria hebecarpa (lanting-lantingan), Paspalum cunyugatum (lambu merah), Argyera mollis (rombok putih), Lygodium circinnatum (taliata), Nephrolepis hirsitula (rending-rendang), Tridax procumbens (kenci-kencian), Brachiaria distachya (kabak-kabakan alas), Frimbrisyllis dichotoma (lente-lentean). The availability of those food resources was affected by season i.e., dry and rainy season, and the feeding habit of Bawean deers can allow adapting to the habitat condition. Based on that figure the Bawean deers may have so many several of food items in their natural habitat.

Identification of Gastrointestinal Endoparasite in Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) and Spotted Deer (Axis axis) at Bratang Flora Park – Surabaya

The purpose of this study is to identify the endoparasites of Spotted Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) and Deer (Axis axis ) at Surabaya Flora Park. The research was conducted in December 2018 - January 2019 used total 60 specimen of sample faeces, consist of 30 sample of bawean deers faeces and 30 sample of spoted deers faeces, the samples analyzed at the Department of Parasitology Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. The results of the study found positive endoparasites on examination, samples of Bawean deer faeces (Axis kuhlii) and Spotted deer faeces(Axis axis) in Baratang Flora Park Surabaya found that 26 positive samples from 60 samples were obtained. Positive endoparasitic samples are protozoa at the stage of oocyst, namely Eimeria sp. 6 (10%) samples, worm eggs from the Nematoda class, Haemonchus sp. 20 (33.33%) and whereas endoparasites from other stages and classes were not found. The results of the analysis used Chi-Square test and showed no significantly differences degree of gastrointestinal endoparasite infection of Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) and Spotted deer (Axis axis) (p>0.05).

Bawean Island Citizens' Perception and Attitude toward the Existence of Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) and Its Habitat

Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) is an Indonesian endemic - animal species that is categorized as Critically Endangered by IUCN and listed on Appendices I by CITES. This study aims to analyse Bawean citizens' perceptions and attitude to forest and the Bawean deer. The study was conducted by direct interviews and field observations. The respondents were determined by purposive sampling and quota sampling resulted in 191 respondents. The result indicates that the Bawean citizens have a low education level. Some of them finished education after elementary school (39.89%) and have not even completed this level 41.49%. Most of the Bawean citizens work as farmers (62.23%) and rely on the forest for their livelihoods, such as hunting for fresh meat. It is concluded that the educational background and well-being level of the Bawean citizens influence the perception of Bawean deer and wildlife reserve forest. Further, it will affect the existence and sustainability of the forest ecosystem. The citizens' attitudes towards the environment will be favourable if they have a high education level and forest supervision is held continuously.

Ecology and conservation of the endemic Bawean warty pig Sus verrucosus blouchi and Bawean deer Axis kuhlii

AbstractThe island of Bawean, Indonesia, is home to the endemic Bawean warty pig Sus verrucosus blouchi and Bawean deer Axis kuhlii. Despite their threatened status, no long-term monitoring programme is in place for either species. Using random encounter and occupancy modelling based on 4,516 camera-trap days in 2014 and 2015 we aimed to provide population estimates and ecological data, including habitat preferences, for these species. For the Bawean warty pig we estimate an overall population size of 234–467 mature individuals and demonstrate a negative correlation between probability of occupancy and distance from villages. This preference for human-modified habitat has implications for human–wildlife conflict and hunting pressure for this species. The population of the Bawean deer could not be estimated because of the low number of encounters, but we suggest that this indicates the population is considerably smaller than previously reported. As island endemics, the Bawean warty pig and Bawean deer are particularly vulnerable to threats, and appropriate measures for safeguarding the species need to be taken.

Factors affecting seasonal habitat use, and predicted range of two tropical deer in Indonesian rainforest

There is an urgent recognized need for conservation of tropical forest deer. In order to identify some environmental factors affecting conservation, we analyzed the seasonal habitat use of two Indonesian deer species, Axis kuhlii in Bawean Island and Muntiacus muntjak in south-western Java Island, in response to several physical, climatic, biological, and anthropogenic variables. Camera trapping was performed in different habitat types during both wet and dry season to record these elusive species. The highest number of photographs was recorded in secondary forest and during the dry season for both Bawean deer and red muntjac. In models, anthropogenic and climatic variables were the main predictors of habitat use. Distances to cultivated area and to settlement were the most important for A. kuhlii in the dry season. Distances to cultivated area and annual rainfall were significant for M. muntjak in both seasons. Then we modelled their predictive range using Maximum entropy modelling (Maxent). We concluded that forest landscape is the fundamental scale for deer management, and that secondary forests are potentially important landscape elements for deer conservation. Important areas for conservation were identified accounting of habitat transformation in both study areas.

Population size, distribution and status of the remote and Critically Endangered Bawean deer Axis kuhlii

AbstractConservation of rare ungulates requires reliable population size estimates and distribution maps for prioritizing investments and assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures. We used both camera trapping and a random encounter model approach, and faecal pellet group counts, to update the range and population size of the Bawean deer Axis kuhlii in the Bawean Island Nature Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary, Indonesia. We studied 2-month periods to fulfil the assumption of population closure. Both methods provided similar population density estimates (higher in the dry season) of c. 227–416 individuals. The estimated range of the species is significantly narrower than previously reported. The main threats (habitat loss as a result of illegal logging, and disturbance by dogs and hunters) are ongoing. Based on these results we suggest that the species should retain its Critically Endangered status on the IUCN Red List.

Benefit of camera trapping for surveying the critically endangered Bawean deerAxis kuhlii(Temminck, 1836)

Despite being one of the rarest deer in the world, the critically endangered Bawean deer Axis kuhlii has received little conservation attention. Fauna monitoring is usually limited by lack of resource; therefore, the choice of a relevant methodology is fundamental to maximize the cost–benefit ratio. We compared the performance and cost of three direct and indirect methods to survey Bawean deer in protected areas of Bawean Island. Camera trapping provided a high number of records of Bawean deer (118 for 5500 camera days) and ascertained identifications of several other species. The number of photographs increased with the dry season. Transect sampling was time-consuming in the field for a poor result (two records for 19.200 h). Faecal pellet group count was more successful (80 pellet groups for 9.600 h of fieldwork). Camera traps are expensive to buy, but they lighten the field work and provide much data for further analyses.

The difference conservation makes to extinction risk of the world's ungulates.

Previous studies show that conservation actions have prevented extinctions, recovered populations, and reduced declining trends in global biodiversity. However, all studies to date have substantially underestimated the difference conservation action makes because they failed to account fully for what would have happened in the absence thereof. We undertook a scenario-based thought experiment to better quantify the effect conservation actions have had on the extinction risk of the world's 235 recognized ungulate species. We did so by comparing species' observed conservation status in 2008 with their estimated status under counterfactual scenarios in which conservation efforts ceased in 1996. We estimated that without conservation at least 148 species would have deteriorated by one International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List category, including 6 species that now would be listed as extinct or extinct in the wild. The overall decline in the conservation status of ungulates would have been nearly 8 times worse than observed. This trend would have been greater still if not for conservation on private lands. While some species have benefited from highly targeted interventions, such as reintroduction, most benefited collaterally from conservation such as habitat protection. We found that the difference conservation action makes to the conservation status of the world's ungulate species is likely to be higher than previously estimated. Increased, and sustained, investment could help achieve further improvements.

Tingkat Kesukaan Rusa Bawean (Axis kuhlii) terhadap Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan Bawah di Suaka Margasatwa dan Cagar Alam Pulau Bawean

Level of Food Preference of Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii) on Food Species in Wildlife Sanctuary and Nature Reserve of Bawean IslandThis research has a background on the importance of food preference of Rusa Bawean (Axis kuhlii). This information can be used to ensure the adequacy of preferred food availability within their habitat. This paper aimed to estimate food preference of Rusa Bawean employing faecal analysis. The technique was selected because it is safe for the animal and is easy in data analysis and interpretation. To achieve the aim, quasi experimental design was applied to 30 vegetation plots and 60 faecal samples. Data was collected during January 2005 and June 2006 in the area of Wildlife Sanctuary and Nature Reserve of Bawean Island. Data was analyzed with chi-square test and food selection index. Result shows Rusa Bawean have preferences on some of food species, and they do not select their food species randomly according to its abundance. Preferred food species include Kabak-kabakan alas (Brachiaria distachya), Talioar (Panicum cordayum), Gadung (Dioscorea hispida), Andudur (Caryota mitis), Rombok putih (Merremia peltata), Pele (Urena lobata) and Kabak-kabakan merah (Ischaemum timorense). Whereas avoided food species include Lating-latingan (Scleria hebecarpa), Ancucu (Pericampylus glaucus), Lambu Merah (Paspalum conjugatum), Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica), Padi-padian (Centotheca lappacea), Lente-lentean (Fimbristylis dichotoma), Taliata (Lygodium circinnatum ) dan Kayu sape (Symplocos adenophylla).

Kelimpahan dan Keanekaragam Tanaman Pakan Rusa Bawean di Kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Pulau Bawean, Jawa Timur

Abundance and Diversity of Bawean Deer Foods in Bawean Wildlife Sanctuary,Bawean Island,East JavaBawean deer (Axis kuhlii) is an endemic species to Bawean. Habitat change and loss, land conversion, and over exploitation affect the availability of potential food forBawean deer. The aims of this research were to identifi types ofpotential food for Bawean deer in Bawean Wildlife Sanctuary, the abundance ofpotential foods in Bawean Wildlife Sanctuary and the diversity of such potential foods. Data collected using line transects whose length was adjusted according to field condition. The line transects were located in parallel to natural trail of study area. Observation was done in the plots established along transect, where plant being eaten by Bawean deer was found. Plot has a circular form with diameter of 3.14 m. Distance between plots was determined to be 100 m. Indicators used to collect data were feces, footprint and bite or chew mark on food plants. Identification ofplant species was conducted directly for every plant which showed bite or chew mark Data concerning type ofplant and its number, part of plants which was bitten or chewed and plant height were recorded. Abundance will be determined from the number of potential foods in each location. The results were afterwards compared among three forest regions. The diversity of food plant species was determined using Shannon index. The result showed that there are 29 plants considered as potential food for Bawean deer. Most of the plants are grasses, and herbs, while woody plants are found in a small number. Leaves, shoots (buds) and fruits are part of plant often being eaten. There are 14 food plants occurred in Gunung Mas forest region, 27 food plants were found in Gunung Besar forest region and 13 food plants in Tanjung Cina Island. Taliata, rumput padang and gadung have high abundance in Gunung Mas forest region, the smallest abundance was occupied by kayu flat. Kabek-kabekan putih, lading-ladingan and taliata showed the highest abundance in Gunung Besar forest region, while karangsang has the lowest abundance. In Tanjung Cina Island, high abundance was dominated by gadung, taliowar and lading-ladingan. On the other hand, talicacing, kayu tekek and rombok putih showed low abundance. Among three study areas, Gunung Besar forest region has the highest diversity index, followed by Gunung Mas forest region and then Tanjung Cina Island.

KARAKTERISTIK GENETIK PADA FAMILI CERVIDAE (Cervus unicolor, Cervus timorensis, dan Axis kuhlii) BERDASARKAN 12SrRNA mtDNA

Genetic analysis from three species of Indonesia Cervidae (sambar deer, Cervus unicolor; rusa deer, Cervus timorensis; and Bawean deer, Axis kuhlii) was conducted to analyze their relationship. Tissues and blood from twelve sambar deer, one rusa deer and three Bawean deer were collected and analyzed for 12SrRNA using Primer forward (L1091) and reverse (H1478). The results indicated the amplication of mtDNA were 389 base nucleotide. There were 22 polimorphic sites, which were dominated by transition and gave 9 haplotypes that were 5 in sambar deer, 1 in rusa deer and 3 in Bawean deer.

PERILAKU PENOREHAN RANGGAH PADA TUMBUHAN OLEH RUSA BAWEAN (AXIS KUHLII)

[12/12, 02:23] Wulida Khoirunnisa🌻: Nyetrika Flashcard Pindah file ke fd dari komputer Buat salad Mentai rice Packing [12/12, 02:24] Wulida Khoirunnisa🌻: Beres2 kamar jahit [12/12, 03:24] Wulida Khoirunnisa🌻: Kirim jnt [12/12, 06:50] Wulida Khoirunnisa🌻: *~Nyetrika~* ~Flashcard~ Pindah file ke fd dari komputer Buat salad Mentai rice ~Packing~ [12/12, 06:50] Wulida Khoirunnisa🌻: ~Beres2 kamar jahit~ [12/23, 12:12] Wulida Khoirunnisa🌻: The behavior of antler rubbing in the Cervidae family during the period of hard antlers is related to the territorial marking and reproductive activity. Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) is one of the rarest animals in Indonesia and endemic to Bawean Island. The knowledge of their biology in the natural habitat is scarce. The objective of this study is to understand on their behavior, particularly the stags during their hard antlers period by observing their rubbing activities on the plantations in their natural habitat. Data collections were conducted in four sites, from June 1996 to October 1996, through monthly visit. Transects with the length of 900 to 2000 m and width of 100 m were established. Observation took place every 100 m along the transect in both sides on the area of 25m2. the name of local plants which were rub was noted, the length and width of the rubbing marks on the plants and the diameter of the plant were measured. The result showed there were 22 species (in which 7 were unidentified) of plants being rub by the deer. The highest intensity is on Macu (15 percent) followed by Ngos-ngosan and Sentol (11 percent each). Number of death plants due to rubbing activity was very low (less than 1 percent). Mean of the plants diameter being rub was 19.1 mm, with the length and total area being rub were 19.1 mm and 6521 mm2, respectively. From this study it can be concluded that stags rub the plants during their hard antlers period on the bushy type category. The rutting season for Bawean stags in their habitat was estimated between May to November.