Baume Degree Research Articles

Enhancing quantitative 1H NMR model generalizability on honey from different years through partial least squares subspace and optimal transport based unsupervised domain adaptation

Honey is a nourishing and natural food product that is widely favored by a diverse group of consumers. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) is a powerful tool for quantitative analysis of honey and plays a crucial role in ensuring its quality. The 1H NMR technique necessitates the utilization of multivariate calibration models to facilitate the quantitative analysis of key compounds present in honey. However, maintaining consistent measurement conditions across different years is scarcely possible, which can significantly impact the distribution of training and test spectra, ultimately leading to reduced performance of predictive models. Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) methods have gained considerable attention for their ability to match distribution differences between the labeled source spectra and the unlabeled target spectra without costly annotation. To enhance the quantitative model generalizability on honey from different years, we propose a UDA method known as partial least squares subspace and optimal transport-based UDA (PLSS-OT-UDA). This approach eliminates distribution differences between the source subspace and target subspace via partial least squares (PLS) dimensionality reduction and OT. Firstly, the optimal latent variable weight matrix from the source domain (i.e., labeled 1H NMR data in 2017) is extracted with PLS. Next, the dimension of both source and target domains (i.e., unlabeled 1H NMR data in 2018) is reduced and their corresponding subspaces are obtained with weight matrix of the source domain. Finally, OT is then employed to align the distribution of the source and target domains within the subspace. Experimental results on the honey dataset demonstrate that the PLSS-OT-UDA outperforms traditional methods, including transfer component analysis (TCA), optimal transport for domain adaptation (OTDA), domain adaptation based on principal component analysis and optimal transport (PCA-OTDA), and subspace alignment (SA), with respect to generalization performance on three components: baume degree, sugar content, and water content.

Analysis of energy consumption characteristics and fracture characteristics of moraine grouting solidified body under uniaxial compression

Glacial movement causes massive accumulation of fine-grained moraine, which often induces slope instability, moraine debris flow, and other geological hazards due to the effects of rain and the ice-snow melting. This study used a modified phosphoric acid-water glass slurry for grouting and curing moraine, and analyzed the influencing law of water glass Baume degree and curing age on energy consumption characteristics as well as the fracture properties of the grout-cured body of moraine using the uniaxial compression test. The results showed that the gel time of phosphoric acid-water glass slurry increased with the increasing addition of phosphoric acid and that it had a mutation phenomenon. The gel time increased linearly with the increasing addition of phosphoric acid before the mutation. Moreover, the compressive strength, pre-peak total energy, pre-peak elastic energy, pre-peak dissipative energy, elastic energy density, dissipative energy density, and pre-peak fracture toughness of the moraine curing body at same curing age increased linearly with the increase of water glass Baume degree by 46%–218%. The compressive strength, pre-peak elastic energy, and pre-peak elastic energy density of the moraine curing body increased with the curing age but grew slowly from 3 days to 7 days and rapidly from 7 days to 14 days. Through regression analysis of the test results, the fracture toughness calculation formula was derived from an energy perspective. These research results have significant implications for the reinforcement of moraine strata grouting and glacial debris flow disaster prevention and control.

Experimental study on new grouting material of acidic sodium silicate and its properties of grouted-sand

Slurry selection and ratio optimization are the key points and difficulties in the construction of subway tunnels in poorly graded medium sand strata. In this paper, a kind of acidic grouting material was prepared by using sodium silicate and phosphoric acid. The properties of the acidic grouting material including gel time and viscosity were studied. Orthogonal test was carried out to optimize the ratio of sodium silicate to phosphoric acid for poorly graded sand stratum. At the same time, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze the sand consolidation process of the slurry. The results show that the gel time and funnel viscosity of the phosphoric acid-sodium silicate slurry are related to the Baume degree of sodium silicate and the volume ratio of sodium silicate to phosphoric acid. The compressive strength of the grouted sand is related to four factors, i.e., water content of the sand, and Baume degree, pH value and curing time of the slurry, the influence degree of which is in the following order: D (curing time) > A (water content) > B (Baume degree of sodium silicate) > C (pH value of the slurry). The final slurry selected for grouting reinforcement of the weakly alkaline medium sand strata was prepared by 30 °Bé sodium silicate with 14 % phosphoric acid at a volume ratio of 0.5. It has a gel time of 51.48 min, a funnel viscosity of 16.43 s and a pH value of 3.47. The increased amount of silica gel in the sample is the main reason for the increased strength of the grouted sand. The amount of silica gel generated increases with the increase of the curing time of the sample.

Research on the Optimization and Application of the Washing Dechlorination Process for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash.

In this paper, the fly ash cyclic gradient washing dechlorination process is systematically studied through experiments, and the effects of process parameters such as liquid-solid ratio, the number of leaching, and process pulping on the dechlorination effect of fly ash are investigated and analyzed with the currently operating three-stage counter-current washing dechlorination process. The experimental results indicate that with the liquid-solid ratio of 3:1, the number of leaching of 4, and the primary process pulping, the chlorine content of washing fly ash is reduced to 0.5-0.6%. The Baume degree in the washing filtrate is increased to 11-12 °Bé, the total amount is reduced by about 15%, and the average turbidity value is ≤5NTU. Meanwhile, the moisture content of the washing fly ash is reduced to 28-30%. By comparing with the actual construction project, it is found that under a disposal capacity of 100 t/d, the cyclic gradient washing dechlorination process can reduce the installed power by 30.3%, the floor space by 32.9%, the treatment volume of washing filtrate by 11.1%, and the drying load by 27.9% compared to the traditional three-stage counter-current washing and dechlorination process.

Mechanical properties, microstructure and consolidation of sand modified with sodium silicate

Grouting is an effective way to address the poor performance of sandy soils. There are few studies on water glass single-liquid permeation grouting for solidifying sandy soils. To study the effects and processes of water-glass-cured sandy soil, we conducted a direct shear test and uniaxial compressive strength test on water-glass-cemented sandy soil specimens and summarized the relationships among modulus, Baume degree, curing time and strength of cured sandy soil from a macroscopic mechanical point of view. By combining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imagery and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the consolidation evolution of cured sandy soil was revealed from a microscopic point of view, including the pore structure and gel state. The results showed that there is a saturation value for the strength of water-glass-cured sandy soil. The specimens with a low Baume degree solidified quickly, the strength saturation value was lower than 3 MPa, and the inner layer was dehydrated in a loose sand state; the specimens with a high Baume degree solidified slowly, and the strength saturation value was higher than 8 MPa. The migration of water glass and the deepening of curing are the two processes that control the effect of consolidation. The state of the silica gel plays a decisive role in the strength, the saturation value of the specimen strength depends on the limit of gel condensation, and the thickness of the gel layer is exponentially related to the strength. In addition, high-modulus and high-Baume degree water glass is recommended for consolidation when an improvement in the strength and compactness of sandy soils is needed.

Effect of sodium silicate on the properties of loess stabilized with alkali-activated fly ash-based

It is a common way to prepare geopolymers by sodium silicate alkali activating fly ash. In this paper, the effects of sodium silicate with different moduli and Baume degrees on the engineering properties and microstructure of loess solidified by alkali -activated fly ash-based geopolymers were studied by unconfined compressive strength test, direct shear test, disintegration test, BET tests and water absorption test. The conclusions are as follows: As the modulus decreases and the Baume degree of sodium silicate increases, the optimal moisture content of the loess decreases, the maximum dry density, the compressive strength and cohesion increases. The lower the sodium silicate modulus and the larger the Baume degree are, the weaker the disintegration of the geopolymer-solidified loess, the lower the natural water absorption and saturated water absorption, the smaller the average pore diameter, the larger the specific surface area of pores and the larger the nanos scale pore volume are.

Field experimental study on a novel beehive integrated with solar thermal/photovoltaic system

Bees not only produce honey but also provide the main pollination for most crops, while long maturation cycle, low yield of honey and even mass death of bees are observed in traditional hives due to the unfriendly internal thermal condition. In the present paper, a new beehive system integrated with solar thermal/PV system was introduced to optimize the internal thermal condition of the beehive and then to improve the yield and quality of honey. A local bee farm was selected to evaluate the operating performance of the solar beehive in a real natural environment. Comparative filed testing of the solar hive and traditional hive were carried out under different operating modes depending on the weather conditions all the year round. The variation of hive temperature, the quantity of honey collected, Baume degree and the amount of sugar feed consumption were measured and analyzed. The results showed that the air temperature in solar beehive was higher than that in traditional beehive in winter and transition seasons and lower in summer. The quantity of collected honey in the solar beehive was 15.8% more than that in the traditional beehive. The Baume degree indicated that honey can mature 2 days earlier in solar beehive. As to sugar feed consumption in winter, the corresponding quality in solar beehive was lower than that in traditional hive. These results indicated the feasibility of the conjunctive use of solar thermal/photovoltaic technology with the beehive that enlarges the solar energy applications.

Data-Driven Optimal Control for Pulp Washing Process Based on Neural Network

Pulp washing process has the features of multivariate, time delay, nonlinearity. Considering the difficulties of modeling and optimal control in pulp washing process, a data-driven operational-pattern optimization method is proposed to model and optimize the pulp washing process in this paper. The most important quality indexes of pulp washing performance are residual soda in the washed pulp and Baume degree of extracted black liquor. Considering the difficulties of modeling, online measurement of these indexes, two-step neural networks, and multivariate logistic regression are used to establish the prediction models of residual soda and Baume degree. The mathematical model of the washing process can be identified, and the indexes can meet the production requirements. In the target of better product quality, low cost, and low energy consumption, a multiobjective problems is solved by ant colony optimization algorithm based on the optimized operational-pattern database. It shows that the theoretical analyses are correct and the practical applications are feasible, optimization control system has been designed for the pulp washing process, and the practical results show that pulp production increased by 20% and water consumption decreased by nearly 30%. This method is effective in the pulp washing process.

Biosynthesis of Red Elemental Selenium Protein

The red elemental selenoprotein was biosynthesized by active dry yeast in this study. Through a single factor experiment and L9(34)-orthogonal test fermentation condition optimization, the selenium content was 15.72 mg/g under optimal condition. The optimum culture condition was as follows: the sodium selenite concentration (0.8 mg/mL), culture time (36 h), the yeast dosage (5 g), pH (5.5), culture temperature (30°C), and the medium Baume degree (8 °Bé). The analysis of amino acid species, content and morphology of the product showed that the red elemental selenoprotein was successfully synthesized.

Mechanical properties of anti-seepage grouting materials for heavy metal contaminated soil

Cement-based composite grouting materials were used to construct grouting cutoff wall for heavy metal contaminated soil in non-ferrous metal mining areas. Cement, fly ash, and slag as principal ingredients were mixed with water glass in different ways to produce three composite grouting materials. In order to investigate the effect of water glass mixing ratio, Baume degree, fly ash and slag contents on the mechanical properties of the composite grouting materials, particularly their gel time and compressive strength, the beaker-to-beaker method of gel time test and unconfined compressive strength test were conducted. In addition, the phase composition and microstructure of the composite grouting materials were analyzed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The test results show that their gel time increases when water glass mixing ratio and Baume degree increase. The gel time increases dramatically when fly ash is added, but decreases slightly if fly ash is partly replaced by slag. When the mixing ratio of water glass is below 20%, their compressive strength increases with the increases of the ratio; when the ratio is above 20%, it significantly decreases. The compressive strength also tends to increase as Baume degree increases, and improves if fly ash and slag are added.

Water shutoff model test in water-rich sandy stratum by phosphoric acid-water glass grout

The rheological behavior of phosphoric acid-water glass grout in different mixing ratios was studied. Grout made of water glass with Baume degree of 20° and 13.4% phosphoric acid by 1:1 volume ratio is found to be more effective in stopping water. Laboratory model test of water shutoff by grouting was conducted. Test results show that the diffusion length and water cutoff effect of the grout are significantly improved as the grout head is raised, due to the dilution of underground water, and it takes the grout longer than its gel time to cut off water.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Effluent from the Pre-Conditioning Refiner Chemical Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulp (P-RC APMP) Process

The properties of P-RC APMP effluent, including relative density, Baume degree, viscosity, surface tension, specific heat capacity, boiling point rise (BPR), and elemental contents of the effluent, were studied. Results indicated that relative density, viscosity, Baume degree, and solids content all displayed a direct proportional correlation; however, there was an inverse linear relationship between Baume degree and temperature. Viscosity rose sharply when the solids content was more than 40%. Surface tension gradually decreased with the rise of solids content. However, when the solids content was over 35%, it increased with an increase in solids content. Specific heat capacity was closely related to the solids content, but it was reduced with an increase in solids content. BPR was proportional to effluent solids content, especially when the solids content exceeded 30% with an uptrend in BPR.

A Study of the Method of Rapid Determination of Urea Solution Concentration by Baume' Hydrometer

Based on establishing the urea solution concentration, Baume degree sequence value table of different temperature, and getting the Baume' degree sequence value of different urea solution by Baume' hydrometer, the urea solution concentration can be achieved by Baume' degree sequence value table. By means of this method, the accuracy was more than 89.95% as compared with Kjeldahl method, thus being able to offer reference for further improving the method of rapid determination of urea solution concentration. This method was easy to operate with less reagent consumption, high accuracy and rapid speed.

Modeling of Pulp Washing Process Based on Two-Step BP Neural Network

The most important quality indexes to evaluate pulp washing performance are residual soda and the Baume degree. But it is difficult to measure the two indexes directly. To solve the problem of optimization control of the washing process, the model of the residual soda and the Baume degree are studied in this paper. Simulating residual soda and the Baume degree via a two-step neural network and modeling them based on least square method and steady-state data obtained by neural network model. Simulation results show that this method can effectively locate the pulp washing process.

Application of the Soft-Sensing Technique Based on Neural Network to Pulp Washing Process

The most important quality indexes to evaluate pulp washing performance are residual soda for the washed pulp and the Baume degree for the yielded thick black liquor. However, the two requirements are incompatible. In view of the existing problem of the former control system of the pulp washing process, an adaptive soft-sensor instrument for measuring residual soda and Baume degree is proposed. Voluminous plant operation data collected by DCS and simulated results from a theoretical model are pooled together and used to build the adaptive soft-sensor instrument based on the BP neural network and least square method. Application of the soft-sensor technique in pulp washing control system shows that the control system can run smoothly over a long period in worksites, and has realized the close-loop control of pulp washing quality.

Neural Network Based Double-Objective Optimization and Application to Pulp Washing Process Improvement

For a countercurrent paper pulp washing system, the requirements of craft to residual soda in the final washed pulp and Baume degree in the first stage filtrate tank are usually inconsistent. To compromise this pair of contradiction, a neural network (NN) based two-objective optimization algorithm is proposed. Two NN models of the residual soda in washed pulp and the Baume degree in the first stage filtrate tank are obtained by a two-step identification method. An external penalty function method based on the double-objective optimization algorithm on the hot clean water input and final washed pulp output is employed. In terms of the DCS development platform of Xinhua XDPS 4000, China, a novel pulp washing process DCS is implemented and put into operation in paper mills in China with notable profit.

カキ渋の熟成過程における糖，有機酸および２，３の特性の変化

近年, 様々な有効性が注目され, 新たな産業的利用法が探索・開発されているカキ渋の熟成中の発酵過程における成分変化を, 特に非タンニン成分に注目して調査した.未熟果実における'天王'の可溶性タンニン含量は'田村'の1.3倍であった.調製後6か月のコロイド滴定値およびボーメ度についても, '天王'は'田村'より高い値を示した.熟成カキ渋中の糖含量は調製後3日では, '田村', '天王'ともに, フルクトースがグルコースより多く, スクロースは認められなかった.その後, 両者ともに調製後8日にかけて糖含量は急減し, '天王'は8日, '田村'は15日で全く認められなくなった.グリセリンは, '田村', '天王'ともに, 調製後8日で確認できた.その後, '天王'ではグリセリンは認められなったが, '田村'では調製後6か月まで確認された.カキ渋の熟成において必須である発酵が最も盛んに行われた期間は, 調製後3日から29日の間であった.その発酵生産物である熟成カキ渋中の有機酸として, 果実中に存在しない不揮発酸であるコハク酸, 乳酸および揮発酸である酢酸, 酪酸, プロピオン酸を確認した.'田村', '天王'ともに, 調製後0日から3日にコハク酸・乳酸が, 15日から29日には酢酸が急激に増加した.'天王'だけに認められた酪酸の急増期は調製後8日から15日であった.これらの5種類の有機酸は, それぞれの有機酸発酵の過程で生成されたものと考えられ, 調製後6か月における総含量は, '田村'は'天王'の1.4倍であった.代表的なカキ渋の原料とされている'天王'と'田村'の違いとして, '天王'から得られたカキ渋はタンニン含量が高く, '田村'からは有機酸含量が高い特性を持つカキ渋が得られることが明らかとなった.

Contribution of gas chromatographic and conventional data to the characterisation of majorcan musts and wines by means of pattern recognition techniques

AbstractDetermination of the composition of three Majorcan red wines and musts (from zona Alta and zona Baja) was performed by gas chromatography. Previous data of the former samples derived from both conventional and capillary gas chromatographic analysis were added to the former physical and chemical data and then treated by two statistical methods of pattern recognition: multiple discriminant analysis (MDA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (CA), in order to re‐evaluate a characterisation study on wines and musts. A feature selection of the data by means of the F ratio value was carried out before the statistical techniques were applied. According to MDA, density, alcohol content, colour intensity, nitrogen and cis‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol were the major discriminating variables involved in the varietal classification of wines. Baume degree, colour intensity and proline were obtained in the corresponding musts. When distinguishing regions 2‐phenylethylacetate and glycerol were selected in wines, and pH and benzyl alcohol in musts. Musts and wines were mainly grouped according to the varietal characteristics of the samples by CA.

Bitterns as coagulants for treatment of color effluents

Abstract Bitterns, by-products of solar salt production, are found to be enriched in magnesium and of high ionic strength. The concentration of magnesium in the liquid form of bittern is 1.32 to 2.85 mol/kg in Baume degree of 29.1 to 34.9. The ionic strength of bittern is 4.05 X 10 −2 N salinity 0.8 M. The solid form of bittern contains about 10.1% magnesium. Bitterns have been found to be effective and economic coagulants for color purification in the pulp and textile industries. About 85% of color reduction is achieved in alkaline and acid bleach pulp industrial effluents with 2% addition of liquid form bittern using lime to maintain an appropriate pH value. Color removals of approximately 80% are obtained at a dosage of 2% of liquid form bittern introduction to textile waste waters in which acid and direct azo dyestuffs are used in coloration. Coagulation for color removal is quite chemically specific. The development of chemical interactions between magnesium and color-causing compounds leading to the formation of insoluble aggregates are vital reactions in achieving color clarification.