Battle Force Research Articles

NEW: Network-Enabled Electronic Warfare for Target Recognition

Network-enabled electronic warfare (NEW) is the development of modeling and simulation efforts that explore the advantages and limitations of NEW concepts. The advantages of linking multiple electronic support measures (ESM) and electronic attack (EA) assets to achieve improved capabilities across a networked battle force have yet to be quantified. In this paper, we utilize radar sensors as ESM and EA assets to demonstrate the advantages of NEW in collaborative automatic target recognition (CATR). Signal (waveform) design for radar sensor networks (RSN) in NEW is studied theoretically. The conditions for waveform coexistence and the interferences among waveforms in RSN are analyzed. We apply the NEW to CATR via waveform diversity combining and propose maximum-likelihood (ML)-ATR algorithms for nonfluctuating targets as well as fluctuating targets. Simulation results indicate that our NEW-CATR performs much better than the single sensor-based ATR algorithm for nonfluctuating and fluctuating targets.

Fleet Capabilities‐Based Assessment

AbstractSeveral recent Analyses of Alternatives (AOAs) have demonstrated issues with the AOA process that have limited the Navy in the pre‐Milestone A process. The eventual selection of an AOA preferred alternative that balances mission needs, total ownership cost, and acquisition cost was based on a limited trade space. This paper proposes an improved pre‐AOA process to better define a fiscally constrained set of fleet requirements that are allocated to the different ships, aircraft, and systems comprising the battle force over a 40‐year time span. The proposed process extends the Capabilities‐Based Assessment (CBA) defined in the Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System to apply to the entire fleet design instead of each capability area. In this way, fleet requirements derived from the National Security Strategy and the Department of Defense Strategic Guidance are allocated to different warfare platforms. The required analysis combines physics‐based modeling of the individual war fighting units, realistic cost engineering/estimation, and rigorous operations analysis via the Navy SYSCOMs. The fleet planning is done over three time horizons: Long‐Range planning of 15–40 years in the future to guide science and technnology development; Mid‐Term planning from the end of the Future Year Defense Plan (FYDP) to 15 years to establish architectures, guide technology transition, as well as derive from the Fleet Level CBA the platform level CBAs for the individual programs; and Near‐Term planning within the FYDP, where the concerns are reacting to emerging threats, meeting affordability goals, and maintaining the industrial base. The resulting fleet level analysis directly supports force level assessments as part of the Quadrennial Defense Review.

Effector memory T cells as driving force of granuloma formation and autoimmunity in Wegener's granulomatosis

Effector memory T cells as driving force of granuloma formation and autoimmunity in Wegener's granulomatosis

A Self‐Consistent Context for Unit‐ and Force‐Level Tactical Decision‐Making

ABSTRACTAs the U.S. Navy and other services continue the transformation to network centric operations, there is a need for a self‐consistent context for describing and understanding the tactical decision‐making process at both the unit and battle force levels. A self‐consistent context will allow the combat systems engineer a framework for allocating “system” combat control functions at the unit level, as well as “system‐of‐system” command and control functions at the battle force level. This paper will recommend the use of a context used for many years by the Navy to describe an engagement or mission sequence: detect, control, and engage (DCE). It will be shown that DCE has as its foundation the observe, orient, decide, act (OODA) loop developed by Colonel John Boyd in the mid‐1980s. Using the OODA‐based DCE sequence, as well as the Department of Defense Joint Directors of Laboratories’ (JDL) Data Fusion Model, a unit‐ and force‐level context can be developed for the tactical decision‐making process and allocation of system functions. Further, the DCE sequence can be extended to the force level within the framework of network centric warfare introduced by VAdm. Arthur Cebrowski in 1998.

CVNX: An Element of the Future Battle Force

ABSTRACT CVNX 1 is scheduled to Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 2013. By that time, many of the concepts just now being discussed will be considered Standard Operating Procedures. Just as today, where no carrier truly operates alone, but with supporting forces (some are ashore), the same will be true in the future. What will change will be the view of what we consider to be the battle force. CVNX 1 will likely find itself steaming without escorts on many occasions, but CVNX 1 will still be an element of a future battle force that could include tightly integrated support from Joint, National, and/or Allied assets. The problem we face is peering into the future to try to see what the complex tapestry of these new concepts really means to the operation of CVNX 1. We wish to do this so that we can design the ship to operate as a proper element of that tapestry, not only without ripping it, but to take best advantage of it

Reinventing Naval Ship Design: Partnerships, Innovation, and Systems Engineering

AbstractProcess reinvention has become the centerpiece for a revitalized focus within the naval ship design community. Though the Navy still looks to NAVSEA as their primary stakeholder in the design process, NAVSEA will no longer be the lead for performing design work after Milestone I. To provide for the future, they are relying on collaboration and partnerships with shipbuilders, systems integrators, Warfare Centers, and regulatory bodies to remold this capability in a broad‐based, consensus manner. NAVSEA has entered into an evolutionary period, which has fundamentally changed both products and processes. The engineering community has responded with numerous ongoing efforts for process definition, where new relationships are being forged, and new elements are being added that move the centroid of engineering activities on top‐level systems engineering and innovation at the total ship and Battle Force levels. Much of this work revolves around a clear mandate for joint interoperability and ever higher levels of cross‐fighting unit integration. This paper takes an informative snapshot of these efforts ongoing within the design community and also provides historical perspective garnered from past experience with many of the same process concepts being put in place today.

Austro-Hungarian Naval Policy, 1904-14.

This unique and comprehensive account describes the interplay of internal and external factors in the emergence of the Austro-Hungarian Navy from a coastal defence force in 1904 to a respectable battle force capable of the joint operations with other Triple Alliance fleets in the Mediterranean by the eve of World War I. By 1914 the Austro-Hungarian Navy was the sixth largest navy in the world and the quality of its officers and men was widely recognised by most European naval observers at the time. The book describes the relationships between naval leaders, the heir to the throne Archduke Francis Ferdinand, and the Parliament in shaping the dual Monarchy's naval policy. It also shows how the changes in foreign policy in Italy and underlying animosities between Rome and Vienna led to a naval race in the Adriatic that eventually bolstered Germany's naval position in respect to Great Britain in the North Sea.

The Testing of a New Ship Class—The USS Arleigh Burke

ABSTRACTThe USS Arleigh Burke, being the first of a new class of ships, presented many challenges to both the production and test crews that worked on her. This paper discusses the unique conditions that the Aegis Test Team faced in the completion of the test program. A historical perspective of why the Arleigh Burke class was chosen as the battle force combatant, differences between the Ticonderoga class design and how they forced a re‐thinking of the classic test plan, time proven versus innovative testing techniques, and unique problems encountered and their solutions are discussed. The paper highlights the fundamental differences between the planned ship design, construction and test plan caused by the fluctuations of the dynamic shipyard environment.

THE HAROLD E. SAUNDERS AWARD FOR 1992

Naval Engineers JournalVolume 105, Issue 4 p. 73-74 THE HAROLD E. SAUNDERS AWARD FOR 1992 LARRY J. ARGIRO, LARRY J. ARGIRO Larry Argiro was a pioneer in developing acoustic measurement and analysis technology for use in the acoustic characterization of ships and submarines. He remains a leading technical authority in the field. Under his leadership, the radiation of noise emanating from shipboard machinery components has been considerably reduced. This noise, which formerly provided a principal means of submarine detection and classification, is now virtually undetectable in radiated acoustic signatures. In addition, research and development directed by Mr. Argiro has led to many effective methods of controlling the transmission of noise through shipboard structural and fluid paths. Through his close association with the Naval Sea Systems Command, U.S. industry and the Fleet, Mr. Argiro has been able to ensure that the silencing technology developed in his department has been translated into design guidance and specifications and implemented in both new and backfit ship and submarine designs. It was under Mr. Argiro's leadership, as Head of the Propulsion and Auxiliary Systems Directorate, that the synergistic benefits of an advanced integrated electric drive propulsion system for surface battle force combatants were recognized and the concept was developed. Subsequently, in July 1989, the Chief of Naval Operations Executive Board approved a program to further develop the concept and its associated cluster technologies for the next class of surface combatants. The total benefits of Mr. Argiro's achievements to the Navy, Department of Defense, and the nation as a whole are incalculable. Because of his efforts, the U.S. Navy has had a definite continuous strategic military advantage of having the quietest ships in the world for more than forty years. In addition, he directs a ship machinery research and development program that will provide the most advanced, cost effective machinery for the future Navy. Mr. Argiro is an enlightened leader who has produced tangible results over the last forty-five years. The Society therefore considers him most worthy of being recognized and is honored to present him the ASNE Harold E. Saunders Award for 1992.Search for more papers by this author LARRY J. ARGIRO, LARRY J. ARGIRO Larry Argiro was a pioneer in developing acoustic measurement and analysis technology for use in the acoustic characterization of ships and submarines. He remains a leading technical authority in the field. Under his leadership, the radiation of noise emanating from shipboard machinery components has been considerably reduced. This noise, which formerly provided a principal means of submarine detection and classification, is now virtually undetectable in radiated acoustic signatures. In addition, research and development directed by Mr. Argiro has led to many effective methods of controlling the transmission of noise through shipboard structural and fluid paths. Through his close association with the Naval Sea Systems Command, U.S. industry and the Fleet, Mr. Argiro has been able to ensure that the silencing technology developed in his department has been translated into design guidance and specifications and implemented in both new and backfit ship and submarine designs. It was under Mr. Argiro's leadership, as Head of the Propulsion and Auxiliary Systems Directorate, that the synergistic benefits of an advanced integrated electric drive propulsion system for surface battle force combatants were recognized and the concept was developed. Subsequently, in July 1989, the Chief of Naval Operations Executive Board approved a program to further develop the concept and its associated cluster technologies for the next class of surface combatants. The total benefits of Mr. Argiro's achievements to the Navy, Department of Defense, and the nation as a whole are incalculable. Because of his efforts, the U.S. Navy has had a definite continuous strategic military advantage of having the quietest ships in the world for more than forty years. In addition, he directs a ship machinery research and development program that will provide the most advanced, cost effective machinery for the future Navy. Mr. Argiro is an enlightened leader who has produced tangible results over the last forty-five years. The Society therefore considers him most worthy of being recognized and is honored to present him the ASNE Harold E. Saunders Award for 1992.Search for more papers by this author First published: July 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1993.tb02289.x AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume105, Issue4July 1993Pages 73-74 RelatedInformation

Naval Force Levels: Theory and Practice, with Naval Engineering Challenges for the 1990s

This paper outlines the theory and practice of how naval force levels are created and sustained. A forcelevel equation is shown and the factors of this equation are discussed from the contrasting perspectives of vision and reality. The naval recovery program of the 1980s is discussed in the context of naval forcelevel theory and practice. The second part of the paper discusses naval engineering challenges for the1990s as the United States seeks to maintain strong naval forces. Several different ship types, namely, battle force combatants, aircraft carriers, amphibious ships, and underway replenishment ships are addressed along with the capability for sealift, ocean surveillance, and protection of shipping. Potential innovations, production opportunities, and trends are highlighted. Using the prospective innovations and the theories of force levels developed in the first part of the paper, alternative force structures are shown that are of interest to naval engineers and naval warriors.

Multimission Ship Design for an Alternative Fleet Concept

ABSTRACTThe design of a battle force as a total system, rather than isolated designs of individual ships, can achieve significant improvements in military effectiveness and affordability. It is a momentous decision to alter the battle force architecture of a navy; usually a change occurs only after the opening gambits of a major war have demonstrated the inadequacies of the old battle force architecture. However, the question of battle force architecture must be raised now, after forty‐five years of relative peace and cold war, at a time when the role of the navy and military is being questioned. If the decision is made to change the surface battle force structure of the U.S. Navy, the conversion will be a lengthy process that should commence with the next vessels to enter preliminary design. This paper presents a summary of one envisionment of an alternative battle force, and focuses on a 35,000‐ton Carrier Dock Multimission ship with increased commonality between variants for amphibious assault, combat logistics, aviation support and deplorable vehicle support.

Designing the Future U.S. Naval Surface Fleet for Effectiveness and Producibility

David Taylor Research Center is just commencing investigations into a new manner of defining future fleet architectures. The cost of current performance-driven ship designs has increased at a rapid rate. While it is true that a warship designed with insufficient performance is of meager utility, it is also true that the best performing warship design is of no utility if never built. Both performance and affordability are required if sufficient numbers of ships are to be built to counter the threat. By designing a future fleet architecture with producibility as a major requirement from the start, we hope to impact the acquisition cost significantly. One battle force concept titled "Distribute, Disperse, Disguise and Sustain" suggests two fundamental surface ship types; the Carrier of Large Objects (CLO) and the Scout Fighter. A CLO feasibility design in progress, Carrier Dock Multimission, is outlined to inform shipbuilding researchers of an initiative that promises to have significant impact on naval ship procurement and provide increased visibility within the U.S. Navy on producibility issues. Before an attempt is made to conceptualize a future U.S. naval surface fleet, to help create a vision of the U.S. Navy for the year 2030 and beyond, the shortcomings of the current surface Navy must be addressed first. An honest assessment of where we are now is a must for us to determine where we need to be in the future and how to get there.

An Air-Capable Combatant For the 21st Century

During the next decade, the force structure of the U.S. Navy will be in flux, as it reacts to changing political relationships, advancing technology, and declining resources. Newly developed vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, such as the V-22 Osprey and AV-8B Harrier, offer the U.S. Navy an air capability for its future battle force combatants that needs to be explored. What would a battle force combatant with a detachment of six VTOL aircraft and a destroyer combatant with a detachment of six VTOL aircraft and a destroyer combat suite like the DDG-51's resemble? Can such a ship be designed within reasonable size and cost limits? A feasibility design study was conducted of alternative concepts to determine the smallest, minimum cost, lowest risk, air-capable battle force combatant capable of conducting operations in the 21st century. The paper discusses the evolution of the design, including alternative ship, hangar and elevator configurations. It also describes the development of the light ship weights and vertical centres of gravity, deck area and volume, electrical power and hull form. In addition the paper covers the process used to develop the design, including the use of advanced technologies, such as integrated electric propulsion.

Computer System Architecture Concepts for Future Combat Systems

ABSTRACTThis paper sets forth computer systems architecture concepts for the combat system of the 2010–2030 timeframe that satisfy the needs of the next generation of surface combatants. It builds upon the current Aegis computer systems architecture, expanding that architecture while preserving, and adhering to, the Aegis fundamental principle of thorough systems engineering, dedicated to maintaining a well integrated, highly reliable, and easily operable combat system. The implementation of these proposed computer systems concepts in a coherent architecture would support the future battle force capable combat system and allow the expansion necessary to accommodate evolutionary changes in both the threat environment and the technology then available to effectively counter that threat.Changes to the current Aegis computer architecture must be carefully and effectively managed such that the fleet will retain its combat readiness capability at all times. This paper describes a possible transition approach for evolving the current Aegis computer architecture to a general architecture for the future.The proposed computer systems architecture concepts encompass the use of combinations of physically distributed, microprocessor‐based computers, collocated with the equipment they support or embedded within the equipment itself. They draw heavily on widely used and available industry standards, including instruction set architectures (ISAs), backplane busses, microprocessors, computer programming languages and development environments, and local area networks (LANs). In this proposal, LANs, based on fiber optics, will provide the interconnection to support system expandability, redundancy, and higher data throughput rates. A system of cross connected LANs will support a high level of combat system integration, spanning the major warfare areas, and will facilitate the coordination and development of a coherent multi‐warfare tactical picture supporting the future combatant command staff.Automatic fault detection and reconfigurability in the current Aegis architecture are expanded in the proposed computer systems architecture concept. The fault detection/reconfigurability scheme of the future architecture will play a key role supporting the continuous availability of the battle force capable combat system for countering the threat of the 21st century.

Integrated Human Factors in the Naval Sea Systems Command

The Navy ship constitutes one of the most complex weapon systems in the US defense arsenal. It is a multi-personnel system which conducts multi-operations in multi-warfare environments (AAW, ASW, ASUW, EW and strike), as an independent combatant, a member of a squadron, or an element of a battle force. The demands on the ship design from a human factors point of view are unique in the breadth of their scope and the depth of requirements. This paper describes the status of the Integrated Human Factors Program in the Naval Sea Systems Command including the Program objectives, accomplishments, research thrusts, and plans.

The Quantification of Interoperability

ABSTRACTJCS Pub 1 defines interoperability as “The ability of systems, units or forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems, units or forces and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together.” With JCS Pub 1 as a foundation, interoperability of systems, units or forces can be factored into a set of components that can quantify interoperability. These components are: media, languages, standards, requirements, environment, procedures, and human factors. The concept described in this paper uses these components as an analysis tool to enable specific detailed analyses of the interoperability of BFC3 systems, units, or forces for the purpose of uncovering and resolving interoperability issues and problems in the U.S. Navy, Joint, and Allied arenas. Also, as a management tool, the components can help determine potential interoperability characteristics of future U.S. Navy BFC3 systems for compliance with battle force systems architectures.The approach selected for the quantification of interoperability was the development of a set of measures of performance (MOPs) and measures of effectiveness (MOEs). The MOPs/MOEs were integrated with a candidate set of components, which were used to partition the totality of interoperability into measurable entities.The methodology described employs basic truth table theory in conjunction with logic equations to evaluate the interoperability components in terms of MOPs that were aggregated to MOEs. It is believed that this concept, although elementary and based on fundamental principles, represents an operationally significant approach rather than a theoretical approach to the quantification of interoperability.The vehicle used as a means to measure the MOPs and MOEs was the Research Evaluation and Systems Analysis (RESA) computer modeling and simulation capability at the Naval Ocean Systems Center (NOSC), San Diego, Calif. Data for the measurements were collected during a Tactical Information Management Exercise (TIMEX) in August 1987. The data consisted of printouts from computer data bases plus data collected by human observers.It is hypothesized that subsequent repeated exercises will yield a sufficient number of meaningful measurements. These measurements may lead to the development of frequency distribution curves representing the degree to which each interoperability component was achieved. These curves will in turn be used to derive some probability function [P(I)] that empirically describes the degree of interoperability that could be achieved. The benefit of this approach is that complex interoperability problems can be partitioned into a smaller subset of problems that can be more easily managed and/or resolved. Also it provides the potential means to obtain a probabilistic measure of how often, operationally, a desired level of interoperability could be achieved.

THE OPERATIONAL CONCEPT AS A COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM ENGINEERING TOOL

ABSTRACTThe battle force level information exchange architecture, which includes the tactical communications suite, identifies many of the challenges that drive the new warfare system architecture and engineering initiative. The evolving architecture and functional allocations give new emphasis to the role of tactical communications in support of the various warfare areas. The information transfer system (ITS) as described in this architecture provides a new perspective from which user requirements can be better defined. However, there remains a need for further quantification of communications requirements and of user concurrence.In the exchange involving the provider's question, “What do you need?” and the user's response, “What do you have?”, the dialogue that follows often results in major operational requirement disconnects. These disconnects are driven by diverse provider/user perceptions of the relevant development time frames and often obscure future operational concepts. Part of this disparity is directly attributable to the factors of interoperability, forward and backward compatibility and joint program aspects that characterize the communications system development process.With an agreed ITS architecture and well‐structured system engineering process, the missing ingredient in the user/provider dialogue is the concept of operations. A properly structured and coordinated concept placed in the future threat environment, reflecting future tactics and incorporating available technology can do much to improve the definition and understanding of operational requirements. This is particularly true in the continually changing arena of tactical communications systems.

THE ARCHITECTURE OF A REAL‐TIME EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DATA LINK MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACTEfficient utilization of Navy communications links for tactical data exchange within the battle force requires real‐time knowledge of the connectivity between units and information on the architecture and state of the network that supports this connectivity. This information is necessary to diagnose faults or reconfigure a net to achieve improved exchange of tactical data. Real‐time information describing the state of a communications net is not usually available, comes at rates too fast to be assimilated by a human operator, and requires the operator to be extremely knowledgable in the protocol used by the network and in RF communications in general.Automated network monitoring and management removes the manual burden of maintaining a network, as well as operating the network in a more efficient manner. This capability can be provided using an expert system and a hierarchy of sub‐processes to combine the real‐time data and the expertise necessary to monitor and provide support for managing Link 11.

SUPERIORITY AT SEA—AN AFFORDABLE SYSTEM FOR THE 1990's

ABSTRACTA weapons system has been configured specifically to counter (or preempt) the long‐range standoff missile threat. Rationale for this system starts with a discussion of cost and weight, and shows why modern multi‐mission systems have become intolerably expensive. Questions are raised regarding the advantages and disadvantages of building future naval aviation forces solely around the Aircraft Carrier Battle Group. The application of a few small modern ships, forming a future Battle Force, holds promise for large economies. Likewise, some accepted views regarding CTOL (Conventional Take Off & Laundry) and V/STOL (Vertical Short Take Off & Launding) aircraft are revisted in terms of their relative costs. A weapons system is proposed which, at one‐fourth the weight of an Aircraft Carrier Battle Group, may be produced and operated for one‐third the cost.

EDUCATING ENGINEERS FOR MANAGEMENT

EDUCATING ENGINEERS FOR MANAGEMENT